number 05 issue #4 - part 1 of 2 january 2010 vietnam war ... vietnam part 1.pdf · voluntary...

VOLUNTARY GUIDES BACKGROUNDER Number 05 Issue #4 - Part 1 of 2 January 2010

Vietnam War 1962-1975

This BACKGROUNDER replaces BACKGROUNDER # 5 Issue # 3 January 2008 and is distributed as Part 1 of 2 and Part 2 of

2 due to its overall size See also BACKGROUNDERS: # 33 Issue # 1 May 2000- RAN in the Vietnam War # 62 Issue # 1 July 2000 - 1st Australian Task Force and the Vietnam War

# 53 Issue # 1 October 2001 Vietnam – Presentation to VGAWM by Libby Stewart # 80 Issue # 3 November 2007 - Roll of Honour Memories

# 88 Issue # 1 December 2007- The Royal Australian Navy at the AWM(Section17-Vietnam) #93 Issue # 1 March 2007 - Dien Bien Phu

#100 Issue #1 January 2008- HMAS BRISBANE - The Steel Cat PJH

PART 1 of 2

ISSUE #4 (January 2010)

ISSUE # 4 (January 2010)

BACKGROUNDER # 05

VIETNAM WAR 1962-1975

FOREWORD

This Issue # 4 of BACKGROUNDER # 5 represents a complete rescoping of earlier Issues that should be destroyed. Issue # 4 incorporates a collection of “Gallery Captions” in each of the Sections that the BACKGROUNDER addresses the Vietnam Gallery Exhibition. The dates on which the “Gallery Captions “ were generated has been quoted in each instance and in this context it should be understood that there may have been some variations to the final Captions before the Gallery came on-line; however I suspect that any variations that may exist will not be of any real significance too the Guides. The majority of the articles incorporated in the various Sections of the BACKGROUNDER have been scanned from WARTIME articles. To minimise the soft copy size of the overall document all scanning has been undertaken to generate the smallest possible file. Unfortunately the end result is a little disappointing and this is regretted. Notwithstanding the foregoing it is considered that Guides should bear the following in mind when operating with visitors in the Vietnam Gallery:

! The Long Tan film experience was produced as a historical accurate re-enactment of the Battle of Long Tan, rather than a dramatisation. The Memorial consulted Long Tan veterans to ensure the various elements of the battle were captured as accurately as possible. However there may be some variation in the way individuals recollect specific elements.

! Some Vietnam veterans may feel that Log Tan has been given too much prominence in the gallery however this Battle is considered to be a pivotal, defining point and has come to be symbolic of the contribution of all Vietnam service people, in much the same way that ANZAC Day has taken on a much broader commemorative significance than the Gallipoli campaign.

! The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is represented in the new gallery by the installation of the bridge of HMAS BRISBANE. This will greatly increase the Navy’s overall profile in this section of the Memorial. RAN helicopter personnel have a showcase and are mentioned in the Iroquois display.

! The RAAF Iroquois helicopter display is symbolic of all aircrew in Vietnam. The gallery contains a model of every fixed wing aircraft that saw Vietnam service, along with the replica nose cone of the Canberra bomber.

! A Centurion Tank has been placed in the grounds of the AWM as it is too large to go in the galleries. The contribution of the armoured corps is well depicted elsewhere in the galleries.A tank barrel is displayed along with other RAAC objects.

Hope this helps.!"#$#%!&'()**#$!Voluntary Guide January 2010

ISSUE # 4 (January2010)

BACKGROUNDER # 05


Contents

FOREWORD

VIETNAM - A Calendar of Military and Political Events

SECTION 1 AUSTRALIA ENTERS THE WAR SECTION 2 AUSTRALIAN ARMY TRAINING TEAM VIETNAM (AATTV) SECTION 3 COMMITMENT OF TROOPS SECTION 4 TASK FORCE BASE & LOGISTIC SUPPORT SECTION 5 OPERATIONS SECTION 6 ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE SECTION 7 LONG TAN {18August 1966} SECTION 8 ARMOURED PERSONNEL CARRIER AND BARRIER MINEFIELD SECTION 9 OPERATION BRIBIE {17 February 1967} SCETION 10 FIRE SUPPORT BASE CORAL {April -May 1968}

SECTION 11 ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVY SECTION 12 HOMEFRONT & OPPOSITION SECTION 13 REPORTING THE WAR SECTION 14 WITHDRAWAL SECTION 15 POST WAR ISSUES ENCLOSURE:

#1: Reading List - Australians in the Vietnam War. AWM website November 2007

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BACKGROUNDER # 05


Section 1

AUSTRALIA ENTERS THE WAR

Contents

• Gallery Captions ( as at September 2007) • Australia's involvement in the Indochina War.NSW HSC online


GALLERY CAPTIONS (as at September 2007)

The war in Vietnam Australia’s participation in the war in Vietnam was a gradual process, occurring in the context of the Cold War and fears of the communist expansion in south-east Asia. Australia’s commitment began in 1962 and ended with the fall of Saigon in 1975. The war was widely supported at first, but by the late 1960s it had become a divisive conflict, which created the largest anti-war protests the country had ever seen. Nearly 60,000 Australians served in Vietnam and 520 died: 495 from the army; 17 from the air force; 8 from the navy. Just over 3,000 were wounded or became ill. Of almost 4,000 New Zealanders who served, 37 were killed and 187 wounded. In comparison, of the 3.5 million Americans sent to Vietnam, 58,000 died. An estimated 3.7 million Vietnamese died during the war. Australia enters the war Vietnam was divided in two in 1954, after the defeat of its French colonial rulers at Dien Bien Phu. In the north the communist-ruled Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed, backed by the Soviet Union and China, and led by Ho Chi Minh. In the south the Republic of Vietnam was formed with the support of the United States and many other Western nations. National elections to decide on the country’s unification should have been held by 1956. But the elections were stalled, and North Vietnamese forces and communist guerrillas conducted an insurgency of terror and political indoctrination against the south. During 1961–62 the President of South Vietnam repeatedly asked the United States and its allies for security assistance and aid. In early 1962 America began sending advisers. They were joined by a small team of Australian military advisers later in the year.

US military advisers talk with the province chief of Long Khanh (in the leather jacket) and South Vietnamese army officers in 1962. P01011.001A

The first advisers for the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV), assembled at the Intelligence Centre, Middle Head, in Sydney, June 1962.P01011.003

South Vietnamese soldiers search for hidden weapons. Captured communist guerrillas are in the foreground. 044362


Timeline of the Vietnam War 1962 3 August: Thirty advisers of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV) arrive in Vietnam to assist in training soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN).

Captain Keith Sticpewich (in slouch hat) supervises Vietnamese trainees in the handling of suspects at the Dong Da Training Centre.P01011.005 1963 2 November: President Ngo Dinh Diem, Republic of Vietnam, assassinated in a military coup.

When President Ngo Dinh Diem (left) visited Australia in 1957, Prime Minister Robert Menzies had reaffirmed the government’s support for the Republic of Vietnam. NAA VPN2/31

1964 8 June: AATTV increased to 80 advisers. 6 July: First Australian killed in action: Warrant Officer Kevin Conway. 8 August: Six Caribou aircraft arrive in Vietnam as RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam, later renamed No. 35 Transport Squadron. 10 November: Australian government re-introduces a National Service Scheme, but now with the possibility of overseas service.

Members of the newly formed RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam pose in front of a Caribou at Butterworth, Malaya, on 3 August 1964. The flight was deployed to Vietnam five days later. MAL/64/0070/01 1965 January: AATTV increased to 100 advisers.

May–June: 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR), an APC troop, and support forces, totalling 1,100 men, established at Bien Hoa under the operational control of the US 173d Airborne Brigade as its third battalion. September: An artillery battery, engineer troop, army aviation reconnaissance flight, and support personnel arrive at Bien Hoa, bringing the Australian strength up to about 1,400 men.


General William Westmoreland, commander of US forces in Vietnam, watches as troops from 1RAR disembark from a landing craft at Vung Tau in June 1965. P05609.149 1966 8 March: Australian government announces Australia’s commitment would increase from a battalion group to a task force of two battalions with combat and logistic support. 24 May: Private Errol Noack becomes the first Australian national serviceman to die in Vietnam. June: 1st Australian Task Force (1ATF), totalling 3,600 men, established at Nui Dat in the heart of Phuoc Tuy province. Logistics support is based at the coastal port of Vung Tau, and includes eight Iroquois helicopters of No. 9 Squadron, RAAF. 18 August: D Company, 6RAR, fights the battle of Long Tan. Australian casualties are 18 dead, 24 wounded. Counting of Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army (NVA) dead stops at 245, although estimates of total enemy losses are much higher.

The day after the battle of Long Tan, troops examine some of the weapons captured by 6RAR. FOR/66/0667/VN 1967 February: Clearance Diving Team 3 sent to Vietnam. March: HMAS Hobart becomes the first of four RAN destroyers to operate with the US Navy’s Seventh Fleet on the gunline, off the coast of Vietnam.

April: Canberra bombers of No. 2 Squadron, RAAF, are deployed to Vietnam to serve with the US Air Force’s 35th tactical Fighter Wing. October: RAN Helicopter Flight Vietnam sent to Vietnam to serve with the US Army’s 135th Assault Helicopter Company. December: 1ATF increased to three battalions with the arrival of 3RAR.

A Canberra bomber of No. 2 Squadron, RAAF, on the tarmac at Phan Rang air base, South Vietnam.P04797.006 1968 30 January: North Vietnamese forces launch a major offensive

throughout South Vietnam during the Tet (Lunar) New Year holiday period. February: Centurion tanks of C Squadron, 1st Armoured Regiment, arrive in Vietnam. May–June: 1ATF troops involved in battles defending Fire Support Bases (FSB) Coral and Balmoral; 25 Australians and over 300 North Vietnamese Army soldiers killed.


No. 6 gun of 102 Field Battery, 12th Field Regiment, and its gun detachment, on the day after the first attack on FSB Coral, May 1968. P01769.010 1969 January: Australian service personnel deployed to Vietnam reaches its peak of 8,300. 6–7 June: Australian forces fight the battle of Binh Ba. 8 June: US President Nixon announces the beginning of withdrawal of American combat forces. August: For the first time, polls show a majority of Australians support a withdrawal of troops from Vietnam. 1970 22 April: Prime Minister John Gorton announces the start of the withdrawal of Australian troops from Vietnam with a one-battalion reduction in task force strength at the end of the year. 8 May: First Australia-wide moratorium marches against Australia’s involvement in Vietnam. 18 September: Second moratorium against the Vietnam War. November: 1ATF reduced from three to two battalions when 8RAR completes its tour of duty.

A member of the 1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit carries out a medical examination during a civic aid project at a village in Phuoc Tuy province, in March 1970.P02382.004 1971 30 June: Third and final moratorium against the Vietnam War. 18 August: Prime Minister William McMahon announces the

withdrawal of all remaining Australian combat forces from Vietnam. 8 December: Last major withdrawal of Australian ground troops from Vietnam. 1972 5 December: National service is ended in Australia. 18 December: Almost all Australian troops withdrawn from Vietnam, leaving only a small guard at the Australian embassy. Some of the last members of the AATTV arrive home from Vietnam at Richmond air base in December 1972. P01492.040 1973–75 June 1973: Last Australian troops leave Vietnam. April 1975: RAAF undertakes major evacuation of Australian and Vietnamese civilians before the fall of South Vietnam and the end of the war. 30 April 1975: Saigon falls to NVA forces, ending the war. The country is reunited under communist rule.

On 30 April 1975 a North Vietnamese tank smashes through the gates of the Presidential Palace in Saigon. P02315.001


Modern History

Australia's involvement in the Indochina War

An important part of your study of "Conflict in Indochina" is how and the extent to which Australia became involved; and the extent to which this involvement affected Australia and Australians.

The commitment of Australian forces to Vietnam, like all historical events, occurs within a context. During the Second World War Australia became closely tied to the United States in the war against Japan.

In 1949 the Menzies Coalition came to power and was to govern Australia for the next twenty-seven years. This government was conservative in its philosophy and policies. One of the main planks of the Coalition platform was its strong opposition to communism. The Menzies Government tried to ban the Communist Party through referendum but failed. The government made much of events such as the defection of alleged Russian agent Vladimir Petrov. It willingly sent troops to fight the communists in Korea and helped to put down communist insurgency in Malaya. All this was within the rhetoric of the Cold War. Australia became a staunch ally of the United States, especially under Prime Ministers Harold Holt and John Gorton in the 1960s.

Australia's foreign policy rested on the prevention of the spread of communism and the seeking of allies to achieve this. As Foreign Minister Percy Spender said in 1949: "Every effort must be made to encourage US participation in attempts to develop Southeast Asia." Gradually Australia began to move away from traditional economic links with Britain and Europe and to find markets in Asia. This paralleled a decline in Britain as a world power.

