null models index

8/13/2019 Null Models Index

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IN EX

Accipirer hawks, 307h a n d Islands , 38,216f , 217Alaskan seabirds, 166, 167, 189-190Algaebiogeography and, 244-248co-occurrence of, 178Amazon forestbiogeography in, 257-260co-occurrence in, 175, 176177tAmphibolurus niche overlap in, 91tAmphipod-moXlusc assemblages, 236Andesbiogeography in, 241

co-occurrence nn, 175Animal communities, temporal partitioningin, 97-100Anolis lizardsco-occurrence (of, 18 6 1 7niche overlap in, 70 ,7 2, 90t, 92tsize ratios in, 126f, 127Antsbiogeography and, 269species richness and density in, 32-33temporal partitxoning and, 96 , 105, 1IOf,111Appalachian Mountains, 235Assem bly rules,, 13, 153-154, 161 , 164-205Connor and ;Simberloffprocedure, 170-179Diamond's, see Diamond's assembly rulesGilpin and Diamond procedure, 180-182guild shucture, see Guild structureincidence functions, 161, 183, 188-193, 205,217missing species combinations, see Missingspecies combinationsnestedness, 193-196, 205niche limitation, 196-198,205troph ic ratio: , 199-20 1, 205Wright and Biehl procedu re, 179-180Australiaco-occurrence in 1551, 193,203,240food webs in, 289size ratios in, 140

species-area relationships in, 235temporal partitioning in, 99, 107Avifaunas, see BirdsAytlzya affinis (Lesser Scaup ducks), 88-89Baha mas, 192-193Baltic Islands, 35Barnacles, 240Barro Colorado Island, 145Barton and David test, 123-124, 125, 149-150, 151Batsco-occurrence of, 172-174, 18

size ratios in, 12 1Beessize ratios in, 114, 16temporal partitioning and, 106Beetles, 25t, 26f, 3 9 4 1biogeography a nd, 267-268,270-271competition and morphology of, 147-1 48niche overlap in, 82size ratios in, 116, 133species abundance in, 49species evenness in, 44species richness in, 24,43Bill size, 114, 127-128, 130, 148-151,307Biogeography, 239-272.309assumptions of, 239-241bimodality and, 264-266equilibrium theory of, 89geographic range boundary locations in, 25 1-254geographic range randomization in, 25 6 2 5 7geographic range size in, 25 4 2 5 6global diversity gradients in, 249-25 1macroecology and, 266-269overlapping sheaves statistics in, 243-246Q-mode analysis in, 158-159quadrat data in, 246-247quantitative overlap patterns in, 248taxon cycles in, 269-27 1, 3 0 9Biological realism, 278-279Biology , amount to include, xiv-xvBimodali ty , 2 6 4 2 6 6


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36 ndex

Birdsbiogeography and, 240,241 ,252-254.25 7-260,262,267-268,270,309in broken-stick m odel, 56f, 57co-occurrence of , 156 , 160, 166 , 167f, 168,169, 17 G 17 1, 172-174, 175, 17&177t,178, 179, 180 , 185, 188-190, 192-193,194, 195,19&199food webs and, 28 1human-caused extinctions of , 3 10rarefaction of, 35.37-39sizer atios in, 113, 114, 120-121, 140, 141,142, 143-145source pools for, 304-306species abundance in, 48 ,5 0species-area relationships and, 212,213,217,219 222-223 225 226 229-230 235specieslgenus ratio in, 15-16species richness in, 38-39,40fspecies richness versus sp ecies density in, 31temporal partitioning and, 109-1 11see also particular t a mBismarck Archipelago, 306co-occurrence in, 1 69, 170, 174, 180-181,188-189Body size divergence mod els, 117-1 18Body size ratios, see Size ratiosBonne Bay, I58Bose-Einstein statistics, 246Breeding birdsrarefaction of , 37-38species abundance in , 48species-area relationships and , 222-223,235species richness versus sp ecies density in, 31Britainbiogeography in, 247size ratios in, 1 45species-area relationships in, 225see also EnglandBritish Isles, 213Broken-stick model, xv, 6, 4 8 , s 1, 58 ,62 , 102,243,295applications o f, 53-57biolog ical and statistical interpretations of, 55 tpredictions made with, 59-60resource utilization peaks in, 88, 89Bucconidae, 39Bull's-eye test, 136, 15 1

