nueva vizcaya - pinoy rice knowledge bank · 2018. 11. 21. · a very fine clayey-textured soil...
TRANSCRIPT
NUEVA VIZCAYA
i SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
This guidebook belongs to:
Name: _____________________________
Address: ___________________________
Contact number: ____________________
Published by:
Philippine Rice Research Institute
Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija
Copyright © 2017
Authors
Consulting Editor Constante T. Briones
Editorial Adviser
Sailila E. Abdula
PhilRice® Wilfredo B. Collado
Rona T. Dollentas Jovino L. De Dios Judith Carla P. Dela Torre Jesiree Elena Ann D. Bibar Rodolfo V. Bermudez Jr Sandro D. Cañete
Rodolfo V. Bermudez Jr
Managing Editor/Layout Artist
Nueva Vizcaya
This guidebook was funded by the project
“Sustainable Enterprise Information System
Solutions for PhilRice RD&E Operations ”
(ISD -005-002)
Nueva Vizcaya ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword……………………………………….. iv
The Simplified Keys to Soil Series………..…. 1
Guide to Soil Series Identification.................. 2
Soil Color Groups........................................... 5
Reddish Brown....................................... 7
Black/Grayish Brown………................... 10
Light/Dark Brown…….…........................ 11
Yellowish/Grayish Brown….................... 13
Soil Profile & Characteristics.......................... 14
Soil Productivity …………………………......... 29
Crop Suitability Analysis.…............................ 31
Soil Management Recommendations............ 44
Appendices……………………………….……. 52
Steps to Identify Soil Series…….......... 53
Soil Sampling....................................... 53
Color Determination............................. 54
Texture Determination.......................... 55
pH Determination................................. 56
The PalayCheck® System……………..…….. 57
Glossary………………………………………… 59
Soil Textural Classes………..….……... 61
References…………………………………….. 62
iii SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Nueva Vizcaya iv
FOREWORD
This guidebook on “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” was
developed for easier field identification of soils.
Soil identification is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identified, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be
efficient.
This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck® System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks
and improve crop yield and input-use efficiency.
It features the different colors, textures, pH, and other observable properties of the most common soils of Nueva Vizcaya and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the field. It also includes the soil productivity index, soil properties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classification, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommendations. The concept of simplified keys to soil series was first used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the pro-ject “Simplification of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management
recommendations for soils identified in the field.
We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and munici-pal and provincial agriculturists for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the
soils used in this guidebook.
SAILILA E. ABDULA
Acting Executive Director
The “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the field following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technolo-gists, researchers, and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identification of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and efficient with the identification of soil series. For instance, because some soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable in known soil names are expected to be adaptable in the same soil series of a different region.
This guidebook is easy to use. Using only five basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided, the soil series in the field could be iden-tified. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production, and soil management recommendations can be deter-mined.
Fourteen soil series found in Nueva Vizcaya are includ-ed in this guidebook: Annam, Bago, Bantog, Brooke’s, Guimbalaon, Maligaya, Quingua, Rugao, San Juan, San Manuel, Sevilla, Sibul, Sta. Filomena, and Umingan series.
The Simplified Keys to Soil Series
1 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
GUIDE TO SOIL SERIES IDENTIFICATION
Nueva Vizcaya 2
1.Conduct preliminary interview on the historical
background of your sampling site. Gather information on cultivation practic-es, natural occur-rences such as flood, erosion, and human ac-tivities that affect the condition and structure of the soil. Check
whether the soil was disturbed or scraped.
2 From a vacant area of
your identified site, dig a pit or use an auger to get the soil samples
needed.
3 Soil samples should
be taken from a rec-ommended soil depth to make sure that the condition and structure of the soil is well-preserved and free from any kind of cultivation
(see page 53).
3 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
4 Know the color of the soil.
Color is one of the most important physical properties of the soil as indicative to se-ries recognition. Each soil series has its distinct inherent color which makes it different from the other series (see
page 54).
5 Identify the texture of
the soil. Texture is a unique property used as qualitative classification tool to determine clas-ses of soil (see page
55).
6 Determine the soil pH.
The measure of acidity or alkalinity in soils is known as soil pH. This measure-ment corresponds to spe-cific soil series (see page
56).
slickenside mottles
7 Take note of other observable soil properties
such as polished surfaces (cutans/slickensides),
softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.
Nueva Vizcaya 4
8 Take note of the presence or absence of coarse
fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, black manganese (Mn) and red iron (Fe) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from
surfaces up to 50-cm depth.
9 Use the Simplified Keys
to Soil Series Guidebook and compare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil
name is identified.
Mn/Fe concretions Quartz
Lateritic nodules Lateritic nodules
5 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Guimbalaon
SOIL Color Groups
Annam
(go to pages 7-9)
(go to page 10)
Rugao
Quingua Maligaya
Sibul
Sta. Filomena Sevilla
Reddish Brown
Black/Grayish Brown
San Manuel
Brooke’s
Nueva Vizcaya 6
Umingan
SOIL Color Groups
(go to page 13) Yellowish/Grayish Brown
(go to pages 11-12)
Bantog Bago
San Juan
Light/Dark Brown
7 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Reddish Brown
Annam (figure on page 15)
Coarse fragments Gravels, pebbles and rock fragments
pH 4.0-6.5
Other features Yellowish brown Fe and Mn concretions
Texture: Clay loam
Guimbalaon (figure on page 19)
Coarse fragments Surface stones and rock outcrops
pH 5.0 – 6.5
Other features Iron (Fe) concretions
Texture: Clay loam
Maligaya (figure on page 20)
Coarse fragments None
pH 6.5-7.5
Other features Brown Fe and black Manganese (Mn) concretions
Texture: Clay loam
Reddish Brown
Nueva Vizcaya 8
Quingua (figure on page 21)
Coarse fragments None
pH 6.0-7.8
Other features Reddish brown streaks on lowland rice
Texture: Clay loam/Silt loam/Silty clay loam
9 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Reddish Brown
Rugao (figure on page 22)
Coarse fragments Partially weathered shales
pH 4.5-7.5
Other features Gray spot mottles; Manganese concretions
Texture: Clay
Sibul (figure on page 26)
Coarse fragments Limestone fragments
pH 5.0-6.0
Other features Whitish streaks
Texture: Clay
Nueva Vizcaya 10
Sevilla (figure on page 25)
Coarse fragments Limestone gravels and cobble-stones of calcareous materials
pH 6.0-7.0
Other features Slightly compact
Texture: Clay loam
Black/Grayish Brown
Sta. Filomena (figure on page 27)
Coarse fragments Reddish brown gravels; weathered pebbles
pH 7.3-7.4
Other features Hard and compact when dry
Texture: Clay loam/Clay
11 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Light/Dark Brown
Brooke’s (figure on page 18)
Coarse fragments Soft weathered rocks
pH 6.2-6.4
Other features Manganese (Mn) concretions
Texture: Clay/Loam/Sandy loam
San Juan (figure on page 23)
Coarse fragments River-washed stones in the subsoil
pH 5.5-9.0
Other features Brown mottles; compact
Texture: Clay/Sandy clay
Nueva Vizcaya 12
San Manuel (figure on page 24)
Coarse fragments None
pH 5.5-6.5
Other features Red mottles
Texture: Loam/Silt loam/Sandy loam
Light/Dark Brown
Umingan (figure on page 28)
Coarse fragments River-washed stones and gravels
pH 5.6-7.9
Other features Fe and Mn concretions; mottles
Texture: Sandy loam
13 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Yellowish/Grayish Brown
Bago (figure on page 16)
Coarse fragments None
pH 6.5-7.5
Other features Soft powdery grayish-brown concretions; brown spot mottles; hard; compact
Texture: Clay loam
Bantog (figure on page 17)
Coarse fragments None
pH 5.6-7.5
Other features Yellowish brown mottles
Texture: Clay/Clay loam
Nueva Vizcaya 14
SOIL Profile and Characteristics
15 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Annam Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low to moderate
Soil pH Acid (4.2-6.2)
Organic matter Low to moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC)
Moderate
Base saturation Low to moderate
Salinity hazard None
Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 88,933.40 ha
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Rolling to hilly and mountainous
Water retention High
Drainage Good
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness
Large quantity of gravels, pebbles, cobble stones, and boulders in the subsoil
Root depth Deep (>1m)
Erosion Severe
Family: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustults
Fine-textured soil with no particular mineral that dominates (mixed). It has a mean annual soil temperature of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). This is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Haplustults which exhibits minimum complexity in its horizona-tion (Hapl-); found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (ust-). It is an intensely weathered soil with accumulation of clay in its un-derlying horizon, acidic, and has a low base status (-ult, Ultisol).