In 1951 the Colombo Plan was signed between Australia and various South-East Asian nations to provide aid. Later in the year the ANZUS Treaty was signed by Australia, New Zealand and the United States. This most significant formal alliance was seen in Australia as a guarantee against future Japanese expansion. On the other hand, the Americans saw it as a bulwark against the spread of communism.

At the Geneva Conference on Indochina, Australia appeared to be reluctant to become involved in Vietnam or its neighbours Laos and Cambodia. Most Australians had probably never heard of any of these countries.

The South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) was signed in February 1954 with the specific


aim of "the containment of communism" in the region. Its signatories, the US, France, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines, specifically guaranteed to "protect" Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia against communism. This was coincidental with President Eisenhower proposing the "Domino Theory".

In Australia Cold War fever reached its peak with the Petrov Affair. Further, the Democratic Labor Party was to split from the Labor Party in the following year on the fear of the spread of communism in unions and in the region.

Exactly how Prime Minister Menzies committed Australian troops to Vietnam was, until recently, clouded in mystery. At the time Menzies stated that the commitment was made on the basis of a request from President Diem in 1962. It appears that the US was feeling out Australia to support Vietnam through ANZUS and SEATO. Minister for Defence Athol Townley announced on 24 May 1962 that:

at the invitation of the Republic of Vietnam Australia was sending a group [of up to 30] of military instructors to that country... to assist in the training of the people of Vietnam and so help defeat the Vietcong [sic] communists, whose aim was to take over the country by organised terrorism.

Townley asserted that Australia was acting under its SEATO obligations; and that it had been asked to send combat troops, but declined to do so.

In 1995, following the opening of Cabinet papers covered by the "Thirty Year Rule", much of what Menzies and Townley said was found to be untrue. Diem had not asked Australia for help and had in fact tried to dissuade Australia from becoming involved. Further, the commitment of advisers was at Menzies' strong insistence.

So the thirty advisers were sent to the republic in 1963; late in the year the first Australian was killed, Sgt William Hacking. From this time Australia's military involvement increased. In June 1964 thirty more advisers and supply planes and crews were sent to the RVN. Australia and the US were the only countries providing assistance to the RVN. Under the US "More Flags" policy, other nations, especially members of SEATO, were encouraged to support RVN. Consequently 200 Australians, 200 South Koreans, 30 New Zealanders and 17 Philippinos arrived in Saigon. None of the European powers were involved.

August 1964 saw the first protests against Australian involvement occur. These were small-scale, as polls revealed that the vast majority of Australians supported the involvement, even though the defence budget rose from 2.9 to 4.2 per cent of GDP and the army was organised, expanded and equipped on American models of organisation and weapons.

In November 1964 National Service conscription was introduced for 21-year-old men, and the first call-up occurred in July 1965, with annual intakes of 8000 men. Conscripts were selected in a "lottery" based on their birthdays. They were conscripted for two years. During the period of National Service, until the Whitlam Government stopped it in November 1972, there were 15,000 conscripts in the army (37 per cent). It was up to individual conscripts to decide if they wanted to go to Vietnam, thereby overcoming traditional and constitutional opposition to conscription in Australia. This was to prove one of the most divisive decisions ever made by an Australian government.

Note that the initial opposition in Australia was against conscription rather than Australia's participation in the Indochina War. At first the majority of Australians supported their nation's involvement in Vietnam. The government's propaganda had worked. Menzies quoted "forward defence", "the domino effect" and "the downward thrust of Red China" to justify the need to participate in defence alliances and send troops to Vietnam.


In April 1965 the first contingent of 1500 Army regulars was sent to RVN. These men joined men from New Zealand, the USA, South Korea and the Philippines (medical units). The four SEATO members claimed that it was because of their "obligations" to SEATO that troops were sent.

Despite the deaths of 496 men, Australia's role was, in the totality of conflict in Indochina, relatively insignificant. The Australians did an outstanding job and did more to "win hearts and minds" in Phuoc Tuy Province than the Americans did in the rest of Vietnam. Even the Vietcong acknowledged that the Australians should be treated with respect as efficient and effective soldiers.

In 1966 Menzies retired and was replaced as prime minister by Harold Holt, who immediately trebled Australia's commitment. Significantly Holt announced that conscripts could be sent to the conflict. The battalion group had been expanded to a Task Force. By 20 October, following a successful election, the Coalition Government sent 6000 troops. There was increasing pressure from the US, and Holt responded: "All the way with LBJ!"

Opposition continued to increase. Opposition Leader Arthur Caldwell spoke in Parliament that Australia's involvement could "prolong and deepen the suffering of that unhappy people [Vietnamese]... and we could be humiliated if the US failed in Vietnam."

The majority of the Labor Party still supported the policy of involvement. Opposition came mainly from university students, Youth Campaign Against Conscription, trade unionists and SOS, a mothers' movement "Save Our Sons" opposed mainly to conscription. Their opposition took many forms: draft card burning, demonstrations and all-night vigils.

1966 was to be an eventful year in Australia. The Vietnamese Premier Marshall Ky visited Australia, facing protests wherever he went. Later in the year President Johnson became the first US President to visit Australia. He too faced demonstrations. In Sydney the New South Wales Premier Askin told his driver to "Run over the bastards!" when protesters lay in front of his and Johnson's car. Bill White, a primary school teacher, refused to register for National Service and was imprisoned. He was later to prove that he was a conscientious objector. In May the first Australian conscript was killed, Errol Noak.

The Battle of Xa Long, the first major battle in which Australians fought, occurred in August. At the same time newspapers alleged that Australian troops had been involved in the torture of VC suspects. A federal election was held in November, which saw a stunning defeat of the ALP, with opposition to conscription and the war as two of their planks. During the election newspaper polls showed 64 per cent in support of the war. As a result of the election defeat Caldwell was replaced by E.G. Whitlam as Leader of the Labor Opposition.

Australian seemed to move more and more into the US orbit. So-called "communications stations" were opened at Northwest Cape, Pine Gap and Nurrungar. Their precise role has never been revealed to the public.

ALP policy under Whitlam was to change towards:

• ceasing the bombing of the North • recognising the NLF as a legitimate party to participate in negotiations • scaling down the war in Vietnam, especially the use of such weapons as napalm.

Gradually opposition to the war spread to include many individuals and groups. In 1967 two members of the RSL were expelled because of their opposition to the war. Many were opposed to conscription, but others opposed it for other reasons:

• the war was a civil war, and Australia and the US should not be involved • the war was inhumane • it was a strategic mistake to be involved


• it was a conflict between a weak and discredited government [RVN] and a popular nationalist government

• some rejected the war on religious or moral grounds • it was an unjust war.

More and more young men refused to register as the Draft Resisters' Movement was formed, sowing the seeds of militancy in the protest movement. Support came from academics, artists, writers and clergy. In August 1969 polls showed that for the first time a majority of Australians were opposed to the war in Vietnam.

The following year, 1970, saw the protest movement reach its peak. In the previous year the first "Moratorium Movement" had been founded in the US. The movement in Australia, led by ALP luminaries such as Dr Jim Cairns and former POW Tom Uren, had two aims:

• immediate and total withdrawal of Australian, American and other US allied troops from Indochina; and the immediate, total and unconditional withdrawal of all support for the present Saigon government

• the immediate abolition of conscription in any form.

The first Moratorium demonstration was held on 8 May 1970 and was a massive success, with over 200,000 people across Australia demonstrating.

Two weeks earlier Prime Minister John Gorton had announced that one of the Task Force's three battalions would not be replaced once its tour of duty was finished. This was probably a response to the beginnings of the US withdrawal rather than to opposition to the war at home. Nonetheless, those opposing the war claimed this as their first victory.

In March 1971 William McMahon replaced Gorton as prime minister in a power struggle. He was a supporter of involvement in Vietnam, but practical politics dictated that the rate of Australia's withdrawal should increase. By the end of the year all troops except 150 military advisers were withdrawn. This gesture was too late to save the McMahon Government.

In December 1972 the ALP, after twenty-three years in opposition, swept to power under Whitlam. Almost immediately he announced the total withdrawal of Australians from Vietnam; the cessation of conscription; the freeing of draft resisters still in gaol; the ending of all defence aid to RVN; and an end to the training of Cambodian officers in Australia. He declared that SEATO was "moribund", while officially recognising China.

It took a couple of months for the last of a total of 41,000 troops and 6000 naval and RAAF personnel to return home. 496 were killed; 3000 wounded (40 per cent of these casualties were conscripts).

It was ALP policy to retain diplomatic links with Saigon, but in 1973 Whitlam established an Australian Embassy in Hanoi one of the first Western nations to recognise North Vietnam. In addition an aid program to Vietnam was established.

It should be noted, in contrast, that the US deliberately isolated unified Vietnam diplomatically and economically after 1975. Nixon had promised the Socialist Republic $3.5 billion in reconstruction aid. It was never delivered.

Although the war had ended, there were still repercussions for Australia. Once Vietnam was unified under a communist government, many Vietnamese felt that they could not live under such an administration. Many feared that there would be a bloodbath of retribution against former RVN officials and supporters. Some higher officials and army officers were "re-educated", but there was no widespread "settling of scores". It is the nature of the Vietnamese to get on with life.


Those who fled Vietnam probably did so for economic reasons. As the war wound up, aid from China stopped and aid from the USSR gradually declined. Vietnam became a poor nation. Most of those who left did so as "boat people". They left with a few belongings in leaking boats and travelled across the dangerous waters of the South China Sea to other parts of Asia and Australia. Refugees from Cambodia and Laos joined them. The first of the boat people arrived in Darwin in the middle of 1976. A total of 94,000 such refugees arrived between 1975 and 1985. The peak year for such arrivals was 1979.

Their arrival has caused some racial tensions among certain sections of Australian society, and this has recently resurfaced in national politics. The vast majority have become valuable and law-abiding citizens of Australia.

In 1979 the Vietnam Veterans' Association was formed by Phil Thompson. Its aim was to achieve more popular recognition for the men who had served in the Second Indochina War, and to lobby for recompense for their special problems, such as the effects of Agent Orange and the high suicide rate among Vietnam Vets. A significant positive step was taken in 1987 when Sydney staged a "Welcome Home" parade for the Vets. Tragically Phil Thompson committed suicide a little after.

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%BACKGROUNDER # 05


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Section 2

AUSTRALIAN ARMY TRAINING TEAM VIETNAM (AATTV)

Contents

! Gallery Captions ( as at October 2007) ! Australian Army Training Team Vietnam. AWM website November 2007

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$'The Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV) The sending of 30 advisers of the AATTV signalled the start of Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War. “The Team”, as it was known, was deployed to Vietnam in August 1962. Its members were also the last Australian servicemen to leave, departing in December 1972. As well as being the longest serving unit, the Team was also the most highly decorated unit in the war, with four of its members awarded the Victoria Cross. Members of the first contingent of the AATTV arriving at Tan Son Nhut airport, Saigon, on 3 August 1962. The group is led by their commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Joe Mann. P01011.004

Night Operations Training Team sign outside the AATTV house at Bac Lieu, South Vietnam.P00963.020

The role of the AATTV The role of the AATTV was to help train soldiers of the South Vietnamese army in their fight against communist forces. The Team operated under American military command throughout South Vietnam. The men selected to serve in it were highly experienced officers and warrant officers, many of whom had already served in Korea and Malaya. Team members worked extensively with Montagnards, the native highland people of Vietnam, as well as with US Special Forces and Chinese mercenaries. Their war was very different to that experienced by Australians serving with the task force in Phuoc Tuy province.

In August 1970 Captain Peter Shilston (centre) checks over the radio to make sure a cordon has been established around a Montagnard village in central South Vietnam before sweeping through to search it. FAI/70/0595/VN

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A member of the Team, Warrant Officer Class 2 John Vincent, watches as a Montagnard soldier practices landing during parachute training at Pleiku, South Vietnam, in 1969. EKN/69/0135/VN

Warrant Officer Class 2 Kevin Conway was the first Team member killed in action. He died on 6 July 1964 while entering the mortar pit marked “C” during a Viet Cong attack on the Nam Dong Special Forces camp. P01011.018

The Team’s VCs Four AATTV soldiers were awarded the Commonwealth’s highest award for gallantry, the Victoria Cross. The first of these awards, to Warrant Officer Class 2 Kevin “Dasher” Wheatley in 1965 and Major Peter Badcoe in 1967, were made posthumously. Wheatley died defending a wounded comrade, while Badcoe was killed in the last of a series of brave actions. Warrant Officer Class 2 Ray Simpson and Warrant Officer Class 2 Keith Payne were awarded theirs in 1969. Payne saved the lives of his Montagnards and several fellow advisers. Simpson served several tours in Vietnam, but became disheartened, writing to a friend in 1970 that “the ‘Bastards’ have beaten us, mate”. !