Bumblebees, 106Butterfliesbiogeography an d, 270species-area relationships and , 225Butterfly fishes, 142Californiafood webs in, 286,290species-area relationships in, 21 1

Camarhynchus (tree finches), 128, 134Canids, 147Carabid beetles, 2 26f, 3 9 4 1biogeography and, 2 7G 27 1species evenness in, 44species richness in, 24 ,4 3Cardinals, 110, 145Carpenter bees, 114Case and S idell test, 133-135Cayman Island, 270

Certhidea (warbler finches), 128Ceteris parihus clau se, 3 G 3 1Channel Islandsextinctions in, 145size ratios in, 127-1 30

species-area relationships in, 232Character displacement, 106 ,113 , 114, 118,126, 128-129, 130Euclidian distance in, 129Ga lipag os finch bill size as example, 148-15 1ratio tests for, 1 24, 125in the red fox, 146-1 47tests for, 133-1 35Checkerboard distributions, xvi, 154, 183,1 9 3 , 2 0 5 , 3 1 0Connor and Simberloff procedure, 17&178ecological Q -mod e analysis of, 163nestedness and, 196Checkerboardedness index, 183Chesapeake Bay, 37Chironomidsniche ov erlap in, 9 1species abundance in, 5 8 4 2temporal partitioning and , 97-98Chi-squared distributions, 12and co-occurrence, 16 5,1 73 ,17 9and size ratios, 19 141and temporal partitioning, 1 02Cicadas, niche overla p in, 93t

Cicindela sylvatica 41Cliques, 295Cnemidophorus lizards, 134,221Cochran's Q statistic, 111Coleopterans, niche overlap in , 92tCole's test, 104-105Colonizationbiogeography an d, 260equilibrium hypothesis and, 217, 22 k 2 2 6incidence functions and, 189limiting similarity and, 65, 66simple model of, 16 G 16 1size ratios and, 1 34, 135see also ImmigrationColumbidae, 39, 19&199Com munity assem bly, xvi, 153-154


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ndex 361

Comm unity ecologymethods in, 2-3paradigms in, 0-10Community matrix, 280-286Competition, 13community matrices and, 283,284-285controversy surrounding theory of, 8-9co-occurrence and, 162, 178-179, 19 6,2 01 ,205directed coevolution under interspecific, 150in dytiscid beetles, 147-148niche overlap and, 65,67,74 ,75-76.78 -79,8 1 , 8 6 , 8 8size ratios and , 115-1 16, 117-1 18, 122, 130,134-135, 141-142 143-144 147-148

150species/genos ratios and, 14-16temporal partitioning and, 95,9 6, 98Com petitive exc l~isio n ypothesis, 8, 15-16, 17directed assembly with, 150Complex deletion models, 1 87Composite model, 59, 60fConcordanceof morphology, 140-14 1of species ranks, 286-292Connectancerandom, 27:l-278species richness and , 295-298,300fConnor and Simberloff procedure, 170-179criticisms of, 175-179Consewed zeros. 80Constraintsbiological realism an d, 278-279on flowering phenology, 108incidence, 178marginal, 7 2, 162, 178-179randomization, 178-1 79

Contiguity hypothesis, 247Contingency table analysis, 180, 189Co-occurrence:, xvi, 12, 19, 153-205,240; seealso Assembly rules; Presence-absencematricesCoral heads, 154,207,227-228Core-satellite hypothesis, 260Core spec ies, 260, 263, 264-266Corixid beetles, 116Crematogaster ashmeidi, 154Critical tidal-level hypothesis, 248Ctenorus, niche overlap in, 90tCubaniche overlap in lizards of, 80species-area relationships in, 212Cuckoo-doves, 170-17 1Czekan owski Index, 69-70Dalechampia, 106-107Data quality, 308-309