00 cm
18
52
74
Ap
94
Bw2
BC1
BC2
Bw1
Nueva Vizcaya 16
Bago Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate to high
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.0-7.5)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) High
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC)
Moderate
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to undulating
Water retention Moderate to high
Drainage Poor
Permeability Slow
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Flooding Slight
Soil Type: Sandy clay loam/Clay Area: 5,225.76 ha
Family: Fine, isohyperthermic, Vertic Endoaquolls
Fine-textured soil containing a large amount of clay (35-60%) with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is dominated by clays that shrink and swell producing wide cracks and slickensides due to repeated wetting and drying (vertic). It is saturated with wa-ter repeatedly throughout the profile (Endo-) manifested by its gray color as indicative of poor internal drainage (aqu-). It is a dark-
colored and fertile soil with high base status and neutral to medium acid pH which are formed under grassland (-oll, Mollisol).
00 cm
28
43
88
Apg1
Apg2
Btg1
Btg2
17 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Flat
Water retention High
Drainage Poor
Permeability Slow
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Flooding None to seasonal
Soil Type: Clay/Clay loam Area: 9,719.97 ha
Family: Very fine, clayey, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Pellusterts
A very fine clayey-textured soil having >60% clay dominated by miner-als with high shrink-and-swell capacity (montmorillonitic). It has a mean annual soil temperature of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). This soil belong to the order Vertisol (-ert) characterized by deep wide cracks, slickensides; very sticky when wet and compact when dry. It is low in chroma (pell-) and can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, ustic).
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate to high
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.5)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Moderate
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC)
High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
Bantog
00 cm
13
24
42
Ap
69
Bwg1
Bwg2
Bwg3
Bwg4
Nueva Vizcaya 18
Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Dystrudepts
A fine loamy-textured soil (18-35% clay and >15% sand) with no particular minerals that dominates (mixed) and has isohyperther-mic temperature regime (>22°C). It is a typical representative of the great group Dystrudepts that has low base saturation (Dyst-)
which is found in areas with well distributed rainfall (-udic). It is an inceptisol (-epts, Latin, inceptum, beginning), indicating that this
soil is in its incipient development toward a mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons.
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low
Soil pH Slightly acid (6.0-6.6)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) Low
Base saturation Low
Salinity hazard None
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to slightly undulating
Water retention High
Drainage Poor
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness Few soft weathered rocks
Root depth Moderate to deep (≤1m)
Erosion/Flooding None
Soil Type: Loam Area: 1,585.13 ha
Brooke’s
00 cm
16
35
48
Ap
Bw3
Bw2
Bw1
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low
Soil pH Slightly acid
(5.0-6.5)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Moderate
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC)
Low
Base saturation Moderate
Salinity hazard None
Guimbalaon
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Rolling to mountainous
Water retention Low to moderate
Drainage Good
Permeability Moderate to rapid
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Surface stones and rock outcrops
Root depth Deep (>1m)
Erosion Severe
Soil Type: Clay loam/Loam Area: 88,310.17 ha
Family: Fine, isohyperthermic, Typic Hapludalfs
Fine-textured soil with 35-60% clay content and isohyperthermic (>22°C) temperature regime. It is a typical representative of the great group Hapludalfs which exhibits minimum complexity of hori-zonation (Hapl-) and is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic). It is an old soil which has undergone extensive weather-ing but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol). It
has relatively low fertility status and low to moderate pH.
00 cm
15
39
69
74
Ap
Bw
Bt1
Bt2
Bt3
19 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Nueva Vizcaya 20
Maligaya
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to slightly undulating
Water retention High
Drainage Poor
Permeability Slow
Workability/tilth Hard
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Flooding None to seasonal
Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 8,320.16 ha
Family: Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Epiaquerts
A fine-textured soil with high amounts of clay (35-60%) dominated by minerals with high shrink-and-swell capacity (smectitic). It is a typical representative of great the group Epiaquerts. It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles as indicative of poor internal drainage. This soil belong to the order Ver-tisol (-ert) characterized by deep wide cracks, slickensides, very sticky when wet, and compact when dry. The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
00 cm
8
16
40
53
74
Apg1
Apg2
Btg1
Btg2
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate to high
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.5-7.5)
Organic matter Low to moderate
Phosphorus (P) Moderate to high
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
21 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Quingua
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to slightly undulating
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Good
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Flooding Subject to seasonal river flooding
Soil Type: Clay loam/Silt loam Area: 14,518.67 ha
Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Hapludalfs
Fine loamy-textured soil with moderate amount of clay (18-35%) and with no particular mineral that dominates (mixed). It has an isohyper-thermic temperature regime (>22°C). This is a typical representative of the great group Hapludalfs which exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-) and is found in areas with well-distributed rain-fall (-ud, udic). It is an old soil which has undergone extensive weath-ering but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol).
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.5)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC)
High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard Low
00 cm
18
39
Ap
AB
Bw1
87
112
Bw2
Bw3
Nueva Vizcaya 22
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Acid to neutral (4.5-7.5)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC) High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
Rugao
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Rolling to hilly
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Moderate
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate to hard
Stoniness Iron (Fe) concretions
Root depth Deep (>1m)
Erosion Slight
Soil Type: Clay/Sandy loam Area: 1,850.33 ha
Family: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Aquic Hapludalfs
Fine-textured soil with 35-60% clay content with no particular mineral that
dominates (mixed). It has an isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). This soil is wetter than the typical due to fluctuating groundwater during rainy
season where some part of the soil within 1 m deep is saturated for several
days, but water table recedes during the dry period (aquic). It is a repre-sentative of the great group Haplustalfs, which exhibits minimum complexi-ty of horizonation (Hapl-) and is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-
ud, udic). It is an Alfisol (-alf), meaning there is alluvial accumulation of clay in the subsoil horizons from the underlying horizons.
71
36
20
00 cm
Ap
AB
Bt1
Bt2
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Moderately acid to neutral (5.5-7.2)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low to high
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC)
High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
San Juan
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Undulating to hilly
Water retention High
Drainage Poor
Permeability Slow
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness River-washed stones in the subsoil
Root depth Shallow (≥0.50m)
Erosion Moderate to severe
Soil Type: Clay Area: 671.42 ha
Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Eutrustepts
Fine loamy-textured soil (18-35% clay and >15% sand) with no particular mineral that dominates (mixed). It has an isohyperther-mic (>22°C) temperature regime. This is a typical representative of the great group Eutrustepts. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage towards a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) that has high base saturation (eutr-). It is found in areas with pro-nounced wet and dry seasons (-ust).
23 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
00 cm
13
58
91
Ap
Bw1
Bw2
BC
Nueva Vizcaya 24
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate to high
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5 - 7.2)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Moderate
Potassium (K) Moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC) High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
00 cm
5
35
69
Ap1
Ap2
Bw1
89
Bw2
Bw3
San Manuel
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to slightly undulating
Water retention Poor
Drainage Good
Permeability Moderate to rapid
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Flooding Seasonal
Soil Type: Silt loam/Sandy loam Area: 4,404.51 ha
Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Eutrustepts
Fine loamy textured soil (18-35% clay and >15% sand) with no particu-lar mineral of any kind that dominates (mixed). It has an isohyperther-mic (>22°C) temperature regime. It is a representative of the great group Eutrustepts which occurs on river floodplains and subject to seasonal river flooding (Fluventic). This soil exhibits high base satura-tion (eutr-) and has a moisture regime characteristically having pro-nounced wet and dry seasons (ust-). It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (ept-, Inceptisol).