!! Ray Simpson (left) and Keith Payne enjoy a drink in September 1969, after Payne’s VC was announced. LES/69/0590/VN

Peter Badcoe firing an M16 at the rifle range at Holsworthy, NSW, 1966. Badcoe did not smoke or drink, nor mix readily with his colleagues; but he did enjoy talking about past military figures. 044465

Short, stocky, and swarthy, “Dasher” Wheatley was well liked for his attitude towards practical soldiering and good humour; he was not a “spit-and-polish soldier”. P00963.056

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Jacket The tiger-stripe jacket was a popular camouflage uniform worn by South Vietnamese soldiers, American special forces, and members of the Team. This one belonged to Warrant Officer Class 2 Anthony Siggers, who served with the AATTV from September 1966 until 21 August 1967.RELAWM40294.001 Green beret Major David Holford’s green woollen beret features the AATTV badge with its crossbow and boomerang, which highlighted the close link that existed between the Team and the Montagnards, and the Team’s motto, “Persevere”. REL/02092 Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm Unit Citation With this award the South Vietnamese government recognised the Team’s service between July 1962 and October 1971. The citation stated that the Team was “an assemblage of first class fighting men”. REL35564 Medal group Warrant Officer Class 2 John Cousins’s medal group shows that before Vietnam, he had a wealth of experience from service during the Second World War, the Korean War, and in Malaya. His background was typical of the experienced professional soldiers who joined the Team. REL27595.001–019 Pilot’s knife and scabbard This American pilot’s knife and scabbard, with field dressing attached, was taken from the body of Major Peter Badcoe after he was killed in action in 1967.RELAWM40155.001–002

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Brassard Worn by Ray Simpson in Vietnam, this khaki cloth rank arm brassard features an embroidered rank crown, parachute wings as worn by members of the Special Air Service (SAS), and the AATTV cloth patch. REL29342

'The shape of the badge, a shield, was based on a similar shield design of the United States Military Assistance Command Vietnam (USMACV) badge and symbolized the partnership of the Team with the USMACV.'

'The colours of the badge symbolized the green of the tropical environment and the colours of the flag of the Republic of Vietnam (yellow (gold), and red).'

'The primitive tribal weapon of Vietnam, the Montagnard crossbow, was combined with the native weapon of Australia, the boomerang, to symbolize the nexus between the two nations. As the boomerang was considered a ready to use weapon, the crossbow was depicted in a loaded state so that both weapons symbolized the Team's preparedness for action.'

'Finally the motto "Persevere" was displayed on a gold scroll at the base of the shield to balance the gold boomerang and carry through the theme of the colours of the Republic of Vietnam flag as well as providing the maximum relief for the lettering displayed on both.'

In 1967 permission was obtained from the Commander Australian Forces Vietnam for the wearing of the badge as a cloth shoulderpatch on the right shoulder. In the early 1970's a metalcap/hat badge appeared but as the badge in either form was not officially authorized it could not be worn on the uniform in Australia.(AATTV Association website)

Wristwatch Ray Simpson wore this US Army wristwatch in Vietnam. RELAWM40187

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Automatic pistol “Dasher” Wheatley captured this Colt Model M1911A1 semi-automatic pistol during an action in 1965. He later gave the pistol to journalist Pat Burgess for protection, and he in turn donated the weapon to the Memorial in 1970. RELAWM40825

The United States Meritorious Unit Commendation The Team earned this award for “exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services from July 1962 to August 1969”. RELAWM41030

Streamer Embroidered streamer for the US Meritorious Unit Commendation, awarded to the Team for its service from July 1962 to August 1969. In addition to is two unit citations, the Team received more than 100 Australian honours and awards, and over 600 foreign awards. REL/02719

Streamer awarded to the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV) by the United States Department of the Army, for service in the Republic of Vietnam between July 1962 and August 1969. The Commendation associated with this streamer was presented on 9 February 1970, and reads: 'The Australian Army Training Team, Vietnam distinguished itself by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services from July 1962 to August 1969. Throughout the foregoing period, the members of this valiant Team consistently manifested professional competency and the highest degree of dedication in their advisory efforts on behalf of a beleaguered nation - the Republic of Vietnam. As an operational entity composed of individually selected volunteers, the Australian Army Training Team, Vietnam displayed unexcelled initiative, relentless perseverance, and undaunting courage in providing advice and assistance which enhanced the ability of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Vietnam to successfully engage and defeat the enemy on the battlefield. In addition to furnishing technical knowledge with respect to complex tactical operations, this motivated organization offered its expertise to aid in the implementation of the Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support program. Its accomplishments in this latter area were reflected most vividly in the remarkable progress achieved within the social and cultural sphere of life among the Vietnamese people. Through its dynamic participation as a staunch member of the Free World Military Assistance Forces, the Australian Army Training Team, Vietnam contributed conspicuously to the development and maintenance of a stable and viable nation while operating in a hostile environment. The Australian Army Training Team, Vietnam performed in consonance with the highest traditions of the military and has brought distinct credit to itself and the Commonwealth of Australia.' The red ribbon bar is that of the United States Meritorious Unit Commendation, and was supplied to members of the AATTV for wear on their uniforms. The ribbon bar with gold stripes and palm motif serves a similar purpose, but is representative of the Vietnamese Gallantry Cross Unit Citation, which was also presented to the AATTV.

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Beret The US Special Forces beret worn by Keith Payne features the badge of the Royal Australian Regiment (RAR). OL00570.001 Viet Cong flag The flag was captured by a South Vietnamese army unit called the Black Panther Company. It was recovered by an Australian adviser, together with weapons and food, during an operation near the city of Hue in early 1969. RELAWM40759 Montagnard weapons Vietnamese Montagnards, who served with Team members, commonly used weapons such as this handmade crossbow, quiver, and arrows, made from local timber. The crossbow was presented to the Australian ambassador to Vietnam, Ralph Harry, during his 1968–70 posting. REL/04044.001–02 John White at Ngok Tavak Captain John White began serving with the Team in February 1968. He was soon commanding a 120-strong company of Americans, Chinese mercenaries, and Montagnards near the Laotian border. On 10 May White’s company was attacked by a large North Vietnamese force at the old French fort of Ngok Tavak. Hand-to-hand combat took place, but two Australian warrant officers, Don Cameron and Frank Lucas, bravely led a counter-attack that prevented the fort from being overrun.

Captain John White (second from left), Warrant Officer Class 2 Frank Lucas (fourth from left), and Warrant Officer Class 2 Don Cameron (first on right), with US Special Forces in the command bunker at Ngok Tavak in May 1968.P05405.001 Identity discs and cuff links Captain John White fought at the battle of Ngok Tavak. His cuff links, dating from his days at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, were left behind when he and his company withdrew. They were found over 30 years later by an American team searching for the remains of US marines killed during the battle, and returned to their owner. REL34925–26

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Pair of cufflinks: Captain J E D White, Australian Army Training Team in Vietnam Summary: Cufflinks associated with the service of Captain John Edward D White, Australian Army Training Team in Vietnam. Captain John White arrived to take over 11 Mobile Strike Force (Mike Force) Company in Da Nang in February 1968. The 2nd North Vietnamese Army Division was moving from Laos into South Vietnam and his mission was to establish contact with the division and trace its movements south. In mid March the company was air lifted to the Special Forces camp of Kham Duc, near the Laotian border. They used an old French Foreign Legion fort as a temporary base from which patrols could be sent out. White called it Ngok Tavak, after a nearby mountain. Initially patrols failed to find the enemy, but in late April a patrol clashed with the enemy. At the same time, White received intelligence that the NVA division was closing in. At night they could hear explosions in the distance heading toward them. White decided their best chance was to leave the fort and take to the jungle to adopt guerrilla tactics. However, in the meantime a platoon of United States Marine Corps artillery arrived bringing with them two howitzers and a stockpile of ammunition. To abandon the fort was to abandon the guns. White contacted Da Nang, explaining the predicament, and was ordered to remain where he was. A Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG) platoon was sent to reinforce his numbers. This was a para military force comprised mainly of indigenous highlanders, trained by United States Special Forces. They also brought with them two mortars and their crews. At 3.15am on 10 May 1968 some members of the CIDG chose to assist the NVA to attack the fort instead of supporting Mike Force, and close hand to hand fighting followed, along with grenade attacks and heavy machine gun fire. Air support offered a brief respite from the NVA attack, and some NVA forces were pushed back outside the perimeter by counter attacks, but at 9am White contacted Da Nang to advise that his position was untenable. A second attack was imminent and they could not withstand it, so they would have to withdraw. The wounded were evacuated by helicopter (under orders from Major Mai, the NVA had not attacked the previous medical helicopters that collected the wounded under the cover of air strikes) and at 1pm the rest of the force evacuated east, into the jungle. The NVA did not notice their withdrawal, and continued mortar attacks on the fort for another ninety minutes. Seven kilometres from the fort White called for a helicopter withdrawal of his forces. The force was successfully lifted to Kham Duc and then Da Nang. At Ngok Tavak, White had a 'bunker', essentially a hole with some sandbags around and over it. When the evacuation was being organised, all the captured enemy flamethrowers, other weapons and explosives were thrown into the bunker and blown up. Also in the bunker was White's 'wet pack', with his razor, tooth brush and other toiletries. In it, unknown to White, was a pair of RMC Duntroon cufflinks in a side pocket. White ordered that no one was to take personal items with them, just their weapons and ammunition, so his wet pack was still in the bunker when it was blown up. In 2003 an American forensics team visited Ngok Tavak searching for the remains of American servicemen. During their excavations they found the remains of White's wet pack, including the cufflinks. As the cufflinks had boomerangs on them the forensics team linked them to Australia and tracked White down, returning the cufflinks he had not known he had been carrying or lost. White wore the cufflinks at a reunion held in the USA for the battle, in October 2005

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Australian Army Training Team Vietnam {AWM website November 2007} The Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV) began arriving in Saigon, South Vietnam on 2 July 1962. The thirty officers that made up “the team” were sent to Vietnam in a training and advisory capacity, as part of the US Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV). Members served 12- or 18-month tours of duty. They were sent to Vietnam singly or in drafts, as the unit did not exist outside Vietnam.

AATTV members operated with the South Vietnamese Army, Montagnards, Territorial Forces, and other local units. Attached to units or battalions as trainers, advisers, and occasionally leaders, team members usually worked in the field, accompanying units on operations. They worked with various groups from the United States, such as the US Special Forces and the Central Intelligence Agency.

AATTV was increased to eighty personnel in June 1964 and to one hundred in January 1965. The team reached peak strength in August 1970, comprising almost 130 members. As part of an overall reduction of Australian commitment, the size of the team was decreased gradually from March 1971, before a complete withdrawal in December 1972.

{By ED: the aattv.webarchive indicates that: “a total of 1000 members served with AATTV during the period of the conflict 1962-1972. This consisted of 990 Australians and 10 New Zealanders…”} Members of the AATTV were rarely together as a single unit, apart for ceremonial occasions, such as ANZAC Day. Members operated as individuals, in pairs, or occasionally in groups of no more than ten. Their role in Vietnam was to train and advise South Vietnamese units in their fight against the Northern Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong. As a result of their unique deployment, team members worked across most of South Vietnam. Although primarily deployed in the field, AATTV undertook some work at Nui Dat at the Jungle Warfare Training Centre, established in June 1970. In addition to the training centre, mobile training teams operated outside of Phuoc Tuy, throughout South Vietnam.

The team often acted as advisors during combat and sometimes made decisions on artillery or fire support. They also took on the role of leading the South Vietnamese or Montagnards in battle.

AATTV remained in Vietnam after the 1st Australian Task Force (1ATF) was withdrawn in 1972. It was stationed in Phuoc Tuy province and focused on training. It also assisted with training Cambodian soldiers of the Forces Armées Nationales Khmer. AATTV was withdrawn from active service on 18 December 1972.