Decapod crustaceans, 207,227 -228Deep-sea diversity, 33-34Deer Island Archipelago, 221Deer m ice, 221Degenerate matrices, 182, 184Dendroica angelae (Elfin Wood Warbler), 212Diam ond s assembly rules, 169-170, 185, 201Connor and Simberloff test for, 170-175Diffuse competition hypothesis, 74Dilution effect, 156, 175-178, 289Directed assembly, 150Directed coevolution, 150Directed evolution, 150Disturbance hypothesis, 209-210,211Diversity indices, see Species diversity indicesDominance decay model, 59-60Dominance preemption model, 58 ,6 0Doves, 198-199Drosophilaco-occurrence of, 153-154niche overlap in, 70-7 1species-area relationships an d, 221Dyar s consta nt, 11 3Dynamics model, 53,5 51Dytiscid beetles, 147-148Earthworms, 207Eastern Phoebe Sayornis pho ebe), 254fEastern Wood, 219,230,231fEcological extinction, 143-145Ecological null hypothesis, 1 0 6 1 0 7Ecological Q-mode analysis, 159-1 64Ecologycommunity, see Comm unity ecologyevolutionary, 34-35macro, 266-269mathematical, 8Ed ge effects, 106, 21 1, 213Elec tivity, 71-73, 94Elfin Wood Warbler Dendroica an gelae), 212Empty islands, 171Englandspecies-area relationships in, 212species diversity in, 36see also BritainEnvironmental suitability, specieslgenus ratiosand, 14-15Equilibrium h ypothesis, 19, 189, 209-210,

217-232,234,238,252of island biogeography, 189testing assum ptions of, 218-222testing predictions of, 222-232Essentialism, 10Euclidian distance, 129, 133, 138-139Evolutionary displacement, 66Evolutionary ecology, 34-35Evolutionary extinction, 142-143


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36 ndex

Evolutionary null hypothesis, 106-107Exponential function, 235, 236fExtinctionbiogeography and, 260disturbance hypothesis and, 21ecological, 143-145equilibrium hypothesis and, 217,218-220,224,228-232,234,252evolutionary, 142-143human-caused, 309-3 10incidence functions, 189limiting sim ilarity and, 65, 66nestedness, 195-196selective, 195-196species number and, 218-220

F-ratios, 12, 14Falsification, principle of, 6,7, 12-13Fam e Islands, 230, 23 1fFarris optimization, 271Faunal collapse, 195,2 10Favored states, 201-205Ferm inia cerverai (Zapata Wren), 2 12Field exp eriments, 2-3of assembly rules, 154Fiji, 197Finches, 143Galapa gos, see Galapagos finchesground, see Geospizatree, 128, 134warbler, 128Finlandco-occurrence in, 18 9species diversity in, 35Fishesco-occurrence of, 175, 181, 193,2 40food webs and, 286,28 290

morphology of, 138-1 3 9,1 42niche overlap in, 93tpresence-absence matrices for, 155t,193species abundance and , 49, 52fsee also particular taxaFloridabiogeography in, 252 ,253 fco-occurrence in, 154, 161Flowering phenology, xvi, 95 , 100-108,256Flycatchers, 170, 18HfFood w ebs, xvi-xvii, 13, 273-301interval, 294patterns of structure in, 292-301persistence stability and, 2 8 6 2 9 2randomization algorithms for, 1 20,2 74reality of, 298-301stability analyses of m odel, 275-280trophic ratios and, 199

Forbidden combinations, 1, 169, 170, 179,193, 196Fossilsco-occurrence of, 194morphology of, 143rarefaction and, 29, 36-37species-area relationships and, 207Frequencies, la w of, 264-266Functional groups, 201-205Fungi, 166,207

Galapagos finches, xiifbill sizes of, 114 , 127-128, 130, 148-151co-occurrence of, 160, 164,168niche overlap in, 67size ratios in, 114, 127-1 30 , 13 4, 148-15 1Galapagos plantsco-occurrence of, 160-161,163fspecies richness in, 24Gastropods, 141Gaussian distributions, 132Geckos, niche overlap in, 90 t, 91tGeneric coefficient (G Is) ratios, 18-19Geog raphical Ecology (MacArthur), 8Geographic rangeboundaries of, 25 1-254randomization of, 256257size of, 254-256Geographic va riation, 307-308Geometric series model, 55t ,58 , 60, 61fGeospiza (ground finches)co-occurrence of, 168size ratios in, 128, 129, 130, 134, 148, 149f,151Gilpin and Diamond procedure, 180-182Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glauce scens),