25 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.4-7.3)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Moderate
Potassium (K) Moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC)
Moderate
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
Sevilla
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Rolling to hilly and steep
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Moderate
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Hard
Stoniness Limestone gravels; calcareous sandstones and shales
Root depth Moderate to deep (0.8-1 m)
Erosion Severe
Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 6,416.01 ha
Family: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Eutrudepts
Fine-textured soil with 65% clay composed of mixed minerals. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (-ept, Inceptisol). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrudepts that has high base saturation (eutr-) which is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic).It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
00 cm
26
47
Apg
BC
C
Nueva Vizcaya 26
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Slightly acid (5.0-6.5)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC)
Moderate
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
Sibul
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Hilly
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Poor
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Hard
Stoniness Spherical concretions; massive lime rocks
Root depth Shallow (<0.5m)
Erosion Slight to moderate
Soil Type: Clay Area: 8,966.66 ha
Family: Fine to very fine, isohyperthermic, Typic Eutrudepts
Fine to very fine-textured soil containing above 60% clay with correspondingly low amount of sand and silt. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (-ept, Inceptisol). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrudepts that has high base saturation (eutr-) which is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic).It has a mean annual soil tempera-ture higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
00 cm
10
31
55
Ap
Bw1
BC
175
Bw2
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low
Soil pH Slightly alkaline (7.3-7.4)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate
Base saturation Low
Salinity hazard None
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Undulating to gently rolling
Water retention High
Drainage Moderate
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Gravels; weathered pebbles and stones
Root depth Deep (>0.9m)
Erosion Slight
Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 451.55 ha
Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Dystrudepts
A fine loamy-textured soil (18-35% clay and >15% sand) with no particular minerals that dominates (mixed) and has isohyperther-mic temperature regime (>22°C). It is a typical representative of the great group Dystrudepts that has low base saturation (Dyst-)
which is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-udic). It is an inceptisol (-epts, Latin, inceptum, or beginning), indicating that this
soil is in its incipient development toward a mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons.
27 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Sta. Filomena
00 cm
10
31
73
Ap
BA
Bt
BC
Nueva Vizcaya 28
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility High
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.5)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) Moderate
Potassium (K) Low to moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC)
High
Base saturation Moderate to high
Salinity hazard None
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Good
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness Gravels and stones
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion None
Flooding Seasonal near river bank
Soil Type: Loam/Sandy loam Area: 1,714.11 ha
Family: Loamy skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Haplustepts
A loamy-textured soil with many gravels and pebbles (skeletal) occur-ring along the banks of rivers. Hence, it is subject to flooding (fluventic) receiving yearly depositions of alluvial soil materials from rivers. It is in its incipient development stage toward a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (Hapl-). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic) and has an annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
Umingan
00 cm
16
27
70
Ap
AB
Bw1
Bw2
99
BC
29 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Soil productivity is the quality that summarizes soil potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defined sets of management practices. It is also a synthesis of conditions of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and phys-ical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of the amount of in-puts of production factors required to correct soil limi-tation(s) to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defined sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990). Soil productivity index is used for making compari-sons among soils; categorized into inherent and potential. Inherent productivity is the natural capacity of the soil to produce a given yield; potential refers to its capacity to produce yield after correctible soil con-straints had been remedied. In economics, the pre-dicted inherent yield is calculated by multiplying the inherent index by the maximum potential yield (MPY) of rice; predicted maximum possible yield is comput-ed by multiplying the potential index by the MPY. For instance, MPY in the dry season is 8 tons/ha, and inherent and potential productivity ratings for Annam series are 0.23 and 0.35, respectively. The predicted inherent and potential yields of rice in Annam soils are then 1.84 and 2.80 tons/ha.
SOIL Productivity
Nueva Vizcaya 30
Soil Series Inherent
Productivity Potential
Productivity
Annam 0.23 0.35
Bago 0.57 0.75
Bantog 0.76 0.90
Brooke’s 0.57 0.72
Guimbalaon 0.50 0.60
Maligaya 0.81 0.91
Quingua 0.55 0.65
Rugao 0.62 0.80
San Juan 0.65 0.80
San Manuel 0.42 0.55
Sevilla 0.73 0.83
Sibul 0.68 0.78
Sta. Filomena 0.57 0.72
Umingan 0.32 0.45
Table 1. Soil productivity index for rice.
31 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Soil suitability classification refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis based on physical and chemi-cal properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and may come up through a good judg-ment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and quali-ties such as depth, texture, slope, drainage, erosion, flood-ing, and fertility. Based on these soil properties, the suita-bility of a certain tract of land for crop production can be determined. Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to grow different crops. They imply what crop(s) would give the highest benefit in terms of productivity and profitability from a given soil type, indicat-ed by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either cur-rently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs, or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limita-tions cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limit the production of specified crop(s). When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentages shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential crop yield when the soil index is highly suitable; less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable. S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50 S2: soil index 50-75 N: soil index <25
CROP
Suitability Analysis
Nueva Vizcaya 32
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
igh
ly s
uitab
le
t -
Top
ogra
ph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
su
itab
le
w -
D
rain
ag
e;
flood
ing
S3 -
M
arg
inally
su
itable
s -
T
ext
ure
; coars
e f
ragm
ents
; soil
depth
N1 -
C
urr
ently n
ot
su
itab
le
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot
suitab
le
c -
C
limate
Ta
ble
2a
. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f N
ueva
Viz
ca
ya
.
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
An
na
m
Ba
go
B
an
tog
B
roo
ke
’s
Gu
imb
ala
on
Su
ga
rcan
e
S3
ctw
sf
S2
cw
f S
2cw
f S
3cw
f S
2ctw
f
Ric
e Irr
iga
ted
Lo
wla
nd
N
2
S2
cw
sft
S
2cw
sf
S2
cw
sft
N
2
Ric
e R
ain
fed
Up
lan
d
N2
S
3cw
sf
S3
cw
f S
3cw
sf
S3
ctw
f
Ric
e R
ain
fed
Lo
wla
nd
N
2
S3
cw
sf
S3
cw
sf
N2
N
2
Co
co
nu
t S
3cts
f N
1cw
N
1cw
f N
1cw
f S
2ctf
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
igh
ly s
uitab
le
t -
Top
ogra
ph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
su
itab
le
w -
D
rain
ag
e;
flood
ing
S3 -
M
arg
inally
su
itable
s -
T
ext
ure
; coars
e f
ragm
ents
; soil
depth
N1 -
C
urr
ently n
ot
su
itab
le
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot
suitab
le
c -
C
limate
Ta
ble
2a
. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f N
ueva
Viz
ca
ya
(co
ntin
ua
tio
n)
.
33 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Ma
lig
aya
Qu
ing
ua
Ru
gao
S
an
Ju
an
S
an
Ma
nu
el
Su
ga
rcan
e
S2
cw
f S
2cw
f S
2cts
S
2ctw
s
S2
cw
f
Ric
e Irr
iga
ted
Lo
wla
nd
S2
cft
S3
cw
sft
N
2
N2
S
3cw
sft
Ric
e R
ain
fed
Up
lan
d
S3
cw
sf
S3
cw
f S
2cts
S
3ctw
s
S3
cw
sf
Ric
e R
ain
fed
Lo
wla
nd
S2
csf
S3
cw
sf
S3
ctw
s
N1
ctw
s
S3
cw
sf
Co
co
nu
t N
1cw
S
2cw
f S
2ct
N1
ctw
s
S2
cw
f
Ta
ble
2a
. (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n)
Nueva Vizcaya 34
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Se
vil
la
Sib
ul
Sta
. F
ilo
me
na
U
min
ga
n
Su
ga
rcan
e
S2
cts
f S
3ctw
sf
S2
cts
f S
3cw
sf
Ric
e Irr
iga
ted
Lo
wla
nd
N
2
N2
N
2
S3
cw
sf
Ric
e R
ain
fed
Up
lan
d
S2
cts
f S
3ctw
sf
S2
cts
f S
3cw
sf
Ric
e R
ain
fed
Lo
wla
nd
S
3ctw
sf
N1ctw
sf
S3
ctw
sf
N2
Co
co
nu
t S
2cts
N
1ctw
s
S2
cts
f S
2cw
sf
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
igh
ly s
uitab
le
t -
Top
ogra
ph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
su
itab
le
w -
D
rain
ag
e;
flood
ing
S3 -
M
arg
inally
su
itable
s -
T
ext
ure
; coars
e f
ragm
ents
; soil
depth
N1 -
C
urr
ently n
ot
su
itab
le
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot
suitab
le
c -
C
limate
Ta
ble
2b
. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f N
ueva
Viz
ca
ya
.