Glossary1 Australian Task Force Vietnam ; Phuoc Tuy Province ; Nui Dat ; Jungle Warfare Training Centre

Battle Honours

! Vietnam (1965-72) ! Casualties: 33 killed..122 wounded

Commanding Officers:Burnard, Raymond LewisClark, John AlexanderJackson, Oliver DavidJohnston, Peter ThomasKirkland, Keith HenryLeary, Geoffrey JohnLloyd, Russell David FerrersMcNamara, R G P St VMilner, Andrew JohnPreece, Alexander

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VoglerSerong, Francis Phillip Stewart, James DavidTripp, Martin Terence

! Decorations

! 4 VC ! 2 DSO ! 3 OBE ! 6 MBE ! 6 MC ! 20 DCM ! 15 MM ! 4 BEM ! 4 QC ! 49 MID ! References

! Horner, David Murray, Duty first : the Royal Australian Regiment in war and peace, (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1990)

! Kuring, Ian; Australian Army History Unit, Red Coats to Cams : a history of Australian Infantry 1788 to 2001, (Loftus N.S.W.: Australian Military History Publications in association with the Australian Army History Unit, 2004)

! McNeill, Ian G., 1933-, The team : Australian Army advisers in Vietnam, 1962-1972, (Canberra : Australian War Memorial, 1984)

! McNeill, Ian Graham; Australian War Memorial, To Long Tan : the Australian army and the Vietnam war 1950-1966, (St Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, 1993)

! McNeill, Ian Graham; Ekins, Ashley, On the offensive : the Australian Army in the Vietnam War, January 1967-June 1968, (Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, 2003)


BACKGROUNDER # 05


Section 3

COMMITMENT OF TROOPS

Contents

• Gallery Captions (as at October 2007) • Vietnam War 1962–75.AWM website October 2007

• National Service Scheme and Vietnam National Service Scheme.AWM website October 2007

• Skippy Squadron-the Red Tail Rats.www.diggerhistory.info November 2007


GALLERY CAPTIONS (as at October 2007)

A battalion for Vietnam On 29 April 1965 Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced the commitment of a battalion of Australian soldiers to fight in Vietnam. At the time he stated that the takeover of South Vietnam by the North would be a “direct military threat to Australia”. In May 1965 1RAR was sent to Vietnam, with an artillery battery, an armoured personnel carrier troop, and a logistic support company. The Australian Labor Party, led by Arthur Calwell, opposed the commitment from the start.

Front page of The Age, 30 April 1965, after the announcement that a battalion of soldiers would be sent to Vietnam.

Front page of The Australian, 30 April 1965.

Troops from 1RAR board a Qantas 707 aircraft at Richmond RAAF base in May 1965. They were the first of the Australian ground troops sent to Vietnam following the prime minister’s announcement on 29 April 1965. FOR/65/0135/EC


“Nashos” and the birthday ballot National service, also known as conscription, was reintroduced in November 1964. It was needed to provide an army large enough to be able to defend Australia and to meet Australia’s commitments in Malaysia, Borneo, and the region. Twenty-year-old men were selected by a birthday ballot to serve for two years with the army. The navy and air force were not included in the scheme. Between 1965 and 1972, when national service was discontinued, 63,790 men were called up for full-time service. National servicemen first went to Vietnam in 1966. Of the 15,400 national servicemen sent, 200 died on active service.

Men called up for national service form up, possibly for the first time, in Sydney, in February 1967. Fairfaxphotos: 3832626

National service recruits with their luggage lined up on the parade ground wait to be allocated sleeping quarters.P05394.001

Sapper Michael John Wighton (left) and Sapper Gary Spencer, take a break during training at Kapooka, NSW, in 1970. Both national servicemen, they served in Vietnam with the 17th Construction Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers (RAE). P00899.001 Richard Barry, national serviceman Richard Barry was a 20-year-old bank clerk in Narrabri, New South Wales, when he was called up as part of the tenth national service intake in September 1967. With a family history of war service, Barry was keen to serve. Barry underwent his 12-week basic training at Singleton, before joining 6RAR. After a month’s jungle training at Canungra, Queensland, he sailed for Vietnam in May 1969. Barry flew home four months later, together with most of his intake, his national service commitment over.

Private Richard Barry, 6RAR, at FSB Virginia during Operation Lavarack, on 14 June 1969.P05362.001


“The Skippy Squadron”: by Qantas to war Qantas first transported Australian troops to Vietnam in 1965; by the end of 1972 the airline had made more than 300 flights between Sydney and Saigon. Qantas crews were nicknamed “The Skippy Squadron”. They looked after thousands of soldiers who, on flights to Saigon, were usually very quiet. Return journeys were more animated, with homeward-bound men usually quickly exhausting available stocks of alcohol. Most flights arrived in Sydney late at night, not to avoid protesters, but to make more aircraft available for commercial flights.

See attached article: Skippy Squadron-the Red Tail Rats

In May 1970 Australian soldiers in civilian clothing walk towards the Qantas

707 aircraft that will fly them from Singapore to South Vietnam. The Singaporean government refused permission for troops in transit to land, so they wore civilian clothes. P02866.003 View from the window of a Qantas 707 as it flies out over Vietnam.P04546.013

1RAR goes to Vietnam The first soldiers from 1RAR arrived in South Vietnam in May 1965, and operated under the American 173d Airborne Brigade. The battalion was based at Bien Hoa, 25 kilometres north-east of Saigon. 1RAR’s main role was to patrol an area outside the massive Bien Hoa air base, but it also conducted operations in an area known as the Iron Triangle, which included the Cu Chi tunnels. The integration of Australian and American servicemen on joint operations was mostly very successful.

Troops from 1RAR and the 173d US Airborne Brigade quickly move away from the US helicopter as they begin an operation in Bien Hoa. DNE/65/0299/VN

New Zealanders from the 161 Field Battery, Royal New Zealand Artillery, manhandle a gun into an Australian APC during Operation Lander in August 1965. The battery was based at Bien Hoa with the Americans and Australians, then later moved to Nui Dat in 1966, joining 1ATF. P01500.001


“Search-and-destroy” in the Ho Bo woods Australian and American troops jointly mounted Operation Crimp, a search-and-destroy operation, in January 1966. Its aim was to search tunnels in the Ho Bo woods, Cu Chi district, in order to find and destroy the local Viet Cong headquarters. Australian sappers showed great courage and resourcefulness while clearing the tunnels; they had had little training and were in constant danger from collapsing tunnels, lack of oxygen, and the enemy hiding within. The sappers captured thousands of documents and many weapons. The Ho Bo woods tunnel system, however, was so complex that allied troops were never able to destroy it all.

Warrant Officer Class 2 Jack Cramp (left) and Major John Healy examine captured enemy documents found in the tunnel complex. This operation taught the Australians to search tunnels before destroying them.BLA/66/0025/VN

Sappers from 3 Field Troop, RAE, use a turbo jet blower to produce diesel mist, then circulate it through a section of the Cu Chi tunnels; when ignited it will destroy this bit of the tunnel system. P01595.007

One of the many of trapdoors uncovered by 1RAR during Operation Crimp. Troops uncovered a network of Viet Cong tunnels containing weapons, ammunition, documents, and supplies. KEL/66/0024/VN

Information booklet Information booklets were given to national servicemen; this one belonged to Richard Barry. RC05304 Official letter Letter from the Department of Labour and National Service advising Richard Barry of the need to attend a medical exam, as part of his national service obligations. RC05332 Discharge certificate Interim discharge certificate for national serviceman Richard Barry. RC05331


Letter Rosie Burton, a Year Three pupil from St Joseph’s School, Uralla, wrote to national serviceman Richard Barry prior to his departure for Vietnam in 1969. Barry had written to his old school teacher, Sister Madeline, telling her he was going to Vietnam, and she had her pupils send him messages of good luck.RC05338 Rail ticket Richard Barry’s one-way railway tickets from Narrabri to Singleton, where he began his national service training at the 3rd Training Battalion. RC05306–07 ID card and pass ID card and leave pass issued to Barry during his national service training in Singleton. RC05308–09 Slouch hat Slouch hat issued to Barry during his recruit training. The “rising sun” badge was the first one issued to him, but the hat later had two badges added to it. REL35599 Kit bag Kit bag issued to Barry at the start of his recruit training and used throughout his national service. REL35598 Call-up notice Barry’s call-up notice advised him to report for national service in Singleton in October 1967. RC05333 Performance data sheet During basic training a recruit’s performance was regularly rated by his platoon commander, who commented on the recruit’s attitude, motivation, discipline, and behaviour in groups. Once recruits completed basic training, they went on to corps training and were promoted to private.RC05334 Aircraft model This model of a Qantas 707-138 aircraft is the type that flew many soldiers to Vietnam. It was donated by the “Skippy Squadron” Association. REL36627 Cards and cutlery set Playing cards and cutlery set used by soldiers on Qantas flights to and from Vietnam. REL35050–52; REL35127 Letter Sapper Robert Creek, 1 Field Squadron, RAE, sent this letter, written on a Qantas air sickness bag, to his wife in November 1967 describing his thoughts while flying to Vietnam. RC05263


[Australian soldiers, possibly from 4RAR/NZ, aboard a Qantas aircraft en route to Vietnam in May 1968. Flights from Vietnam were commonly referred to as “champagne flights” because of the availability of alcohol on board. P05406.001 Troops from 5RAR disembark April 1966, at the start of their Vietnam tour. CUN/66/0357/VN

Former Australian cricketer Lindsay Hassett draws the first marble for the second intake for 1966. National service ballots were often drawn by well-known personalities.State Library of Victoria 5978525 Book Pictorial history of the 173d Airborne Brigade, with which 1RAR served in 1965. EF00042

Map of the main Cu Chi tunnel system, showing the 200 kilometres of arterial tunnels, about a quarter of which was searched by the Australians. This map was on display at Cu Chi in the late 1980s. P01293.015

Australian soldier This figure shows the uniform and equipment typically worn by a 1RAR soldier while the battalion was based at Bien Hoa in 1965. Soldiers used a mixture of Australian and American equipment, some of which, such as the Owen gun, dated back to the Second World War.


Browning pistol The Browning L9A1 semi-automatic pistol was typical of the weapons used by Australian sappers from 3rd Field Troop during their search of the Cu Chi tunnel system in the Ho Bo woods during Operation Crimp. REL/16179 Torch US Army–issue angle-headed torch, similar to those used by Australian sappers in their search of the Cu Chi tunnels. REL/14981 Viet Cong hat Collected at Ho Bo woods, this hat was one of the first relics of the Vietnam War to enter the Australian War Memorial’s collection. It was part of a collection of captured enemy weapons and equipment handed over by the Australian Army in the mid-1960s. REL/01467 Flag This Republic of Vietnam flag, owned by Private Thomas Lupton from C Company, 1RAR, features handwritten names of units and places relating to the service of the battalion with the US 173d Airborne Brigade in 1965–66. REL32707

An unidentified soldier, holding torch and pistol, enters a Viet Cong bunker very similar to those searched by Australian sappers during Operation Crimp in 1966. P04670.848

American and Australian members of 1RAR begin an operation in 1965 after being dropped off by US Iroquois helicopters. DNE/65/0291/VN Soldiers from C Company, 1RAR, search a suspected Viet Cong house during Operation New Life, mounted in late 1965. SHA/65/0302/VN

Private Bob Cockerill,


Vietnam War 1962–75 {AWM website October 2007} Australian support for South Vietnam in the early 1960s was in keeping with the policies of other nations, particularly the United States, to stem the spread of communism in Europe and Asia. In 1961 and 1962 Ngo Dinh Diem, leader of the government in South Vietnam, repeatedly requested security assistance from the US and its allies. Australia eventually responded with 30 military advisers, dispatched as the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV), also known as "the team". Their arrival in South Vietnam during July and August 1962 was the beginning of Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War. In August 1964 the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) also sent a flight of Caribou transports to the port town of Vung Tau.

By early 1965, when it had become clear that South Vietnam could not stave off the communist insurgents and their North Vietnamese comrades for more than a few months, the US commenced a major escalation of the war. By the end of the year it had committed 200,000 troops to the conflict. As part of the build up, the US government requested further support from friendly countries in the region, including Australia. The Australian government dispatched the 1st Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR) in June 1965 to serve alongside the US 173rd Airborne Brigade in Bien Hoa province.

Vung Tau, Vietnam: door-gunner from No. 9 Squadron RAAF using twin-mounted M60 machine-guns. AWM P01951.007

The following year the Australian government felt that Australia's involvement in the conflict should be both strong and identifiable. In March 1966 the government announced the dispatch of a taskforce to replace 1RAR, consisting of two battalions and support services (including a RAAF squadron of Iroquois helicopters), to be based at Nui Dat, Phuoc Tuy province. Unlike 1RAR, the taskforce was assigned its own area of operations and included conscripts who had been called up under the National Service Scheme, introduced in 1964. All nine RAR battalions served in the taskforce at one time or another, before it was withdrawn in 1971; at the height of Australian involvement it numbered some 8,500 troops. A third RAAF squadron (of Canberra jet bombers) was also committed in 1967 and destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy joined US patrols off the North Vietnamese coast. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) also contributed a clearance diving team and a helicopter detachment that operated with the US Army from October 1967.

In August 1966 a company of 6RAR was engaged in one of Australia's heaviest actions of the war, near Long Tan. After three hours of fierce fighting, during which it seemed the Australian forces would be overrun by the enemy's greater numbers, the Viet Cong withdrew, leaving behind 245 dead and carrying away many more casualties. Eighteen Australians were killed and 24 wounded. The battle eliminated communist dominance over the province.


The year 1968 began with a major offensive by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army, launched during the Vietnamese lunar new year holiday period, known as "Tet". Not only the timing but the scale of the offensive came as a complete surprise, taking in cities, towns, and military installations in South Vietnam. While the "Tet Offensive" ultimately ended in military defeat for the communists, it was propaganda victory. US military planners began to question if a decisive victory could ever be achieved and the offensive stimulated the US public opposition to the war. For Australian troops, the effects of the offensive were felt around their base at Nui Dat, where a Viet Cong attack on targets around Baria, the provincial capital, was repulsed with few casualties.