190Global diversity gradients, 249-25 1Grasshoppers, 83fniche overlap in, 921, 93tGreat Basinco-occurrence in, 194size ratios in, 141Great Britain, see BritainGreater Antillesco-occurrence in, 18 C 18 7, 195niche overlap in, 70, 72, 79Great Lakes, 196Ground finches, see GeospizaG/S ratios, 18-19Guild design ation, 175-178, 287Guild structureco-occurrence and, 198-199,205niche overlap and, 85-86,88Gulf of California, 221Gulf of Mexico, 236


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Index 363

Habitat affinitiesco-occurrence and, 187size ratios and , 136-137, 143specieslgenus ratio and, 15-16, 17Habitat diversity hypothesis, 2 W 2 10, 21 1-217assumptions of, 2 1 1habitat unit m odel in , 214-217multiple regres,sion models for, 213-214peninsular effect and, 252Habitat unit model, 214-217Hard boundaries, 250-25 1Haw aiian honeycreepers, 14Hawaiian Islandshuman-cau sed extinctions in, 3 10size ratios in, 143-145Hawkssexual dimorphism in, 307,308size ratios in, 121, 135-136temporal partitioning and, 95Helminth parasitesresource utilizzztion peaks in, 88-89spatial partitioning and, 105Herpetofauna of broadleaf e vergreen forest,niche overlap in, 92tHom age to Santa Rosalia (Hutchinson), 113Human-caused extinction, 309-3 10Hummingbidr;resource utilization peaks in, 88plant pollination and, 102-1 4size ratios in, 140Hungary, 37Hutchinsonian niche, 8 , 75-76Hutchinson's rule, see 1.3 ruleHypergeometr~~cistribution, 27, 39 ,4 6, 198Hypth etico-de ductive formalism, 11Icarus effect, 133Imm igration, 2.08; se e ulso Colonizationco-occurrence and, 195, 196equilibrium hypothesis and, 218-220,228-232,234,252species num ber an d, 218-220Incidence constraints, 178Incidence functnons, 161,18 3,188-193,205,217Indiana, 286Insectsco-occurrence of, 110f, 166, 193, 194outbreaks of; 275resource utilization peaks in, 88species-area relationships and, 207,222,225,232temporal partitioning and, 100see also particular tuxaInterval food webs, 294Irwin test, 1 24, 125, 151Island, land-bridge, 39, 40 f, 194t. 195, 198,199,207,306,307

Island area, population sizes and, 2 2 C2 2 2Israel, 147Jaccard's index, 158, 159fJamaicabiogeography in, 270co-occurrence in, 187Japan, 108J. P Morgan effect, 133K-dominance plot, 42Kendall's W 287-290Kolmogorov-Smimov (K-S) test, 135-136Laboratory studies, 2-3

of assembly rules, 153-154Lacertid lizards, niche overlap in, 90tLake District of England, 2 12Lake Manapouri, 178 ,23 2Land birdsbiogeography and , 252-254co-occurrence of, 169Land-bridge islands, 39, 40f, 194t. 195, 198,199,207,306,307Laru s gluucescens (Glaucous-winged Gull), 190Lesser Antilles, 127, 140Les ser Scaup duck s (Aythya affinis), 88-89Limiting similarity, 65-66,71Lizardsbiogeography and, 257community matrix and, 28co-occurrence of, 186-1 87, 192-1 93niche overlap in, 68 4 9 ,7 0 ,7 1 , 72,76 , 78-80, 90t, 92tsize ratios in, 126 f, 127, 134, 140species-area relationships and, 221temporal partitioning and, 96, 97, 99-1Log normal distributions, 48,5 @ 53, 224in biogeography, 255biological and statistical interpretations of, 55 tbroken-stick model and, 57power function and, 223resource partitioning and, 58in size ratios, 122, 125Log series distributions, 48, 49, 5@53biological and statistical interpretations of, 55tbroken-stick model and, 57resource partitioning a nd, 58

specieslgenus ratio and, 14, 16Lotka-Volterra equations, 65, 69food webs and, 276,28 4-285.29 2Lowendal Islands, 215Low er Carboniferous, 143Lunda ci rrha ta (Tufted Puffin), 190MacArthur's warblers, niche overlap in, 91tMacroec ology, 266-269