35 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
An
na
m
Ba
go
B
an
tog
B
roo
ke
’s
Gu
imb
ala
on
Ba
na
na
S3
cts
f S
3cw
sf
S3
cw
f S
3cw
f S
3ctf
Ma
ize
N
1cts
f S
3cw
f S
3cw
f S
3cw
f N
1ctw
f
Pin
ea
pp
le
S3
ctw
sf
N2
N
2
S3
cw
f S
3ctw
sf
Ca
ssava
S3
cts
f N
2
N1
cw
f N
1cw
s
S2
ctf
Ma
ng
o
S3
ctw
sf
S3
cw
f S
2cw
f S
3cw
f S
3ctw
f
Cam
ote
S
3ctw
sf
S3
ctw
f S
3cw
f S
3cw
f S
3ctf
Nueva Vizcaya 36
Ta
ble
2b
. (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n)
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Ma
lig
aya
Q
uin
gu
a
Ru
gao
S
an
Ju
an
S
an
Ma
nu
el
Ba
na
na
S3
cw
f S
3cw
f S
3cts
f S
3ctw
s
S3
cw
sf
Ma
ize
S
2cw
S
3cw
f S
3cts
f S
3ctw
sf
S3
cw
sf
Pin
ea
pp
le
N2
N
2
S3
cts
f S
3ctw
sf
N2
Ca
ssava
N1cw
f N
2
S3
ctw
f N
2
N2
Ma
ng
o
S2
cw
S
3cw
f S
3cts
f S
3ctw
sf
S3
cw
sf
Cam
ote
S
3cw
f S
3cw
f S
3ctf
S
3ctw
s
S3
cw
f
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
igh
ly s
uitab
le
t -
Top
ogra
ph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
su
itab
le
w -
D
rain
ag
e;
flood
ing
S3 -
M
arg
inally
su
itable
s -
T
ext
ure
; coars
e f
ragm
ents
; soil
depth
N1 -
C
urr
ently n
ot
su
itab
le
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot
suitab
le
c -
C
limate
Ta
ble
2b
. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f N
ueva
Viz
ca
ya
(co
ntin
ua
tio
n).
37 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Se
vil
la
Sib
ul
Sta
. F
ilo
me
na
Um
ing
an
Ba
na
na
S3
ctf
S3
ctw
sf
S3
ctf
S3
cw
f
Ma
ize
S
2cts
N
1ctw
sf
S2
cts
f S
3cw
sf
Pin
ea
pp
le
S3
cts
f S
3ctw
sf
S3
cts
f N
2
Ca
ssava
S2
ctw
sf
N2
S
2ctw
sf
N1
cw
sf
Ma
ng
o
S2
cts
S
3ctw
sf
S2
cts
f S
2cw
sf
Cam
ote
S
3ctf
S3
ctw
sf
S3
ctf
S3
cw
sf
Nueva Vizcaya 38
Ta
ble
2c. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f N
ueva
Viz
ca
ya
.
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
An
na
m
Ba
go
B
an
tog
B
roo
ke
’s
Gu
imb
ala
on
To
ma
to
S3
ctw
sf
S3
cw
f S
3cw
f S
3ctw
s
S3
ctw
sf
Pa
pa
ya
S
3cts
f N
2
N2
N
1cw
f S
3ctf
Ca
bb
age
S3
cts
f N
2
S3
cw
f S
3cw
f S
3cts
f
On
ion
N
1ctw
sf
N2
N
2
S3
cw
f S
3ctw
sf
Po
tato
S
3ts
f S
2w
sf
S3
wsf
S2
wf
S2
tf
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
igh
ly s
uitab
le
t -
Top
ogra
ph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
su
itab
le
w -
D
rain
ag
e;
flood
ing
S3 -
M
arg
inally
su
itable
s -
T
ext
ure
; coars
e f
ragm
ents
; soil
depth
N1 -
C
urr
ently n
ot
su
itab
le
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot
suitab
le
c -
C
limate
Ta
ble
2c. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f N
ueva
Viz
ca
ya
(co
ntin
ua
tio
n).
39 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Ma
lig
aya
Q
uin
gu
a
Ru
gao
S
an
Ju
an
S
an
Ma
nu
el
To
ma
to
S3
cw
f S
3cw
f S
3ct
S3
ctw
s
S3
cw
f
Pa
pa
ya
N
2
N2
S
3ctw
f N
1ctw
sf
N2
Ca
bb
age
N1
cw
N
1cw
f S
2ct
S3
ctw
s
N1
cw
f
On
ion
N
2
N1
cw
f S
3cts
f S
3cw
sf
N2
Po
tato
S
2w
S
2w
f S
2t
S2
tws
S2
wf
Nueva Vizcaya 40
Ta
ble
2c. (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n)
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Se
vil
la
Sib
ul
Sta
. F
ilo
me
na
U
min
ga
n
To
ma
to
S3
cts
f N
2
S3
cts
f S
3cw
sf
Pa
pa
ya
S
2ctw
sf
N1ctw
sf
S2
ctw
sf
N2
Ca
bb
age
S2
cts
S
3ctw
sf
S3
cts
f N
1cw
sf
On
ion
S
3cts
f S
3ctw
sf
S3
cts
f N
2
Po
tato
S
2ts
f S
3tw
sf
S2
tsf
S2
ws
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
igh
ly s
uitab
le
t -
Top
ogra
ph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
su
itab
le
w -
D
rain
ag
e;
flood
ing
S3 -
M
arg
inally
su
itable
s -
T
ext
ure
; coars
e f
ragm
ents
; soil
depth
N1 -
C
urr
ently n
ot
su
itab
le
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot
suitab
le
c -
C
limate
41 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ta
ble
2d
. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f N
ueva
Viz
ca
ya
.
Oth
er
Ag
ric
ult
ura
l
C
om
mo
dit
y
SO
IL S
ER
IES
An
na
m
Ba
go
B
an
tog
B
roo
ke
’s
Gu
imb
ala
on
Be
an
s
S3
ctw
sf
S3
cw
f S
3cw
f S
3cw
sf
N2
Ca
bb
age
S3
cts
f N
2
S3
cw
f S
3cw
f S
3cts
f
Citru
s
S3
tsf
N2
N
2
N1
wsf
S2
tsf
Pe
an
ut
N1
ctw
sf
N2
N
1cw
sf
N1
cw
f S
3ctw
f
Wa
term
elo
n
S3
ctw
sf
S3
cw
sf
S3
cw
sf
S3
cw
sf
S3
ctw
f
Ta
ble
2d
. (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n)
Nueva Vizcaya 42
Oth
er
Ag
ric
ult
ura
l
C
om
mo
dit
y
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Ma
lig
aya
Q
uin
gu
a
Ru
gao
S
an
Ju
an
S
an
Ma
nu
el
Be
an
s
S2
cw
f S
3cw
f S
3cts
f S
3ctw
s
S3
cw
sf
Ca
bb
age
N1cw
N
1cw
f S
2ct
S3
ctw
s
N1cw
f
Citru
s
N2
N
2
S3
twsf
N1tw
s
N2
Pe
an
ut
N2
N
2
S3
ctw
sf
N1ctw
sf
N2
Wa
term
elo
n
S3
cw
sf
S3
cw
sf
S2
cts
f S
3ctw
sf
S2
ctw
sf
43 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ta
ble
2d
. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f N
ueva
Viz
ca
ya
(co
ntin
ua
tio
n).