Vietnam: a wounded digger, hurt in a booby-trap explosion, is evacuated to Vung Tau. AWM COL/67/0140/VN

By 1969 anti-war protests were gathering momentum in Australia. Opposition to conscription mounted, as more people came to believe the war could not be won. A "Don't register" campaign to dissuade young men from registering for conscription gained increasing support and some of the protests grew violent. The US government began to implement a policy of "Vietnamisation'', the term coined for a gradual withdrawal of US forces that would leave the war in the hands of the South Vietnamese. With the start of the phased withdrawals, the emphasis of the activities of the Australians in Phuoc Tuy province shifted to the provision of training to the South Vietnamese Regional and Popular Forces.

At the end of April 1970 US and South Vietnamese troops were ordered to cross the border into Cambodia. While the invasion succeeded in capturing large quantities of North Vietnamese arms, destroying bunkers and sanctuaries, and killing enemy soldiers, it ultimately proved disastrous. By bringing combat into Cambodia, the invasion drove many people to join the underground opposition, the Khmer Rouge, irreparably weakening the Cambodian government. When the Khmer Rouge came to power in April 1975 it imposed a cruel and repressive regime that killed several million Cambodians and left the country with internal conflict that continues today. The extension of the war into a sovereign state, formally neutral, inflamed anti-war sentiment in the United States and provided the impetus for further anti-war demonstrations in Australia. In the well-known Moratoriums of 1970, more than 200,000 people gathered to protest against the war, in cities and towns throughout the country.


Phuoc Tuy Province, South Vietnam, November 1966: 6RAR soldiers follow an armoured personnel carrier (APC) during Operation Ingham, a "search and destroy" mission. AWM

P01404.028

By late 1970 Australia had also begun to wind down its military effort in Vietnam. The 8th Battalion departed in November but, to make up for the decrease in troop numbers, the Team's strength was increased and its efforts, like those of the taskforce, became concentrated in Phuoc Tuy province. The withdrawal of troops and all air units continued throughout 1971 – the last battalion left Nui Dat on 7 November, while a handful of advisers belonging to the Team remained in Vietnam the following year. In December 1972 they became the last Australian troops to come home, with their unit having seen continuous service in South Vietnam for ten and a half years. Australia's participation in the war was formally declared at an end when the Governor-General issued a proclamation on 11 January 1973. The only combat troops remaining in Vietnam were a platoon guarding the Australian embassy in Saigon, which was withdrawn in June 1973.

Vietnam, 1966: Australians patrol near the village of Tan Phu, near Bien Hoa Air Base. AWM CUN/66/0161/VN

In early 1975 the communists launched a major offensive in the north of South Vietnam, resulting in the fall of Saigon on 30 April. In the previous month a RAAF detachment of 7-8 Hercules transports flew humanitarian missions to aid civilian refugees displaced by the fighting and carried out the evacuation of Vietnamese orphans (Operation Babylift), before finally taking out embassy staff on 25 April.

From the time of the arrival of the first members of the Team in 1962 some 50,000 Australians, including ground troops and air force and navy personnel, served in Vietnam; 520 died as a result of the war and almost 2,400 were wounded. The war was the cause of the greatest social and political dissent in Australia since the conscription referendums of the First World War. Many draft resisters, conscientious objectors, and protesters were fined or gaoled, while soldiers met a hostile reception


on their return home.

Further information available on this website:

Articles – Impressions: Australians in Vietnam Australian Army commanders' diaries Databases Encyclopedia Exhibitions – Impressions: Australians in Vietnam 40th anniversary of the Battle of Long Tan Nominal Roll of Vietnam veterans Information sheet Reading list Sources and further reading:

Chris Coulthard-Clark, The RAAF in Vietnam: Australian air involvement in the Vietnam War 1962–1975, The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, vol. 4 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, 1995)

Peter Dennis et al., The Oxford companion to Australian military history (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995)

Peter Edwards, A nation at war: Australian politics, society, and diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965–1975, The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, vol. 6 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, 1997)

Jeffrey Grey, Up top: the Royal Australian Navy in Southeast Asian Conflicts, 1955–1972, The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, vol. 7 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, 1998)

Ian McNeill, To Long Tan: the Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950–1966, The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, vol. 2 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, 1993)

Ian McNeill and Ashley Ekins, On the offensive: the Australian Army in the Vietnam War 1967–1968, The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, vol. 8 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, 2003)

J. Rowe, Vietnam: the Australian experience (Sydney: Time-Life Books Australia and John Ferguson, 1987)


National Service Scheme {AWM website November 2007} Compulsory military training for the nation's young men was reintroduced in 1951 by the Liberal Government. It was the third such scheme to have existed in Australia since Federation. Eighteen-year-old men were required to partake in the National Service scheme, which meant that they had to undertake 176 days of military training. Those who elected to undertake their training in the army could break up their training requirements into two periods, 98 days in the regular army and 78 days in the Citizen Military Forces (CMF). Those who elected to undertake their training with the RAN or the RAAF had to complete their 176 days in one stretch. The scheme was criticised as being irrelevant to modern defence needs, where skill was becoming more important than numbers, and for being a drain on the regular army's finances and manpower. In 1959 the scheme was abolished.

National service was brought back for a fourth time in 1964, and in May 1965 the Liberal government introduced new powers that enabled it to send national servicemen overseas. At that time Australian soldiers were involved with the war in Vietnam, and the Menzies government wished to raise the army's numbers to 40,000 in order to meet overseas commitments. All 20-year-old males had to register with the Department of Labour and National Service, and their names were selected by the "birthday ballot", in which men were randomly selected for national service by their date of birth. Exemptions were given to Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, the medically unfit, and theology students. Young men were granted exemption on the grounds of conscientious objection only if they could prove their objection to war was based on religious beliefs. A temporary deferment of national service was granted to university students, apprentices, married men, and those who could prove that national service would cause them financial hardship. Those who were selected for national service were required to serve for two years full-time in the regular army, and three years part-time in the reserves.

From 1965 to 1972, 19,450 national servicemen served in the Vietnam War, with 202 killed and 1,279 wounded. Once again the issue of conscription provoked debate within the Australian community, with university students and other members of the community taking part in large anti-conscription and anti-Vietnam War demonstrations. The National Service Scheme was abolished on 5 December 1972 by the newly elected Labor government.

Melbourne, 1970. Section of crowd demonstrating at a Vietnam Moratorium march on the steps of Parliament House.P00671.003


Vietnam National Service Scheme {AWM website October 2007} The National Service Scheme operated from November 1964 to December 1972. It was based on a birthday ballot of 20-year-old men who had registered with the Department of Labour and National Service. Those chosen by ballot were called up to perform two years' continuous full-time service in the Regular Army Supplement, followed by three years' part-time service in the Regular Army Reserve. The scheme was designed to create an army strength of 40,000 full-time soldiers.

Street sign for "Noack Avenue", Nui Dat, Vietnam, 1966 – named after Private E. W. Noack from B Company (5RAR), the first national serviceman killed in South Vietnam.AWM P1014/27/01

More About:

• Document: Appendix from the Vietnam official history This link is to a copy of the Appendix from the Vietnam official history : Peter Edwards, A nation at war: Australian politics, society and diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965–1975 (Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1997)

• National Service 1965–1972 A link to the Australian Army's website. • Nominal Roll of Vietnam Veterans A link to the Department of Veterans' Affairs nominal

roll 2004 See also :The national service scheme, 1964-72 by Sue Langford.AWM Website


SKIPPY SQUADRON - THE RED TAIL RATS

The Viet Nam Charter flight crews of

The crews of the Qantas "Champagne Flights" which ferried Australian troops between Sydney and Saigon during the Vietnam War marched together on Anzac Day 2003 for the first time.

Up to 50 former crewmen - Qantas only employed men for the run - reunited in Sydney's 2003 parade under their nickname of Skippy Squadron.

Between 1965 and 1972 Qantas flew more than 600 military charters on its Boeing 707s - about 300 flights carrying fresh troops to Vietnam, and 300 bringing home those whose tour was over.

To the crew members, who volunteered for Skippy Squadron, the Sydney-Saigon-Sydney route was a long trip with a few hours' break for refueling - but it also changed dramatically from leg to leg.

"It was a nervous flight over, but the guys on the way back were totally different from the guys we'd take in - a total change of personality, they had grown up," said Ray Stephan, 57, a former Qantas Chief Steward from Georges Hall who flew 26 wartime flights.

More than 500 pilots, cabin staff, navigators and ground crew served with Qantas's Skippy Squadron, and are eligible for the Australian Active Service Medal with Vietnam clasp and/or the Vietnam Logistics and Support Medal.

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BACKGROUNDER # 05


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Section 4

TASK FORCE BASE & LOGISTIC SUPPORT

Contents

! Gallery Captions (as at September 2007) ! Minidress adds a bright note.Rebecca Britt. WARTIME #35 ! Tired ,Filthy,but HAPPY.Elizabeth Stewart.WARTIME #35

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!Sending a task force In early 1966 the Holt government decided to increase Australia’s commitment in Vietnam. 1RAR was replaced by a two-battalion task force, with combat and logistic support (totalling 4,500 men), based in the province of Phuoc Tuy. Sending a task force to Vietnam allowed the Australians to operate more independently and on their own terms. The 1st Australian Task Force (1ATF) was based in the heart of the province at Nui Dat (“small hill”), with logistics support provided by the 1st Australian Logistics Support Group (1ALSG), based at the coastal town of Vung Tau. An aerial view of the 1ATF base among the rubber trees at Nui Dat in 1971.EKT/71/0672/VN An RAAF Caribou on Luscombe Field, 1ATF, Nui Dat, in 1969. BEL/69/0361/VN

Transporting heavy equipment to the Australians at Vung Tau, the AV1355 Vernon Sturdee reverses off the landing in Saigon in June 1966. P02679.001

G201

Computer interactive

This interactive can be used to look at: 1) A complete list of Australian headquarters and units allocated for service

in Vietnam, 31 July 1962 – 1 July 1973 2) A complete summary of all Australian operations in Vietnam from 1965 –

1972 3) What life was like for soldiers living at Nui Dat (task force base) and

Vung Tau (logistic support base) $

V4_G202

Nui Dat model $

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Establishing the base Operation Hardihood was the name given to the operation to establish the task force at Nui Dat. As part of the operation, two inhabited villages, Long Tan and Long Phuoc, were cleared and the villagers relocated. By early June 1966 1ATF headquarters was established at Nui Dat, and 5RAR and 6RAR were busy establishing defensive positions and patrolling around the base area. With base defences in a primitive state, these early days were exhausting and nerve-racking. It was on the first day of Operation Hardihood, 24 May 1966, that Private Errol Noack became the first Australian conscript to die in Vietnam.

Map of the task force base at Nui Dat, 1968. RC03574

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Camouflaged soldiers from 5RAR move through an overgrown banana plantation on the first day of Operation Hardihood. FOR/66/0434/VN

Life at “the Dat” From small beginnings, the task force base at Nui Dat grew substantially. In 1969 it housed 9,000 soldiers and had a perimeter 12 kilometres long. Soldiers lived under canvas in sandbagged tents, among rubber trees which provided some shade. They had access to cinemas, a swimming pool, a store, a post office, and chapels. Combat soldiers used the base to rest between operations, but also spent much of their time patrolling the perimeter or preparing for the next operation. They relaxed by playing sport, writing home, or attending concerts staged at the Luscombe Bowl.

!! Members of 8 Platoon, C Company, 5RAR, sharpen machetes outside their tent at Nui Dat. The sandbags were for protection against mortar attack. P01353.021 An infantry battalion’s

support lines, at Nui Dat in 1969. By this time the task force base was a large and well-established settlement, with permanent buildings and roads. Soldiers, however, continued to live in tents. P00818.007

Extensive internal perimeter wire protects the tent lines of A Company, 5RAR. Belts of wire were constructed between each platoon to restrict and funnel any Viet Cong attacks. P02177.024

Supplying the troops Logistic support for 1ATF was provided from a base on the Vung Tau peninsula. It was an ideal location – only 30 kilometres from the task force by road, with good port and airfield facilities, and the peninsula provided a natural defence. The establishment of the base was difficult: it was sited in ever-shifting sand dunes, made worse by wind and monsoonal rain. Over time, the base developed into a substantial settlement; the centre of medical care and rest and convalescence facilities was the Peter Badcoe Club.