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64 Index

Macropygia cuckoo-doves, 17G171Madagascar, 3 10Main Aland, 38Maine, 221Mammalsco-occurrence of, 168food webs and, 282functional groups of, 201nestedness in, 193, 194, 195, 196niche overlap in, 76species-area relationships and, 207,224Mangrove islands, 199,200f, 2 13,222Mann-Whitney U test, 191-192Mapped ranges, 240-241Marginal constraints, 72, 162, 178-1 79Markov modelsof biogeography, 255of niche overlap, 87of species-area relationships, xvi, 229-230,232,237Marylandavian co-occurrence in, 141

temporal partitioning in, 110Materialism, 10Mathematical ecology, 8Mathematical models, 4-5Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, 168, 246Mice, 22 1Mimidae, 39, 198Minnesota old fields, 197Minnows, 175Missing species combinations, 164-165statistical tests for, 165-168Mixed-matched dietary hypothesis, 98-100,106, 111Mockingbirds, 198Molluscs, 36,236Monoceros montanus Montane unicorn), 241Monophagous predators, 276Montane unicorn Monoceros mon tanus),24 1Monte Carlo simulations, xi, 1, 308broken-stick model compared with, 57conventional statistical tests versus, xivof co-occurrence, 181criticisms of, 130-1 33of food webs, 279-280of niche overlap indices, 77

of s i ~ eatios, 121, 122, 125, 127-129, 1 3 G133, 151of species evenness, 4445 ,46of species richness, 237of temporal partitioning, 99, 106Morphologyconcordance of, 140-141of dytiscid beetles, 147-148ecological extinction and, 143-145

evolutionary extinction and, 142-143overdispersion of, 138-1 40resource utilization and, 114, 14 1species abundance and, 141-1 42Mosses, 159fMoths, 50Multidimensional niche metrics, 73-74Multiple assemblages, ratio tests for, 135-137Multiple regression models, for habitat diver-sity hypothesis, 213-214Multivariate analyses, of size ratios, 137-145Mustelids, 147Narcissus effect, 133Natural experiments, 2-3Nearest-neighbor distancesmorphology and, 139f, 140,141, 147niche overlap and, 74,75f, 85 ,87,94Nestedness, 193-196,205Neutral models, xv, 19,47-50Nevada, 203Newfoundland, 158,159fNew Guinea, 169New Hebrides, 172-173, 178, 179, 180New Zealandco-occurrence in, 197,200-201

human-caused extinctions in, 310Newts, niche overlap in, 90tNiche breadth, 44,69,76Niche limitation, 19 6198 , 205Niche overlap, xvi, 12, 19, 65-94evolutionary displacement and, 66food webs and, 273-274,280limiting similarity and, 65-66,71multidimensional, 73-74randomization of species occurrences in, 78-80temporal partitioning compared with, 97,104testing patterns in, 67-75variance in, 85-88Niche overlap indices, 69-70sampling error in, 77weighted versus unweighted, 70-73Nonequilibrium analysis, of temporal parti-tioning, 109-1 11

Nonrandom dispersal model, 161-162Nonrandom patterns, xivNorth Carolinaflowering phenology in, 108morphology of fishes in, 138Norwegian fjords, 37Null hypothesis, 3, 14biogeography and, 244-246ecological, 106-1 07evolutionary, 106-1 07guild structure and, 198


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ndex 65

niche overlap and, 85rank abundances and, 288size ratios and, 125, 126, 130, 141species-area relationships and, 228 ,2 30temporal partitioning and, 98, 105, 106-107Null H ypothesis 0 16G 161, 194Null H ypothesis [ 161, 162Null H ypothesis [I 161-162, 183, 194n-wise overlap, 105