Oth
er
Ag
ric
ult
ura
l C
om
mo
dit
y
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Se
vil
la
Sib
ul
Sta
. F
ilo
me
na
U
min
ga
n
Be
an
s
S2
cts
f S
3ctw
sf
S2
cts
f S
2cw
sf
Ca
bb
age
S2
cts
S
3ctw
sf
S3
cts
f N
1cw
sf
Citru
s
S3
tws
N2
S
2tw
sf
N2
Pe
an
ut
S2
cts
N
1ctw
sf
S2
ctw
sf
N1
cw
sf
Wa
term
elo
n
S2
cts
f N
2
S3
cts
f S
3cw
sf
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
igh
ly s
uitab
le
t -
Top
ogra
ph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
su
itab
le
w -
D
rain
ag
e;
flood
ing
S3 -
M
arg
inally
su
itable
s -
T
ext
ure
; coars
e f
ragm
ents
; soil
depth
N1 -
C
urr
ently n
ot
su
itab
le
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot
suitab
le
c -
C
limate
Nueva Vizcaya 44
Soil management aims to protect the soil and en-hance its performance to increase farm profitability and preserve environmental quality. It is the combi-nation of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while maintaining the soil’s productive state. It involves maintaining the soil in good physical condition and fertility status, and influencing the biological aspect of the soil to attain maximum benefits (Harpstead, et al. 1997).
Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identified are enumerated in the succeeding pag-es. Soil factors such as slope, texture, and climate cannot be changed. However, control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, and chemical content of the soil can be altered and later on influence erosion rates, pest population, nutrient availability, and crop production.
Recommendations SOIL Management
Ta
ble
3. L
imita
tio
ns to
cro
p p
rodu
ctio
n a
nd
re
com
me
nd
ed
ma
na
gem
en
t s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
ren
t
cro
ps w
he
n g
row
n in
a g
iven
so
il se
rie
s.
So
il
Se
ries
Lim
itati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree
/Fo
res
t/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
An
na
m
Alu
min
um
(A
l) a
nd I
ron
(Fe)
To
xic
ity; acid
ic s
oil;
ru
n-o
ff; slo
pin
g top
ogra
-phy c
ause
s e
xce
ssiv
e
ero
sio
n;
pre
se
nce o
f la
rge a
mo
unt
of
gra
ve
ls,
pebb
les, cobb
le s
tone
s,
and b
ould
ers
Perm
ane
ntly n
ot
suita
ble
for
rice
pro
ductio
n
Marg
inally
suitab
le f
or
div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s;
lim-
ing;
co
nto
ur
terr
acin
g;
gre
en m
anuri
ng;
larg
e
initia
l app
licatio
n o
f pho
sp
ha
te f
ert
ilizers
; str
ip c
rop
pin
g
Marg
inally
suited f
or
root cro
ps;
limin
g;
conto
ur
terr
acin
g;
app
licatio
n o
f or-
ga
nic
matter
to
impro
ve s
oil
fert
ility
Suited
for
seco
nd
ary
gro
wth
fore
st; c
an b
e
pla
nte
d t
o c
oco
nut,
papa
ya a
nd m
ang
o
tree
s
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s-r
oot cro
ps/t
ree
s
Ba
go
Poor
dra
inage;
slo
wer
N
min
era
lizatio
n; Z
n d
efi-
cie
ncy in r
ice; K
defi-
cie
ncy;
low
org
anic
m
atter
Suff
icie
nt
irrig
atio
n
sup
ply
with a
de-
quate
dra
ina
ge;
OM
incorp
ora
tio
n;
gre
en m
anuri
ng; K
fe
rtili
zatio
n;
app
li-catio
n o
f Z
nS
2O
4
in low
land r
ice
w
he
n d
eficie
ncy
occurs
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o
sug
arc
ane, co
rn a
nd
tom
ato
; O
M inco
rpo
ra-
tio
n;
suff
icie
nt
irrig
a-
tio
n s
upp
ly w
ith a
de
-quate
dra
ina
ge; g
ree
n
manuri
ng; fe
rtili
zatio
n
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o
root cro
ps p
rovid
ed
w
ith g
ood d
rain
age
syste
m a
nd a
de
-quate
irr
igatio
n
sup
ply
; ad
eq
uate
fe
rtili
zatio
n;
OM
in
co
rpo
ratio
n
Fru
it t
ree
s lik
e m
ang
o
and b
ana
na;
pro
vid
e
good d
rain
age s
yste
m
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/r
oot cro
ps/tre
es
45 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ta
ble
3. (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n).
So
il
Seri
es
L
imit
ati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree/F
ore
st/
P
lan
tati
on
cro
ps
Ba
nto
g
Poor
dra
inage;
hig
h
shrink a
nd s
we
ll capaci-
ty u
po
n w
ett
ing a
nd
dry
ing, p
rod
ucin
g w
ide
cra
cks in t
he s
oil,
ha
rd
whe
n d
ry;
sea
so
na
l flood
ing in low
are
as;
slo
w p
erm
eab
ility
Pra
ctice
sha
llow
cultiv
atio
n w
he
n s
oil
mois
ture
is a
t op
ti-
mum
; suited f
or
irrigate
d a
nd r
ain
fed
padd
y r
ice; m
ain
tain
pro
pe
rly t
he p
add
y
dik
es;
esta
blis
hm
ent
of
flood c
ontr
ol
syste
m
Constr
uctio
n o
f ade-
quate
dra
ina
ge,
irriga-
tio
n a
nd f
lood c
ontr
ol
syste
ms d
ue to s
ea-
so
na
l flood
ing h
azard
in
low
are
as;
use o
f bro
ad
bed
s,
ridge
s o
r fu
rrow
s a
nd m
ulc
hin
g;
app
licatio
n o
f org
anic
m
atter
and f
arm
ma-
nure
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of
adeq
ua
te d
rain
ag
e
and irr
igatio
n s
ys-
tem
s; ap
plic
atio
n
of
org
anic
matter
and f
arm
manure
; can b
e p
lante
d to
cam
ote
and p
ota
to
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o s
ha
l-lo
w-r
oote
d f
ruit tre
es
like b
ana
na a
nd
man-
go; e
sta
blis
hm
ent of
adeq
ua
te d
rain
ag
e a
nd
flood c
ontr
ol syste
m
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/r
oot cro
ps
Bro
oke
’s
Low
so
il fe
rtili
ty;
poor
dra
inag
e w
hic
h c
an
cause low
N m
inera
liza
-tio
n a
nd Z
n d
eficie
ncy
Applic
atio
n o
f zin
c
sulfate
in low
land
rice
whe
n d
eficie
ncy
occurs
; N
,P a
nd K
fe
rtili
zatio
n; co
n-
str
uctio
n o
f dra
inage
contr
ol syste
m
Marg
inally
suitab
le f
or
div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s; co
n-
str
uctio
n o
f dra
inage
contr
ol syste
m; fe
rtili
-zatio
n
Can b
e p
lante
d
with p
ota
to; co
n-
str
uctio
n o
f dra
in-
age c
ontr
ol sys-
tem
; fe
rtili
zatio
n
Suited
for
ba
na
na a
nd
mango t
ree
s;
co
nstr
uc-
tio
n o
f dra
ina
ge c
ontr
ol
syste
m; fe
rtili
zatio
n
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/r
oot cro
ps
Nueva Vizcaya 46
Ta
ble
3. L
imita
tio
ns to
cro
p p
rodu
ctio
n a
nd
re
com
me
nd
ed
ma
na
gem
en
t s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
ren
t
cro
ps w
he
n g
row
n in
a g
iven
so
il se
rie
s (
co
ntin
ua
tio
n).