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The tented accommodation of 101st Field Workshops, Royal Corps of the Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RAEME), part of 1ALSG. Beyond is the 2nd Composite Ordnance Depot. The photograph was taken in 1967, about a year after the base’s establishment. CAM/67/0370/VN

The 1ALSG base at Vung Tau in 1966. In time, the base at Vung Tau grew to be the size of a small town, with substantial buildings and paved roads. MISC/66/0020/VN An aerial view of 1ALSG clearly shows how well developed the base had become by 1970. In the foreground is the recreation centre, which included the Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Pool, the Peter Badcoe Club, and the Kevin Wheatley Gymnasium. FAI/70/0212/VN Caring for the wounded Medical care of Australian soldiers wounded in Vietnam was revolutionised by the use of helicopter evacuation, known as “casevac”, or “dust-off”. Most soldiers were generally no more than 20 minutes’ flying time from the operating theatre, so casualties could be treated quickly, saving many lives. The wounded were seen by army medical staff in either the Australian field ambulance (later hospital), the American 36th Evacuation Hospital at Vung Tau, or other American field hospitals. Those men unable to return to duty were repatriated on RAAF Hercules medical evacuation (“medevac”) flights from Vung Tau.

A team of medical orderlies carry an injured man from a “dust-off” helicopter to the casualty area of the 1st Australian Field Hospital (1AFH) at Vung Tau in 1970. P01642.002

A soldier from D Company, 7RAR, wounded during Operation Forrest in Phuoc Tuy province, is placed aboard an American “dustoff” helicopter in November 1967. EKN/67/0147/VN

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The work of the RAAF Medical Evacuation Units: an air-conditioned bus from the 1at Australian Field Hospital at Vung Tau unloads patients directly into the loading bay of a RAAF Hercules in 1971. P00657.028 Nursing in Vietnam The first four Australian Army nurses arrived in Vietnam in May 1967. By December 1971, 43 nurses had served with 8th Field Ambulance and the 1st Australian Field Hospital (1AFH) in Vung Tau. The nurses sometimes worked 36 hours at a time in difficult conditions, with limited and basic supplies. Over 100 RAAF nurses served on “medivac” flights between Vietnam and in hospitals in Malaysia and Australia. The flight back to Australia on a Hercules could take up to four days, during which the nurses had to deal with their patients’ medical conditions in difficult conditions.

The first army nurses in Vietnam, known as the “Fab Four”, relax with a cup of tea at the 8th Field Ambulance, Vung Tau, in 1967. Left to right: Captain Amy Pittendreigh, and Lieutenants Margaret Tony, Colleen Mealy, and Margaret Ahern. P04669.970 !

RAAF nursing sister Squadron Officer Harriett Fenwick adjusts the litter strap of an Australian Army casualty being evacuated to Australia from Vietnam in a RAAF Hercules. MAL/65/0083/03 Active 8 Warriors signboard The sign was painted in Vietnam by Lance Corporal Brian Budden for 8 Platoon, C Company, 5RAR. Budden was a graphic artist in civilian life. The name alludes to a petrol company slogan of the time (“Active 8 is great, mate – put a tiger in your tank”) as the 5RAR mascot was a Bengal tiger. The slogan also recognised 8 Platoon’s number. REL27022 RAEME signboard Signboard hanging in the RAEME area at the task force base. RELAWM40165

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Cravat Cravat worn by Lieutenant Roger Wainwright, commanding 8 Platoon, C Company, 5RAR, in Vietnam in 1966–67. 5RAR was known as “the Tiger Battalion”, as reflected by the tiger’s head on the front of the cravat. REL34695 Notebook Used by Lieutenant Roger Wainwright, the book is open to a page listing some of Wainwright’s orders for Operation Hardihood in May 1966. PR03691 Woollen beret with RNZIR badge Two New Zealand infantry companies served with Australian battalions from May 1967. In March 1968, 2RAR became the first “ANZAC Battalion” when it was retitled 2RAR/NZ, to reflect the integration of New Zealand V and W Companies within its ranks. An amicable rivalry existed between Australian and New Zealand soldiers, but the New Zealanders were acknowledged to be superb jungle fighters. REL/02826 Belt This New Zealand Army Howard green stable belt belonged to Company Sergeant Major Jules Bavell, who served two tours of duty with 2RAR/NZ, in 1967–68 and 1970–71. REL/09406 Tape recorder Soldiers often used reel-to-reel tape decks to record messages for home and music played by Australian forces radio. These machines were both cheap and readily available in Australian and American postal exchange (PX) stores. REL30986 Kit items Private Richard Barry’s personal kit items were typical of those owned by most Australian soldiers: Newspaper Nui Dat News, a soldiers’ newspaper containing humorous items and summaries of news from Australia. RC05336 Flag Members of 8 Platoon, C Company, 5RAR, signed this Viet Cong flag which they captured by while on operations in late 1966. REL27023 Certificate of appreciation Lorrae Desmond was extremely popular with the troops and travelled to Vietnam five times between 1967 and 1971 to entertain them. She was given this certificate during her third tour, in September 1969. RC03036 Australian Concert Party lapel badge Over 300 Australian entertainers made numerous trips to Vietnam from 1965 until the end of 1972, entertaining Australian and other “free world” troops. REL34924

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Sequinned mini-dress Sylvia Raye toured Vietnam in 1970 and 1971 with the ABC Concert Band. REL31746

See attached article Minidress adds a bright note

Sylvia Raye performs in the sequinned dress on display. She was part of an ABC Concert Band which toured Malaya and Vietnam in October 1970. P04135.002

Front page of the Launceston Examiner, 6 May 1966, showing children from Gowrie Park State School, in Tasmania, who had written to soldiers from 5RAR.

Sergeant Rod “Chuck” Kenane was one of several soldiers in A Company, 5RAR, who exchanged letters with students from Gowrie Park State School. The children’s letters were welcomed as a sign of support and a reminder of everyday life back home. P05247.001

Lorrae Desmond sings to soldiers from 5RAR and 6RAR at Nui Dat in 1967. COL/67/0174/VN

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Plaque The Australian civilian surgical team at Le Loi Hospital, Vung Tau, presented a plaque to 1ALSG in appreciation of its support. RELAWM40923 Name badge and passport Sister Dorothy Angell was a member of an Alfred Hospital civilian surgical team in Bien Hoa, Vietnam, in 1967. The Vietnamese inscription on the badge translates as “Australian medical team”. REL34126 Dog tags Jean Debelle was a Red Cross worker at the 1ALSG from 1966 to 1967. REL35123 Service record Jean Debelle’s Record of Service. RC05014 Nurse’s uniform Lieutenant Patricia Yorke, Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps (RAANC), served in Vietnam from 1969 to 1970. Army nurses wore green fatigues at night while on ward duty, and the more traditional blue dress and veil during the day. REL/15995 RAAF nurse’s uniform While most RAAF nurses in Vietnam flew soldiers back to Australia on “medevac” flights, from July 1966 one RAAF nurse at a time undertook a two month attachment to the US Air Force’s 902nd Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron to study American techniques used in the air evacuation of wounded personnel. Male RAAF orderlies also participated in this scheme, giving them valuable experience in medivac procedures. REL27369

Nurses Pamela Matenson (right front) and Dorothy Angell (right rear) help to transport a patient from surgery to the recovery ward of the civilian hospital in Bien Hoa in 1966. Nearly 500 civilian Australian doctors, nurses, and medical personnel worked in provincial hospitals in

Vietnam during the war. P03122.002

See attached article Titred,Filthy but HAPPY ! Red Cross workers Janice Webb (left), Jean Debelle, Eleanor Koops (American Red Cross), and Winsome Ayliffe outside an office they all shared at the US 36th Evacuation Hospital, Vung Tau. The women carried out various tasks for injured soldiers,including writing letters home. P04669.875

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Australian surgeon Colonel Donald Beard, with Sergeant Alwyn Turnbull and another orderly, takes a

coffee break outside the 8th Field Ambulance, Vung Tau, in 1967. Beard had served with 3RAR as its regimental medical officer during the Korean War.P00582.042

Nurse Margaret Ahern holds a child in the village of Hoa Long, Phuoc Tuy province. GIL/67/0483/VN

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BACKGROUNDER # 05


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Section 5

OPERATIONS

Contents

! Gallery Captions ( as at October 2007) ! Operation Ulmarra ,(August) 1967.Ben Evans .WARTIME # 4 (1998)

! Tet turning point (Operation Coburg-January 1968) Chris Coulthard-Clark.WARTIME #20

! Battle on the Suoi Ca - Operation Iron Fox (28 July -05 August 1971).Gary McKay.WARTIME #35

! Dogs of War .Libby Stewart.WARTIME #18

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$!Operations in Phuoc Tuy Australian soldiers conducted over 200 operations in and around Phuoc Tuy province between 1965 and 1972. Operations varied but involved ambushing, cordon-and-search, search-and-destroy, pacification, and psychological missions. Patrolling was the mainstay of most operations. Soldiers could spend days or weeks searching the jungles, paddy fields, mountain ranges, and sand dunes of the province for the elusive Viet Cong or North Vietnamese Army soldiers. The work was often tedious, exhausting, and frustrating.

Members of A Company, 2RAR/NZ, wade through a flooded paddy field on operations south-east of Nui Dat in September 1967. CAM/67/0804/VN Troops from 3RAR move towards the entrance of an underground Viet Cong hospital in the Long Hai hills during Operation Pinnaroo in March 1968. The Viet Cong heavily booby-trapped and mined the many caves and tunnels of the area. CRO/68/0316/VN

Searching for the Viet Cong during Operation Surfside, two members of C Company, 9RAR, move through thick jungle, supported by a Centurion tank of B Squadron, 1st Armoured Regiment, on 18 April 1969.COM/69/0250/VN The “Possums”: 161st (Independent) Reconnaissance Flight The 161st (Independent) Reconnaissance Flight was an army aviation unit. With a small complement of RAAF technicians, it arrived in Bien Hoa, with 1RAR, in September 1965. Nicknamed “Possum” after its call sign, the flight undertook reconnaissance missions and provided communication between ground troops. Flying Sioux helicopters and Cessna and Pilatus Porter aircraft, its pilots also carried out ammunition re-supply, artillery observation, flare drops, casualty evacuation, leaflet dropping, and propaganda broadcasting.

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Members of 161st Independent Reconnaissance Flight pose on a Sioux helicopter. P04669.191 This Australian Cessna was one of the first aircraft from the 161st Independent Reconnaissance Flight to land on the newly opened Luscombe Field at Nui Dat on 5 December 1966. The airstrip was built by the 1st Field Squadron, RAE.BLA/66/1025/VN Corporals Leon Potts (left) and Phil Watson carry out maintenance of a Sioux helicopter in October 1968.ERR/68/0937/VN The gunners Infantry operations in Vietnam were invariably supported by the artillery. 105 Field Battery was the first battery of the Royal Australian Artillery (RAA) to serve, arriving in Bien Hoa in September 1965, where it supported the American 173d Airborne Brigade and 1RAR. When 1ATF was established at Nui Dat in 1966, the Australian artillery commitment increased to a field regiment of three 6-gun batteries. Two batteries were Australian, while the third was New Zealand’s 161 Field Battery. Fire support bases (FSB) were established so that the infantry could still reply on artillery support when operating away from Nui Dat. A detachment of 101 Field Battery, RAA, firing a 105-millimetre L5 Pack howitzer at Nui Dat in 1966. The Italian-designed L5 was light and easily movable, but not suitable for protracted operations. In 1967 it was replaced by the heavier US 105-millimetre M2A2 howitzer. P04959.046

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In addition to the Australian and New Zealand field batteries, the task force also had support from US heavy artillery. Here US troops sit atop a M109 155-millimetre self-propelled howitzer during Operation Paddington, in July 1967.P02060.063

!Aerial photograph of FSB Pamela, showing howitzers of 12th Field Regiment, RAA, firing on a target in June 1971.PJE/71/0317/VN Tracker dog Caesar Caesar … could see, smell and hear Charlie. Eleven tracker dogs helped track the enemy in Vietnam from 1967 until 1971, and they were among the most popular of the Australian forces. Caesar and his handler Private Peter Haran were part of a tracker team which comprised another dog and handler, two visual trackers, a signaller, and a machine-gunner. A tracker dog’s tour of duty was usually three years. Handlers regarded their dogs as “a war-mate and a close friend”.