Oahu, 143Oil, 37Ok lahom a, 32--3.3, 11 0f, 11 1Omnivory , 298, : 991.3 rule (H utchinson's ru le), 113-1 14, 116,117, 118, 124,22 8as an artifact, 121-122Operational taxonomic units (OT Us), 22Overdispersion of morphology, 138-1 40Overlap indices, see Niche overlap indicesOverlapping slheaves, statistics of, 243-246Owls, 95Ozarks, 175Pairwise overlaps, 105aggregate statistics for, 74-75Paleobiology, 36-37Paleozoic, 36Palmate new ts, niche overlap in, 90tParrots, 198Parsimon y, pn~ ncip le f, 6-7, 12-13Partly directed assembly, 150Parulidae, 39Passive sampling hypothesis, xv i, 208, 209-2 10 , 232--238Patterns in the Balance ofNature (Williams),16Peninsular e ffect, 251-252Pennsylvania, 23 5Permian, 143Permo-Triassic boundary, 36Persistence stability 286-292Phenological overlap, xvi, 95, 10& 108, 256PIE, see Probability of an interspecificencounterPigeons, 198Plants, 18biogeography and, 257

co-occurrerlce of, 16&161, h3f, 168, 172,178 ,191 ,197 ,200-201food webs ;and 84-285,298species abundance in, 50species-area relationships and, 2 13, 215 ,219-220 226 232 235 236-237species richness in, 24temporal partitioning in, 95, 100-108

see also particular taxaPleistocene, 270, 309Pleistocene forest refu gia, 257-260Poisson distributions, 8, 1 10 ,246Pollen transfer, xvi, 95, 10 G 10 8Pollution studies, 37Polyperus fungus, 166Polyphagous predators, 2 76Pompilid wasps, niche overlap in, 92tPoole and Rathcke test, 102-106, 111,123Population size, island area and , 220-222Power function, 223 ,235 ,236 fPrairie plants, 265, 286Predation

competition versus, 9niche overlap and , 75-76temporal partitioning and, 96see also Food websPredation hypothesis, 6Presence-absence matrices, 154-156, 164,165, 172,185assum ptions underlying analypis of, 1515157degenerate matrices and, 182, 184haphazard sequences of, 191 1 92modes of analysis for, see Q-m ode analysis;R-mode analysisnestedness and, 193variance ratio in, 1 6 6 1 6 8Prevalence functions, 21 6f, 217Probabilism, 10Probability of an interspecific encounter(P IE ), 2 3 , 4 4 4 5 , 4 6Pseudomyrmex ebngatus 154Psittacidae, 39, 198Puerto Ricoco-occurrence in, 187species-area relationships in, 212

Q-mode analysis, 157-164, 194,205in biogeography, 158-159in ecology, 159-1 64Quadrat data, 246-247Quantitative overlap patterns, 248RA I , 8& 81 ,86 87 , 91 t , 92t, 93tfood webs and, 281-282morphology and, 138-139

performance of, 82-83temporal partitioning and, 97RA2,8&82,8&87,94 ,90 tperformance of, 83temporal partitioning and, 97RA3,8&82,8&87,90 t , 91 , 92t, 93t,94performance of, 83-85temporal partitioning and, 97


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366 ndex

R A4 , 8 0 - 8 2 , 8 6 4 7 , 9 3 1performance of, 83-85temporal partitioning and, 97RANDOMO 194RANDOMI 183, 194Random assembly/evolution, 149-150Random assortment model, 59 ,6 0, 61 f, 62Random con nectance, 277-278Random fraction mod el, 58-59, 60 ,61 fRandomizationof geog raphic range, 256-257of resource utilization matrices, 80-82of resource utilization peaks, 88-94of species occurrences, 78-80Random ization algorithms, 90-931