47 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
So
il
Se
ries
Lim
itati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree
/Fo
res
t/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
Gu
imb
ala
on
Low
fert
ility
; ro
lling to
pog
-ra
phy w
hic
h c
ause
s s
ur-
face r
unoff
and s
eve
re
ero
sio
n;
pre
se
nce o
f sto
ne
s a
nd r
ock o
utc
rop
s
Suited
for
rain
fed
up
land r
ice c
ultiv
a-
tio
n; fe
rtili
ze
r ap
pli-
catio
n; ob
serv
e
ero
sio
n c
ontr
ol
measure
s s
uch a
s
conto
ur
plo
win
g,
red
uce
d t
illage,
slo
t pla
nting a
nd s
trip
cro
pp
ing
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o
corn
; fe
rtili
zer
app
li-catio
n; p
ractice
inte
rcro
pp
ing a
nd
str
ip c
rop
pin
g;
slo
t pla
nting
Suited
for
root cro
ps;
fert
ilizer
app
licatio
n;
conto
ur
plo
win
g;
str
ip
cro
pp
ing
It is r
ecom
mended
for
fruit tre
es s
uch
as c
oco
nut,
pap
aya
and c
itru
s; cro
ps
com
mon in t
he a
rea
may b
e g
row
n w
ith
the c
om
bin
atio
n o
f ero
sio
n-p
reve
ntio
n
and w
ate
r co
ntr
ol
pra
ctice
s
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: u
pla
nd r
ice
-corn
/root cro
ps/f
ruit tre
es
Ma
liga
ya
Heavy c
lay p
oo
r dra
in-
age;
hig
h s
hri
nk-a
nd
- sw
ell
ca
pacity u
po
n w
et-
ting
and d
ryin
g, pro
duc-
ing w
ide c
racks in t
he
so
il, h
ard
whe
n d
ry;
ve
ry
slo
w p
erm
eab
ility
Pra
ctice
sha
llow
cultiv
atio
n w
he
n s
oil
mois
ture
is a
t op
ti-
mum
; suited f
or
irrigate
d a
nd low
-la
nd r
ain
fed p
add
y
rice
; m
ain
tain
pro
pe
rly t
he p
add
y
dik
es;
pro
vid
e f
loo
d
and d
rain
ag
e c
ontr
ol
syste
ms
Applic
atio
n o
f fe
rti-
lizers
and o
rga
nic
m
atter;
allo
w p
roper
dra
inag
e s
yste
m in
the f
ield
to a
dd
ress
the h
ea
vy c
lay te
x-
ture
of
this
so
il; u
se
bro
ad
bed
s,
ridge
s
and m
ulc
hin
g
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of
ade-
quate
dra
ina
ge a
nd
irrigatio
n s
yste
m;
use
of
the r
ight kin
d a
nd
am
ount
of
fert
ilizers
in
clu
din
g t
heir m
eth
-ods o
f app
licatio
n;
pro
pe
r tim
ing
of
culti-
vatio
n a
nd p
lanting
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o
mango a
nd b
ana
-na
; e
sta
blis
hm
ent
of
adeq
uate
dra
in-
age a
nd irr
igatio
n
syste
ms
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ta
ble
3. (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n).
So
il
Seri
es
L
imit
ati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree/F
ore
st/
P
lan
tati
on
cro
ps
Qu
ing
ua
Low
ava
ilab
le P
; sea-
so
na
l ri
ve
r flood
ing
Marg
inally
suitab
le
for
rice;
pro
vid
e
flood c
ontr
ol
measure
s d
ue
to
sea
so
na
l river
flood
ing; fe
rtili
zer
app
licatio
n;
tim
ing
of
pla
nting
Suited
for
div
ers
ifie
d
cro
ps; co
nstr
uctio
n o
f flood c
ontr
ol syste
m;
tim
ing o
f pla
nting
; fe
rtili
zatio
n
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o
cam
ote
and p
ota
to;
pro
vid
e f
lood c
ontr
ol
measure
s d
ue
to s
ea-
so
na
l ri
ve
r flood
ing;
tim
ing o
f pla
nting
and
fert
ilizer
app
licatio
n
Suited
for
coco
nut,
m
ango a
nd b
ana
-na
; co
nstr
uctio
n o
f flood c
ontr
ol sys-
tem
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/r
oot cro
ps/f
ruit t
ree
s
Rug
ao
Rolli
ng t
o h
illy top
ogra
-phy;
sub
so
il hard
enin
g
makin
g t
illag
e d
ifficult;
pre
se
nce o
f so
il ero
sio
n
Suited
for
rain
fed
up
land r
ice; pra
c-
tice s
ha
llow
cultiv
a-
tio
n w
he
n s
oil
mo
is-
ture
is a
t optim
um
and c
onto
ur
tilla
ge;
constr
uctio
n o
f bund
s f
or
up
land o
r te
rracin
g
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o
div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s;
pra
ctice s
oil
ero
sio
n
contr
ol m
ea
sure
s lik
e
conto
ur
plo
win
g,
str
ip
cro
pp
ing
and t
err
ac-
ing
Suitab
le f
or
pota
to; ca
n
be p
lante
d to c
am
ote
and c
assa
va; pra
ctice
so
il e
rosio
n c
ontr
ol
measure
s lik
e c
onto
ur
plo
win
g,
str
ip c
rop
pin
g
and te
rracin
g
Suitab
le f
or
coco-
nut a
nd
coff
ee
rob
usta
; pra
ctice
str
ip c
rop
pin
g a
nd
buff
er
str
ip
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: upla
nd r
ice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/r
oot cro
ps
Nueva Vizcaya 48
Ta
ble
3. L
imita
tio
ns to
cro
p p
rodu
ctio
n a
nd
re
com
me
nd
ed
ma
na
gem
en
t s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
ren
t
cro
ps w
he
n g
row
n in
a g
iven
so
il se
rie
s (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n).
49 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
So
il
Se
ries
Lim
itati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree
/Fo
res
t/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
Sa
n J
ua
n
Pre
se
nce o
f d
uri
pa
n t
hat
dam
age
s a
nd
pre
ve
nts
th
e r
oots
fro
m p
enetr
at-
ing d
eep
er;
low
ava
ilab
le
K; poor
dra
ina
ge;
hill
y
topogra
phy w
hic
h c
aus-
es m
ode
rate
to s
eve
re
ero
sio
n a
nd r
unoff
Marg
inally
suita
ble
for
rain
fed u
pla
nd
rice
; ero
sio
n
contr
ol
measure
s-
str
ip c
rop
pin
g,
conto
ur
tilla
ge
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o s
ug
-arc
ane;
use e
rosio
n
contr
ol m
ea
sure
s -
str
ip
cro
pp
ing
, spot
pla
nting
and inte
rcro
pp
ing
Suited
for
pota
to
and c
am
ote
; use
conto
ur
tilla
ge,
buff
er
pla
nting
and inte
rcro
pp
ing
to p
reve
nt
so
il ero
sio
n
Suitab
le f
or
impro
ved
syste
m o
f pa
stu
re, fo
r orc
hard
and
wood
land;
can b
e p
lante
d to b
ana
na
and m
ango t
ree
s
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: ra
infe
d u
pla
nd r
ice
-root cro
ps/s
uga
rcane
Sa
n M
an
uel
Subje
ct to
sea
so
na
l river
flood
ing;
poor
wate
r-ho
ldin
g c
apacity; e
xce
s-
siv
e d
roug
ht d
uri
ng d
ry
month
s
Suited
for
padd
y r
ice
duri
ng w
et
sea
so
n a
nd
with a
deq
uate
irrigatio
n d
ur-
ing d
ry s
ea-
so
n; co
nstr
uc-
tio
n o
f flood
contr
ol sys-
tem
; O
M a
dd
i-tio
n t
hru
ani-
mal or
gre
en
manuri
ng;
Constr
uctio
n o
f ade-
quate
dra
ina
ge,
irriga-
tio
n a
nd f
lood c
ontr
ol
syste
ms d
ue to s
ea
so
n-
al flo
od
ing h
aza
rd a
nd
hig
h s
ea
so
na
l w
ate
r ta
ble
; use
bro
adbe
ds
and r
idge
s;
suited f
or
div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s s
uch a
s
corn
, sugarc
ane,
ve
ge-
table
s a
nd w
ate
r m
elo
n
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of
adeq
ua
te d
rain
-age a
nd irr
igatio
n
syste
ms; re
gula
r add
itio
n o
f org
an-
ic m
atter
and
anim
al m
anure
to
impro
ve s
oil
fert
ili-
ty; ca
n b
e p
lante
d
to c
am
ote
and
pota
to
Adeq
uate
dra
inage a
nd
irrigatio
n s
yste
ms; co
ver
cro
pp
ing
with leg
um
es;
pro
pe
r fe
rtili
za
tio
n, tim
ing
of
cultiv
atio
n a
nd p
lanting
; use
of
loca
lly a
dapte
d h
igh
-yie
ldin
g v
arietie
s is r
ec-
om
mended t
o im
pro
ve t
he
gro
wth
and y
ield
of
tree
cro
ps lik
e b
ana
na, m
ango,
coco
nut a
nd c
ott
on
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
--rice; rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/v
ege
table
s/r
oot cro
ps
Nueva Vizcaya 50
Ta
ble
3. (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n).