See attached article on Tracker Dogs

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Special Air Service A squadron of the Special Air Service (SAS) Regiment first went to Vietnam with 1ATF in 1966. Its role was to conduct deep reconnaissance of the Viet Cong. SAS patrols of up to ten men were inserted into the jungle, and spent between three and five days stalking the enemy and gathering intelligence, often without being detected. They were responsible for a large number of enemy deaths, and only lost one man to enemy contact. The SAS and No. 9 Squadron, RAAF, developed a close working relationship, owing to the dangerous nature of many SAS insertions and extractions. ! Trooper Don Barnby, of No. 2 Squadron, SAS, seen here before heading out on patrol in April 1971, is wearing camouflage clothing typical of that worn by SAS soldiers on operations.P00966.083 No. 25 Patrol of “F” Troop, No. 2 Squadron, SAS, move towards waiting helicopters of No. 9 Squadron, RAAF, on Kanga Pad, Nui Dat, in 1971.P00966.022

Members of No. 1 Squadron, SAS, preparing to patrol out to the headquarters of 7RAR during Operation Coburg, in Bien Hoa in January 1968. They are wearing tiger-stripe pattern camouflage uniforms and carry M16 and SLR rifles.P01979.010

Australia’s allies 1ATF operated closely with its US ally. Operational control of the task force rested with the commander of II Field Force Vietnam and the Commander, Australian Forces Vietnam, was answerable to his American counterpart. US forces assisted the Australians in many ways, from direct aerial and ground support, to medical care and logistics support. Australian soldiers worked with South Vietnamese forces on a number of different levels. Members of the AATTV worked closely with soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), training them for combat. Task force soldiers worked with ARVN soldiers in Phuoc Tuy, and with the Regional and Popular forces who defended their towns and villages against Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army (NVA) regular soldiers.

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Brigadier David Jackson, the first commander of 1ATF (left), talks with General William Westmoreland, then

commander of US military forces in Vietnam, in May 1966. Westmoreland came to be regarded as the

failed architect of the war. CUN/66/0370/VN

From 1967 two New Zealand infantry companies served in Vietnam; in March 1968 they were integrated into 2RAR, forming 2RAR/NZ. A similar arrangement was later made with 4RAR and 6RAR. A New Zealand SAS troop also served with the Australian SAS. P02866.017 Australian and Vietnamese forces combine in Operation Phoi Hop (Cooperation) in Phuoc Tuy province during February 1971. Members of A Company, 7RAR, and local South Vietnamese troops sit on an APC of A Squadron, 3 Cavalry Regiment, during a search for Viet Cong bunkers. CUN/71/0058/VN Australia’s enemies: the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Australian soldiers faced two main groups of enemy forces in Phuoc Tuy. The first were the Viet Cong, who lived in the south, supported the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), and became permanent soldiers. The other group comprised NVA regular soldiers, who infiltrated south down the Ho Chi Minh trail, through Laos and Cambodia. Both Viet Cong and NVA were tough and determined fighters, who made a formidable enemy force. Over time the Australians were successful in largely defeating the Viet Cong in Phuoc Tuy, while the NVA were pushed back to the borders of the province. At a training camp in the jungle, a Viet Cong instructor (centre) delivers a lecture to a group of soldiers, which includes several females. The original photograph was captured from the Viet Cong in November 1971.P01003.001 !!

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At a Viet Cong training camp in a rural area, two instructors (left and centre) supervise a group of recruits on a Chinese 75-millimetre recoilless rifle. The original photograph was captured from the Viet Cong in November 1971.01003.026 Well constructed Viet Cong bunkers, designed for maximum efficiency and usually carefully hidden, made finding the enemy a dangerous and difficult task for Australian soldiers.P01003.007 ID disc Between 1967 and 1970 tracker dog Caesar served with 2RAR, 4RAR, 5RAR, and 9RAR; he was retired to the British embassy in Saigon in July 1970.REL35028 SAS uniform and equipment Trooper Don Barnby served with F Troop, No. 2 Squadron, SAS, from February to October 1971. This tour was the squadron’s last in Vietnam. The uniform and equipment are typical of that worn by SAS soldiers in Vietnam. The jacket and trousers are US-issue leaf pattern camouflage, while the boots, also American, are an experimental tropical pair.REL/14214 Don Barnby’s beret The SAS’s woollen berets featured a “Who dares wins” badge, the official motto of the SAS.REL/14214.007 Rifle with grenade launcher Weapons such as this M16 rifle fitted with an M203 grenade launcher, complete with camouflage tape, were typical of those used by SAS soldiers in Vietnam. REL/07090; REL/10975.001 Private Denis Ferguson (left) with tracker dog Marcus and Private Peter Haran with Caesar. The two men and their dogs served together in Vietnam in 1967–68. P05190.001

Tracker dog Julian with handler Private Bob Pearson, on operations with a 9RAR patrol in December 1968.COM/68/1066/VN

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Tracker dog Tiber and his Lance Corporal Norman Cameron, and other 7RAR soldiers, wait on a helipad to

carry out helicopter-winching training. Tiber is wearing a harness developed to allow the tracking dogs to be inserted into, or extracted from, the jungle.EKN/67/0097/VN Sergeant Frank Cashmore, No. 2 Squadron, SAS, during a patrol in 1971.P00966.085 South Vietnamese soldier, standing South Vietnamese Rangers were better trained than soldiers in the regular South Vietnamese army; modelled on US Army Rangers, they were trained by American and Australian advisers. REL/00283.001; REL/00283.006; REL/00283.008; REL/11302.002; REL/14395.001–002; REL/14396.001; REL07114; REL10165; RELAWM40978.029; RELAWM41033; RELAWM41035.015 Flag This Republic of Vietnam flag features cloth badges from various American, South Vietnamese, and Australian units.REL/12293 North Vietnamese soldier, crouching Both Viet Cong and NVA soldiers were highly trained, well equipped men who made formidable enemies. The weapon displayed is a Chinese-made Chicom Type 56 assault rifle. REL24841; RELAWM41026 Panji spikes Many types of booby traps were used by the Viet Cong to maim and kill their enemy. Panji spikes usually had poisonous tips and were buried in pathways, causing great injury to those unlucky enough to step on them.RELAWM40819 Viet Cong award NLF medal awarded to Viet Cong soldiers for gallantry in the field. The stars on the ribbon indicate subsequent awards of the medal.REL/05842 Commemorative badge This North Vietnamese Defence Forces enamel badge commemorated the first US aircraft to be shot down over North Vietnam. The badge was later awarded to North Vietnamese forces who shot down US aircraft.REL/05844

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Viet Cong medal The “Hero who rises to Victory, 3rd Class medal” was awarded to Viet Cong soldiers who were recommended by company-level cadre for exemplary performance.RELAWM41021 Medal and medal ribbon An Australian intelligence officer, Lieutenant Frederick Greenway, captured this Viet Cong “Most Excellent Soldier” medal, and ribbon for the Viet Cong “Heroic American Killer Medal”, in Phuoc Tuy province, c. 1968–69.REL/15325.001–002 Ken McFadyen (1939–1998) Vietnam War official war artist Charlie (Viet Cong) The soldier is shown wearing a Viet Cong main force–style uniform in black and carrying a 7.62-millimetre AK-47 assault rifle. The Viet Cong were nicknamed “Charlie”, from the radio phonetic alphabet for the letters V and C, “Victor Charlie”.

painted in Vietnam, 1967oil on canvas on hardboard acquired under

official war art scheme 1968 ART40744%

ISSUE # 2 (December 2007)

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ISSUE #4 ( January 2010)

Dogs of War

by Elizabeth Stewart

There is a shell-shocked Digger who will be in Vietnam until he dies … He is Private Tiber, a black labrador tracker dog. Tiber is a casualty of a Viet Cong attack in May last year. A rocket-propelled grenade burst only a few feet away from him. Since then he has been gun-shy -- sometimes he jumps whimpering into a ditch when Australian artillery or mortars fire.

Melbourne Herald, 10 May 1969.

Eleven of the most popular contributors to the Australian war effort in Vietnam could not return home when their tour of duty ended. They were the black labrador tracker dogs used by the Australian Task Force.

Most of the stories about the dogs involve the close attachments formed between animal and handler, and the anguish of soldiers when their time came to return to Australia at the end of their one-year tour. It was Australian Army policy that the dogs not be brought home at the end of their service.

The dogs were the core of Combat Tracker Teams that were used from 1967 until the last combat troops left in late 1971. Trained from the age of about 10 months at the Tracking Wing of the Ingleburn Infantry Centre, NSW, two dogs were assigned to each of the Australian battalions based at the Task Force base at Nui Dat, in Phuoc Tuy Province. Full-time use of the dogs in Vietnam from late 1967 followed their successful use in Malaya in the 1950s, and a trial in Vietnam during most of 1967. Housed in kennels at Nui Dat, the dogs’ lives followed an established routine. They were groomed and checked every day, and taken outside the base perimeter for training runs on tracks set through the bush. South Vietnamese soldiers were usually used to set scent trails, so the dogs could get used to following their distinctive smell.

Each Tracker Team, consisting of the two dogs and their handlers, two visual trackers, and two covermen (a machine-gunner and a signaller), operated on standby out of Nui Dat. Usually called out to follow up enemy trails or to locate suspected enemy hideouts after a contact, the teams would be airlifted by helicopter into the area of operation. The dogs loved these helicopter flights, finding the cool air a relief from the oppressive tropical heat. Once on the ground, the dog would be put on to the scent of retreating enemy. The dog would follow the scent, usually at speed, until a location was found, when he would stop with nose or paw extended in a ‘point’, facing the suspected hideout. The tracker and dog would then fall back while the rest of the section searched the area, often finding wounded enemy or recently occupied bunker systems that would otherwise have been missed.

The dogs were outstandingly successful at their combat tasks in Vietnam. Apart from their success in locating enemy and their support systems, the dogs saved the lives of their handlers and team members on many occasions. Although not trained to detect mines (despite recommendations by some soldiers that mine dogs be used in Vietnam), the dogs were intelligent and sufficiently well-trained to do so. Handler Peter Haran summed up his dog’s worth: Caesar … could see, smell and hear Charlie [slang term for Viet Cong, from the military phonetic alphabet for the letters ‘V’ -- Victor and ‘C’ -- Charlie] long before we walked into a firefight. He knew where the mines were, where the trip wires were strung, and he could cover ground chasing the enemy at speeds which literally took your breath away.


SKE/67/1139/VN. VIETNAM, NOVEMBER 1967. JUSTIN, ONE OF TWO TRACKER DOGS WITH 7TH BATTALION, THE ROYAL

AUSTRALIAN REGIMENT (7RAR) HAS A CUP OF WATER POURED OVER HIS MUZZLE BY HIS HANDLER, PRIVATE TOM BLACKHURST OF SWANSEA, NSW. JUSTIN HAD JUST SUCCESSFULLY LOCATED A GROUP OF VIET CONG DURING OPERATION

SANTA FE IN THE NORTH-EAST OF THE PROVINCE. A LITTLE WHILE AFTER THE VIET CONG HAD WITHDRAWN, THE 7TH BATTALION TRACKER TEAM WAS CALLED IN, EVENTUALLY LOCATING MEMBERS OF THE ENEMY ABOUT THIRTY YARDS

AHEAD. THE TRACKER TEAM IMMEDIATELY OPENED FIRE AND INFLICTED TWO FATAL CASUALTIES.

The fate of Australia’s war dogs, once their service came to an end in Vietnam, caused consternation in Army circles and anguish to their handlers. Unlike their human counterparts, the length of duty for a tracker dog was around three years (at least one year too long, according to many handlers). This made it impossible for the dog to return to Australia when his handler’s tour ended. The main reason for keeping the dogs ‘in country’ was the Army’s reluctance to cover the quarantine costs involved.

After much discussion about the issue, and with the matter having been raised in Parliament, the Army decided in 1968 that at the end of their working lives the dogs would be kept by the battalion as a reserve, then given as pets to European or Australian families resident in Saigon. Only as a last resort, if no home could be found, would they be destroyed. In the event, none of the 11 dogs who served in Vietnam was put down, with homes being found for the ten who survived. (One dog, Cassius, died of heat exhaustion after a training run.)

Having to part with their dogs at the end of their tours was often the hardest thing the dog handlers had to face in Vietnam. Some likened it to losing a child. Denis Ferguson trained Marcus in Australia and served with his ‘mate’ during two tours of Vietnam. Ferguson applied through all the appropriate Army channels to take Marcus home with him, even offering to pay all the quarantine costs. The curt refusal he received -- no reasons were given -- caused Ferguson trauma that he still feels deeply.

The family of Garry Polglase, the handler of Julian, had a similar experience. PoIglase was accidentally killed in Vietnam in April 1968, and his mother applied to have the dog brought home soon after her son’s death. After questions were raised in Parliament, and the family had conducted a public campaign that raised enough money to pay the quarantine costs of all the tracker dogs, the Army confirmed its policy on the fate of the dogs and refused the request.


FOD/71/0563/VN. SAIGON, SOUTH VIETNAM, 17 NOVEMBER 1971. ARRIVING BY HELICOPTER TO MEET THEIR NEW OWNERS ARE TRACKER DOGS MARCIAN AND MILO. MARCIAN WAS HANDED OVER TO HIS NEW OWNER, MR R. BRASH, THE COUNSELLOR AND CONSUL GENERAL WITH THE BRITISH EMBASSY IN SAIGON. MILO, WHO HAD BEEN IN VIETNAM SINCE 1968, WAS HANDED OVER TO MR J. R. COCHRANE, THE ASSISTANT MANAGER OF THE CHARTERED BANK IN SAIGON. BOTH DOGS WERE WITH THE 4RAR /NZ (ANZAC) (THE ANZAC BATTALION COMPRISING 4TH BATTALION, THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN REGIMENT AND A COMPONENT FROM THE 1ST BATTALION, ROYAL NEW ZEALAND INFANTRY REGIMENT).