for food webs, 19-20,274geographic variation and, 307performance of, 82-85resource utilization matrices and , 80-8 2temporal partitioning and, 97see al so RA1; RA2; RA3; RA4Random ization constraints, 178-179Random ness, of spatial distribution, 28Ra pp ort e ffec t, 249,25 1Raptors, 96, 98,99-100Rarefaction, xv, 1 7, 24-27.43.234assumptions of, 28-29criticisms of, 4 1 4 2questions related to, 3 8 4 1species evenness and, 4 5 4 6species richness versus species density in,33statistical issues in, 29-31uses of , 33-38Rare species, 22, 30, 53 ,5 8Ratio testscriticisms of, 124-127for multiple assemblages, 135-137for single assemblages, 123-1 24Red-eyed Vireo, 110Red fox Vulpes vulpes), 1 4 6 1 4 7Redundan cy, xivRelative abundance, see Species abundanceRelaxation models, 210Rescue effect, 260Resource availabilityniche overlap and, 7 73,7 9temporal partitioning and, 109

Resource crunches, 9, 109Resource partitioning, 57morphology and, 14null models for, 5 8 4 2size ratios and, 113temporal partitioning and, 109Resource utilizationcommunity matrix and, 281morphology and, 114, 141

niche overlap in, see Niche overlapnull model studies of, 90-93tsize ratios and , 11 4, 117species abundance and, 57Resource utilization matrices, 8 0 4 2Resource utilization peaks, 88-94R-mode analysis, 157-158,205Conno r and Simberloff procedure, 17LL179Gilpin and Diamond procedure, 1 8C 1 82issues in controversy over, 182-185of missing species combinations, 164-168Wright and Biehl procedure, 1 7 S 1 8 0Rocky Mountains, 1 06Rodentsco-occurrence of, 203,2 04f

size ratios in, 141St. Lawrence River, 196Salamanders, I6Sampling, 28-29efficiency in, 35-36, 46Sampling errorsin mapped ranges, 240-241in niche overlap indices, 77San Cristbbal, 129Sanders's algorithm, 2 C 2 7Sandpipers, 136Satellite species, 260,263,264-266Saurofauna, n iche overlap in, 9 1Sayornisphoebe (Eastern phoebe), 254f31- Scrambled zeros, 8 0Selective extinction hyp othesis, 195-196Sessile animals, 95, 235Sexual dimorphismgeographic variation and, 307-308size ratios and, 116S/G ratio, see Specieslgenus ratioShannon -Wiener diversity index, 22-23Shared-island test, 170, 179-180Short food chains, 293-294Significance tests, 17 9Simple colonization m odel, 160-161Simpson diversity index, 136Single assemblages, ratio tests for, 123-124Size adjustment, 118, 130tests for, 133-1 35Size assortment, 118, 130, 131tests for, 133-1 35Size ratios, x vi, 19, 113-151assumptions in, 114-1 17empirical tests for, 145-15 1models of divergence in, 17-1 18multivariate analyses o f, 137-145niche overlap and, 66null model approaches in, 122-123ratio tests for, see Ratio testsstatistical properties of ratios, 118-121


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Skinks, niche overlap in, 91tSkokholm Island, 219,230, 231fSLOSS single-1;uge-or-several-small)debate, 195Small-island Inmitation model, 161,162Smooth newts, niche overlap in, 90tSnailsresource utilization peaks in, 88size ratios i n, 113Snakes, 99-100Sonoran Desert, 141Soricid communities, 203Source pools, 307construction of, 303-306co-occurrence and, 156niche overlap and, 78-80size ratios and, 128, 130, 148species-area relationships and, 237specieslgenus ratio and, 17South Carolina, 108Sparrows, 185Spartinu islands. 21 3, 21 9Spatial distribution, randomness of, 28Spatial patterns, 239-240Species abundance, xv, 14, 17, 19,4743broken-stick model of, see Broken-stick

modelfood webs ;inti 276models of, 50--53morpho1og:y and, 14 1-142rarefaction and, 4 1 4 2resource use and, 57size ratios and, 116species-area relationships and, 233-234species distribution and, 26&264species diversity indices and, 22-23, 47-50species evenness and, 43 4 5Species accumulation curves, 43Species-area relationships, xvi, 207-238

disturbance: hypothesis of, 209-210,211equilibrium hypothesis of, see Equilibriumhypothesishabitat divtasity hypothesis of, see Habitatdiversity hypothesispassive sampling hypothesis of, xvi, 208,209-2101,232-238Species co-occurrence, xvi 12, 19, 153-205,240. See also Assembly rules; Presence-absence matricesSpecies density, 31-33Species distributionspecies abundance and, 260-264throughout mapped ranges, 24G241Species diversity, 21-46assumptions of, 21-22defined, 21