So
il
Seri
es
L
imit
ati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree/F
ore
st/
P
lan
tati
on
cro
ps
Se
vill
a
Rolli
ng t
opog
rap
hy;
se
ve
re e
rosio
n;
difficult
to c
ultiv
ate
due t
o p
res-
ence o
f gra
ve
ls a
nd
ha
rd s
oil
surf
ace
Suited
for
rain
fed
up
land/low
land
rice
; pra
ctice s
ha
l-lo
w c
ultiv
atio
n
whe
n s
oil
mois
ture
is
at
optim
um
; co
n-
str
uctio
n o
f bund
s
for
up
land o
r te
r-ra
cin
g
Pra
ctice
co
nto
ur
and
str
ip f
arm
ing t
o m
ini-
miz
e r
unoff
; use o
f cove
r cro
ps to p
re-
ve
nt ri
sks o
f ero
sio
n;
suite
d f
or
div
ers
ifie
d
cro
ps
Modera
tely
suite
d f
or
roo
t-cro
ps; p
ractice
conto
ur
plo
w-
ing a
nd m
ini-
mum
till
ag
e to
pre
ve
nt
so
il ero
sio
n
Suited
for
fruit t
ree
s lik
e b
ana
-na
, coco
nut, m
ango a
nd p
apa
-ya;
pla
nting o
f perm
ane
nt
cro
ps a
s s
oil
ero
sio
n c
ontr
ol
measure
s
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-corn
/div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/r
oot cro
ps
Sib
ul
Hill
y top
ogra
phy;
low
ava
ilab
le P
and K
; poo
r dra
inag
e;
sha
llow
so
il;
pre
se
nce o
f lim
esto
ne
s
fragm
ent at
the t
op s
oil;
m
odera
te e
rosio
n
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o
rain
fed u
pla
nd r
ice;
fert
ilizatio
n; co
nto
ur
farm
ing
Applic
atio
n o
f fe
rtili
z-
er
and
org
anic
mat-
ter;
pra
ctice c
onto
ur
farm
ing;
co
nse
rvatio
n
tilla
ge s
uch a
s
mulc
hin
g a
nd g
round
cove
r
Marg
inally
suita
ble
for
cam
ote
and
pota
to;
pra
c-
tice c
onto
ur
farm
ing;
fert
i-liz
er
app
lica
-tio
n
Fru
it t
ree
s,
agro
fore
st
and
ind
ustr
ial tr
ee s
pecie
s a
re
recom
mende
d in r
olli
ng to
ste
ep to
pogra
phy; co
nto
ur
terr
acin
g, tilla
ge a
nd p
lanting
; cove
r cro
pp
ing w
ith leg
um
es;
use
of
loca
lly a
dapte
d h
igh
-yie
ldin
g v
arie
tie
s o
f tr
ee c
rop
s
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: upla
nd r
ice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/v
egeta
ble
s/r
oot cro
ps
Ta
ble
3. L
imita
tio
ns to
cro
p p
rodu
ctio
n a
nd
re
com
me
nd
ed
ma
na
gem
en
t s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
ren
t
cro
ps w
he
n g
row
n in
a g
iven
so
il se
rie
s (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n).
51 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
So
il
Se
ries
Lim
itati
on
for
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree
/Fo
res
t/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
Sta
. F
ilom
en
a
Low
fert
ility
; und
ula
ting
to r
olli
ng t
opog
rap
hy;
slig
ht
ero
sio
n; pre
se
nce
of
gra
vels
and w
eath
-ere
d p
ebb
les a
nd
sto
ne
s;
hard
and c
om
-pact w
he
n d
ry
Suited
for
rain
fed
up
land r
ice; pra
ctice
conto
ur
farm
ing a
nd
sha
llow
cultiv
atio
n
whe
n s
oil
mois
ture
is
optim
um
; fe
rtili
ze
r app
licatio
n
Suitab
le f
or
div
ers
i-fied c
rop
s; pra
ctice
so
il e
rosio
n c
ontr
ol
measure
s lik
e c
on-
tour
farm
ing
; str
ip
and inte
rcro
pp
ing;
gre
en m
anuri
ng;
fert
ilizer
app
licatio
n
Suitab
le f
or
root-
cro
ps; p
ractice
conto
ur
farm
ing
and s
ha
llow
cultiv
atio
n w
he
n
so
il m
ois
ture
is
optim
um
; co
n-
tour
farm
ing
; fe
rtili
zer
app
lica-
tio
n
Pla
nt
loca
lly a
da
pte
d
tree s
pecie
s;
suite
d to
citru
s, coco
nut a
nd
mango;
pla
nt
gro
und
cove
r cro
ps to p
reve
nt
so
il e
rosio
n
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: ra
infe
d r
ice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/r
oot cro
ps/ tr
ee
s
Um
ing
an
Pre
se
nce o
f gra
ve
lly o
r sto
ny la
yers
at th
e low
-er
sub
so
il; o
ccurr
ence
of
sea
so
na
l flood
ing
duri
ng h
ea
vy r
ain
s;
low
org
anic
matte
r
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o
irrigate
d low
land a
nd
rain
fed r
ice p
rovid
ed
w
ith a
deq
uate
irr
iga-
tio
n s
yste
m; app
lica
-tio
n o
f fe
rtili
zer
and
anim
al m
anure
; cle
ar-
ing o
f la
rge g
rave
ls
and s
tone
s
Constr
uctio
n o
f ade-
quate
dra
ina
ge,
irrigatio
n, a
nd f
lood
contr
ol syste
ms;
app
licatio
n o
f fe
rtili
z-
er
and
org
anic
mat-
ter;
ca
n b
e p
lante
d t
o
div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Suited
for
cam
ote
and
pota
to; co
nstr
uc-
tio
n o
f adeq
uate
dra
inag
e,
irri
ga-
tio
n, a
nd
flo
od
contr
ol syste
ms
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of
flood
-co
ntr
ol a
nd
irriga
tio
n
syste
ms; pro
pe
r fe
rtili
-zatio
n;
suite
d f
or
coco-
nut, b
ana
na a
nd m
an-
go tre
es
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/v
egeta
ble
s/r
oot
cro
ps
Appendices
Nueva Vizcaya 52
APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES
1 Soil sampling
53 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
1.Choose a vacant area
in your field. Use a spade or soil auger to dig up to 50 centimeters from the soil surface.
3. Get a bulk of soil
(0.5 kilogram) from 30 to 50-centimeter depth and place it in a con-tainer. This sample will be used in soil series identification.
2. Depth of the soil is
important. The surface/top soil is not a good basis since it is always cultivated.
50 cm
2 Color determination
Nueva Vizcaya 54
1 Soil color is an indirect
measure of other character-istics such as drainage, aer-ation, and organic matter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity. Gray indi-cates a fairly constant water-saturated condition. Bright brown and red colors are indicative of good aeration and drainage.
2 Get an ample amount
of soil from the sample. Note that the soil surface should be freshly exposed and not pressed. Record the moisture condition (dry, wet, or moist). If dry, have a moist color determination by adding ample amount of water to the soil.