rarefaction in, see Rarefactionspecies evenness in, 4 3 4 6in successional gradients, 37-38Species diversity indices, xv, 45-46null model for, 47-50problems with, 22-23Species evenness, 2 3 , 43 4 6Species-for-species matching, 140-141Specieslgenus S / G ) atio, xv, 120, 196, 245history of null models and, 13-19rarefaction and, 27,3L35source pools for, 304, 305-306Species numberconstancy through time, 228-232extinction and immigration and, 21 8-220

Species occurrences, randomization of, 78-80Species ranks concordance, 286-292Species richness, 12, 18, 40fbiogeography and, 249-251connectance and, 281,295-298,300fco-occurrence and, 190, 196, 197-198in deep sea, 34extrapolation and estimation of, 43increase in equal-sized quadrats, 232interpretation of, 23-24in paleobiology, 36rarefaction and, see Rarefactionspecies abundance and, 4 8 4 9species-area relationships and, see Species-area relationshipsspecies density versus, 3 1-33species evenness versus, 44,45in successional gradients, 37-38Species taxonomy, 3 06 30 7Species turnover, 222-223Spiders, 166Stability analyses, of model food webs, 275-280

Stability-time hypothesis, 33-34Statistical independence, xivStatistical tests, for missing speciescombinations, 165-168Stem-boring insectsStochastic mechanisms, 7-8Stream fishesmorphology in, 13&139species abundance and, 49species ranks and, 286Strong inference protocol, 7Stylidium (triggerplants), 107Successional gradients, 37-38Supertramp species, 161,188-189, 190-191Surfperches, 289-290Surtsey, 219-220Sweden, 226Switzerland, 18


10/10

368 ndex

Tahiti, 143Tallahassee Mafia, 19Taxon cycles, 269-27 1,309Taxon pulse hypothesis, 269-271Temporal partitioning, xvi, 95-1 11in animal communities, 97--100nonequilibrium analysis of, 109-1 11in plant communities, 95, 100-10810 rule, 228Terns, 114Tidepool fishes, 286Togetherness index, 183Trans-Pecos region, 134Tree finches Camarhynchus), 128Tres Marias Islands

size ratios in, 114, 127-1 30source pools for, 304-306Triggerplants Styl idium),107Trophic links, 293-294Trophic loops, 279Trophic ratios, 199-201, 205Tufted Puffin Lunda cirrhata), 190Type I errors, 7in Gilpin and Diamond model, 182relative importance of, xvspecies ranks and, 289temporal partitioning and, 105Type 11errors, 7relative importance of, xvtemporal partitioning and, 105Tyrannidae, 39Ulverso, 38-39Unfavored states, 201-203Uniform distributions, 57biological and statistical interpretations, 55tsize ratios and, 132Univariate critical tests, I IUnweighted overlap indices, 70-73

Uta lizards, 22 1Utilization matrix, 68-69Varanus, niche overlap in, 90tVariable environments hypothesis, 9Variance, in niche overlap, 85-88Variance ratiosin co-occurrence, 166-168, 183in temporal partitioning, 109-1 11Vascular plants, 18food webs and, 298species-area relationships and 226, 235Voles, 221Vulpes vulpes (red fox), 146147

Warbler finches Certhidea), 128Wasps, niche overlap in, 92tWaterfowl, 124Water snakes, 99-100Weibull distributions, 119Weighted overlap indices, 70-73Weighted species pools, 158, 162West Indies, 35,39co-occurrence in, 156, 160, 172-1 74, 195,198human-caused extinctions in, 310species-area relationships in, 212, 226ftaxon cycle in, 270, 309Wing length, 114, 127, 308Wood-boring insects, 232Wright and Biehl procedure, 179-1 80Xenomyrmexfloridanus, 154z observed value of, 226228Zacryptocercus varians, 154Zapata Wren Ferminia cerverai), 212Zinc, 37Zion National Park, 172

null models index

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