3 Compare the color of
the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook. Take note of the classifica-tion of the color.
3 Texture determination
55 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
N
N N
Y Y Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Take a half handful of the same soil sample. Add water (not too wet). Soil is at proper consistency when moldable, like moist putty.
Add dry soil to absorb water.
Does soil remain in a ball when squeezed?
Is soil too dry? Is soil too wet? Sand
Place ball of soil between thumb and forefinger, gently pushing the soil with the thumb, squeezing it upward into a ribbon. Form a ribbon of uniform thickness and width. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger, breaking under its own weight.
Does soil form a ribbon? Loamy sand
Does soil make a weak ribbon less than 1 inch long before breaking?
Does soil make a medium ribbon 1 to 2 inches long before breaking?
Does soil make a strong ribbon 2 inches or longer before breaking?
Excessively wet a small pinch of soil in palm of hand and rub with forefinger.
Does soil feel very gritty?
Does soil feel very smooth?
Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates
Sandy loam
Loam
Silt loam
Does soil feel very gritty?
Does soil feel very smooth?
Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates
Clay loam
Sandy clay
loam
Silty
clay loam
Does soil feel very gritty?
Does soil feel very smooth?
Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates
Sandy clay
Clay
Silty clay
Y
Y
Y
N N
N
4 pH determination (UPLB) procedure
Nueva Vizcaya 56
1.Get soil sample from
30 to 50-centimeter depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.
2.Add seven drops of
CPR (chloropenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.
3.If pH is six or great-
er, repeat the steps using BTB (bromthymol blue). If soil pH is five or less, repeat the steps using BCG (bromcresol green).
4.Match the color of
the solution on top of the soil with the corre-sponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.
APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK® SYSTEM
57 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
The PalayCheck® System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the technologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weak-nesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next season to increase grain yield, input use efficiency, and profit with environmen-tal concerns. The PalayCheck® System describes the crop man-agement practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):
No high and low soil spots after final level-ing. 2 Practiced synchro-nous planting after a fallow period. 3
1 Used high-quality seeds of a recom-mended variety.
Nueva Vizcaya 58
Sufficient number of healthy seedlings. 4 Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early pani-cle initiation and flowering. 5 Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and yield of the crop.
6
No significant yield
loss due to pests. 7 Cut and threshed the crop at the right time. 8
Glossary Base saturation – the amount of positively charged ions (Ca, Mg, K, and
Na), excluding hydrogen and aluminum ions, that are ab-sorbed on the surface of soil particles, and measured and reported as a percentage.
Boulder – rocks with grain size of usually no less than 256 mm (10 inches) diameter.
Clay skins – clay coatings on ped or pore surfaces. Coarse fragments – significant proportions of fragments coarser than
very coarse sand and less than 10 inches, if rounded, or 15 inches along the longer axis, if flat. They influence the nutri-ent status, water movement, use and management of the soil. They also reflect the origin and stage of development of the soil.
Cobblestone – naturally rounded stones larger than a pebble and small-er than a boulder.
Concretions – cemented bodies similar to nodules, except for the pres-ence of visible, concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane.
Cutans – modification of the soil texture, or soil structure, at natural surfaces (particle, pore, or ped) in soil materials due to illuviation. Cutans are oriented deposits which can be composed of any of the component substances of the soil material.
Gravels – composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.
Inherent fertility – the natural ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. Mottles– appearance of uneven spots with spherical or irregular shape.
The color differs from the soil matrix color. Nodules – cemented bodies of various shapes that can be removed as
discrete units from soil. Nutrient retention – referred to as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) or
the maximum quantity of total cations, of any class, that a soil is capable of holding, at a given pH value, available for exchange with the soil solution.
Pebble – small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water.
Permeability – property of the soil to transmit water and air. It affects irrigation, and leaching of salts and fertilizers.
Quartz – a mineral consisting of silicon dioxide occurring in colorless and transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses.
Relief – refers to the elevation or inequality of the land surface consid-ered collectively.
Rock – naturally occurring solid aggregates of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
Rooting depth – the ability of the plant’s roots to penetrate through the soil. It can be limited by soil compaction, absence of nutrients, waterlogged layer or cemented layers.
59 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Salinity – the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chlo-ride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) in soil.
Slickenside – polished and grooved surface produced by one mass sliding past another.
Soil compaction – described according to its nature, continuity, struc-ture, agent, and degree. Compacted material has a firm or stronger consistence when moist and a close packing of parti-cles.
Soil drainage –refers to the frequency and duration of periods of satura-tion in the soil.
Soil family – a group of soils within a subgroup having similar physical and chemical properties that affect their responses to manage-ment and manipulation for use.
Soil pH –measure of acidity and basicity of soils. It affects availability or release of soil nutrients.
Soil profile – includes the collection of all the genetic horizons, the natu-ral organic layers on the surface, and the parent material or other layers beneath the solum that influence the genesis and behavior of the soil.
Soil series – a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions.
Soil taxonomy – hierarchies of classes that permit one to understand the relationships between soils and also between soils and the factors responsible for their character. A systematic distinguish-ing, ordering, and naming of type groups within a subject field.
Soil texture- refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups of individual soil grains in a mass of soil. Specifically, it refers to the proportions of clay, silt, and sand below 2 millimeters in diameter.
Soil type – the lowest category in classification systems. It is distin-guished within series on the basis of texture, a single character-istic.
Soil water retention – the ability of soil to retain water to provide an ongoing supply of water to plants between periods of replenish-ment (infiltration) to allow their continued growth and survival.
Stoniness – the relative proportion of stones over 10 inches in diameter or on the soil.
Surface cracking – develops in shrink–swell clay-rich soils after they dry out. The width (average, or average width and maximum width) of the cracks at the surface is indicated in centimeters. The average distance between cracks may also be indicated in cen-timeters.
Tuff – a rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus usually
fused together by heat.
Workability/tilth – the ease of cultivating the soil with regard to its struc-ture, texture, presence of coarse fragments, and relief.
Glossary
Nueva Vizcaya 60
Soil textural classes
Sand (S) - gritty Silt (Si) - smooth and floury Clay (C) - sticky Loam (L) - equal proportion of S, Si and C Sandy loam (SL) - presence of S, Si and C; but grittiness predominates Loamy sand (LS) - distinctively gritty with slight smoothness and sticki-
ness Silt loam (SiL) - presence of S, Si and C; but smoothness predominates Clay loam (CL) - presence of S, Si and C; but stickiness predominates Sandy clay loam (SCL) - presence of S, Si, and C; but more sticky and
gritty feel Silty clay loam (SiCL) - presence of S, Si and C; but more of sticky and
floury feel Sandy clay (SC) - sticky with slight grittiness Silty clay (SiC) - sticky with slight smoothness
61 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
References
Badayos, R.B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classification in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.
Beinroth, F.H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classification. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19. Hampstead, M.I., TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science
Simplified. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.
“Simplified Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize
Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specific Agriculture in Small Farms of the Trop-ics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.
Soil Survey of Nueva Vizcaya Province. Department of Agricul-
ture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. Bureau of Printing, Manila.
Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook
No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.
Keys to Soil Taxonomy. US Department of Agriculture 10th
Edition. 2006. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resource Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.
Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making
and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.
Sys, I.C., et al. Land Evaluation Part III: Crop Requirements.
Agricultural Publications. N°7, 1993.
Nueva Vizcaya 62
For more information, write, visit, or call:
Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division or
Information Systems Division
Philippine Rice Research Institute
Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija
Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 330,
331, 334, 310, 311
or text:
The PhilRice Text Center - (0920) 911-1398
For published material, contact:
Development Communication Division or
Business Development Division
Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 500,
501, 601, 604
Readers are encouraged to quote the content of this
guidebook with acknowledgement. Suggested citation:
PhilRice, “Simplified Keys to Soil Series of Nueva Viz-
caya”. Soil Series Guidebook ISBN 978-971-9081-83-8:
62p., June 2017.
We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Manage-ment (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.
ISBN