FOD/71/0566/VN. SAIGON, SOUTH VIETNAM. 17 NOVEMBER 1971. MR R. BRASH, THE COUNSELLOR AND CONSUL GENERAL WITH THE BRITISH

EMBASSY IN SAIGON, AND HIS VIETNAMESE MAID AND HER THREE CHILDREN, ARE INTRODUCED TO MARCIAN, BY HIS FORMER HANDLER, PRIVATE DAVID

NELSON.

These refusals might have been easier to bear had the handlers been told one apparent reason for them. An Army veterinary report noted that large numbers of American tracker dogs in Vietnam had died from a tropical disease, thought (but not confirmed) to be transmitted by ticks. The disease, which very quickly caused massive haemorrhaging in all major organs, was hard to detect and could be carried by the dogs without symptoms for some time. The report strongly recommended that no tracker dogs be allowed back into Australia, “even under strict quarantine”, until the mode of transmission of the disease was discovered. By the end of 1972 the majority of Australian troops, including the dog handlers, were home from Vietnam. Most got on with their lives, more or less successfully, but their dogs were never far from their thoughts.

Haran felt that his dog, Caesar, … had been forgotten as a soldier, and soldiers should not be forgotten in war; there should be some sort of memory of them. Many ex-handlers shared this feeling, and it resulted in a permanent memorial to the dogs being erected in Australia. The Australian War Dog Memorial, complete with carved statue and a drinking trough for dogs, was unveiled at a ceremony on the Alexandra Headland, on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, in April 2001. An inaugural reunion of past and present trackers in Queensland in March 2002 further cemented the bonds between those who served with these remarkable dogs of war, and highlighted their importance and rightful place in Australian military history.

Canines in Combat -- Vietnam 1962-1972

Cassius Tiber Justin Marcus Janus Julian Caesar Milo Trajan Juno Marcian

After a lapse of some years, tracker dogs are again serving with Australian forces on peacekeeping and other missions overseas. The dogs are now brought back to Australia at the end of their service.

Dogs of War was a feature story in issue 18 of Wartime, the official magazine of the AWM


BACKGROUNDER # 05


Section 6

ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE

Contents

• Gallery Captions (as at September 2007) • History under fire. Ashley Ekins.WARTIME #46


GALLERY CAPTIONS (as at September 2010)

The RAAF in Vietnam When four Caribou transport aircraft were deployed to Vietnam in 1964, Australia became the first country, other than the United States, to send aircraft there. As well as supporting the task force, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) worked closely with the US Air Force. In often dangerous and primitive conditions, RAAF elements were involved in troop-lift operations, supply and reconnaissance flights, bombing missions, forward air control, and medical evacuations. Over 4,500 RAAF personnel served during the Vietnam War, with 14 killed and over 80 wounded. Caribou of No. 35 Squadron, RAAF, and an Iroquois helicopter of No. 9 Squadron, RAAF, fly off the beach at Vung Tau, Phuoc Tuy province, in 1966. VN/66/0081/29 Flight Lieutenant Lindsay Naylor (front row, standing wearing slouch hat and sunglasses) with pilots of the USAF’s 389th Tactical Fighter Squadron. Naylor was one of six RAAF pilots who flew USAF fighters on operations. P01969.001 Aerial view of Phan Rang air base, midway along the coast of South Vietnam, July 1967. No. 2 Squadron’s Canberra bombers are parked in the bays located in the immediate foreground.P01978.002 “Wallaby Airlines”: Caribous in Vietnam The RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam began flying its twin-engine Caribou transport aircraft in Vietnam in 1964. The Caribous’ main task was transporting personnel and equipment throughout South Vietnam. Renamed No. 35 Squadron in 1966, the Caribou squadron continued to fly freight-carrying operations, but also flew increasingly in support of 1ATF, at times conducting tactical airlifts of soldiers. Caribou pilots constantly faced the danger of being hit by enemy fire, and so they developed new landing techniques to reduce the chance of this happening.


Led by Flight Lieutenant Donald Lancaster, members of RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam march along the tarmac at Tan Son Nhut airfield in August 1964. This was the beginning of the RAAF’s involvement in the war. P01947.001 The wreck of an RAAF Caribou at That Son on 29 March 1970. The Caribou had just landed when the airfield came under enemy mortar fire; a wing was hit and the fuselage was riddled with shrapnel. The next morning the airfield was attacked again and further mortar rounds set the damaged aircraft on fire, completing its destruction. P03654.002 Corporal Keith Bosley ties in a load of four cows bound for Nha Trang. No. 35 Squadron carried a wide variety of freight and cargo during the war. VN/66/0103/01 “Hit my smoke”: forward air controllers Thirty-six RAAF fighter pilots flew as forward air controllers (FAC) with the US Air Force in Vietnam. Their role was to call in and direct artillery and air strikes against enemy ground forces, to carry out visual reconnaissance, and to make damage assessments after a flight. While flying these dangerous missions, the FACs used smoke rockets to mark targets for attack and ensured that friendly troops and civilians did not accidentally come under fire. Flight Lieutenant Ken Mitchell, an RAAF FAC, standing beside his OV-10A Bronco aircraft at Vung Tau, in 1968. VN/68/0096/VN Soon to finish his tour as a FAC, Flying Officer Richard Kelloway (right) shows three new RAAF pilots the features on a Cessna Bird Dog in April 1969. From left: Flight Lieutenant Douglas Riding and Flying Officers Peter Damien and Gary Ennis.P01948.010


Looking out from the cockpit of Cessna Bird Dog, in July 1969. White smoke rises from a target near the canal, while darker smoke from other bombs still lingers. The rocket launcher tubes are visible under the wing. P00829.010 Squadron Leader Graham Neil Graham Neil served as an air liaison officer with the US Air Force in 1969–70. On 6 June 1970 he saw an American armoured convoy come under attack. At the same time he also heard reports that a camp near Trai Bi was under mortar and small-arms fire. Neil fired rockets to help drive back the attack on the American convoy, then flew on to the camp. Although nearly out of fuel, he used his remaining ammunition to fire on enemy ground positions and remained in the area until more help arrived. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Squadron Leader Graham Neil was one of several decorated RAAF FACs who flew in Vietnam. P01954.004 Squadron Leader (Sqn Ldr) (later Air Vice Marshall) Graham Wallace Neil, RAAF. Whilst on a routine Visual Reconnaissance mission Sqn Ldr Neil and his back seater, 44135 Flight Lieutenant Kenneth Ian Semmler, RAAF, were summoned as Forward Air Controllers (FAC) to assist a United States (US) armoured convoy, returning from Cambodia, which had been ambushed by the VC. Concurrently, four kilometres to the South, a second VC attack (mortar and small arms) was being made against a USbase camp at Trai Bi. While waiting for the requested strike aircraft to arrive, Sqn Ldr Neil went into action in support of the convoy first. He fired high explosive rockets and made strafing runs with his machine guns along the roadside until the enemy broke contact. He then provided covering fire to allow the US dust off helicopters in and extract the wounded. Sqn Ldr Neil then turned his attention to the base camp at Trai Bi. Using his remaining ammunition to suppress enemy positions in a tree line west of the camp he called in two more OV-10A's that were close by and directed them onto the targets. The requested F-100 and A-37 attack aircraft arrived shortly after and these were directed onto the targets too, co- ordinating their passes with US helicopter gun ships. With his Bronco running very low on fuel, a new FAC took over, allowing Sqn Ldr Neil and Flt Lt Semmler to land at the nearest airfield (Tay Ninh West) and refuel. For his actions on this day, Sqn Ldr Neil was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. (AWM website June 2008)


No. 2 Squadron, RAAF: Canberra Bombers No. 2 Squadron, RAAF, was the final operational squadron to deploy to Vietnam, arriving with twin-jet engine Canberra bombers in April 1967. Serving with the US Air Force’s 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, the squadron carried out strikes throughout Vietnam: they flew radar-controlled “Combat Skyspot” bombing missions at night and low-level visual bombing missions during the day. Five members of the squadron died in Vietnam, including two who disappeared in flight and were listed as “missing presumed dead”. A Canberra bomber releases its bombs over a target in the Mekong Delta, April 1969. A year later this aircraft was lost on operations in the Da Nang area; its crew, Pilot Officer Robert Carver and Flying Officer Michael Herbert, were listed as missing. VN/69/0025/06

Thursday, 30 July 2009 030/2009 REMAINS OF AUSTRALIA’S LAST TWO MISSING ADF MEMBERS FOUND IN VIETNAM “An Air Force investigation team which recently deployed to Vietnam have found human remains at the site where the wreckage of a Royal Australian Air Force Canberra bomber was located in April this year,” Mr Combet said. “The aircraft, which went missing on 3 November 1970, was flown by Flying Officer Michael Herbert and Pilot Officer Robert Carver. The wreckage was located in thick jungle in an extremely rugged, remote and sparsely populated area of Quang Nam Province, Vietnam, near the Laotian border.” Mr Combet said the recovery team discovered human remains in the vicinity of the crash site. The remains were transported to Hanoi, where Vietnamese and Australian forensic specialists identified them as those of Flying Officer Michael Herbert and Pilot Officer Robert Carver. . Bombs dropped by a Canberra bomber explode along a canal near Phu Cat in the southern Mekong Delta area in November 1969. Strikes against canals were intended to create water surges that would destroy enemy cashes of food and ammunition hidden in tunnels dug into the sides of canals. P01009.003


Damaged windscreen from a Caribou aircraft In September 1968 Flight Lieutenant Donald Bliss flew this Caribou of No. 35 Squadron on a mission in the Mekong Delta. Bad weather forced the pilot to fly low to the ground, and the windscreen was struck by ground fire. Two members of the crew were injured, but the aircraft landed safely. RELAWM40157

See attached article :History under fire Squadron patch This unofficial No. 35 Squadron patch belonged to Corporal David Field, an engine-fitter with the squadron. It was made in response to an incorrect newspaper report in December 1971 that all Australian personnel had returned home. The squadron did not leave Vietnam until February 1972. REL35949

FAC uniform Squadron Leader Graham Neil was wearing this flying suit and gloves during an action near Trai Bi in June 1970 for which he received the DFC. REL/10955; REL29778.001; REL24335.001 A Phantom F4-D aircraft, piloted by an Australian, Flight Lieutenant Lindsay Naylor, who was attached to the US 389th Tactical Fighter Squadron in 1971. P01969.003


History under fire

By Ashley Ekins (WARTIME 46)

For decades, the terms “wounded” and “injured” have been used to classify casualties in war. Service medical records, from the First World War to the present, employ both terms in their lexicon and official operational and medical histories similarly use both terms liberally. Yet some servicemen and veterans believe the terms should not be confused.

South Vietnam, 11 September 1968A DHC-4 Caribou transport aircraft droned over the Mekong Delta on a re-supply mission. Bad weather had forced the captain, Flight Lieutenant Donald Bliss, to abort his scheduled landings at three airstrips and he was now attempting to fly on to the airfield at Ca Mau to refuel. With cloud cover sinking almost to ground level, he flew dangerously low. Suddenly, about 13 kilometres from the airfield, a bullet struck the windscreen. Both Bliss and Corporal Doug Angus, the loadmaster, were showered with glass fragments. The co-pilot, Flying Officer John Maxwell, was uninjured. Bliss decided not to land at Ca Mau and flew on a further 100 kilometres to Soc Trang. The crew then returned to their base at Vung Tau, changed aircraft and continued their mission.

There this story rested until the opening of the Australian War Memorial’s new Vietnam War gallery in February 2008. The damaged Caribou windscreen was displayed with the caption: “In September 1968 Flight Lieutenant Donald Bliss flew this Caribou of No. 35 Squadron on a mission in the Mekong Delta. Bad weather forced the pilot to fly low to the ground, and the windscreen was struck by ground fire. Two members of the crew were injured, but the aircraft landed safely.”

After the galleries were opened to great public acclaim, a Vietnam veteran wrote in, objecting to the wording. By using the word “injured”, he stated, the Memorial “demeans sacrifices of Australian service personnel”, and he urged a change, “to reflect the fact that the airmen were wounded in action (WIA)”.

After consideration, the Memorial declined to change the caption. As a result, the veteran circulated his opinion widely on the internet, seeking support. A number of other veterans then felt compelled to join him in broadcasting their complaints to the Memorial, various veterans’ organisations, including the RSL, and members of parliament. Unfortunately, none of those complaining produced any new knowledge or evidence – most had not even viewed the exhibition. Nevertheless, the Memorial historian responsible for the Vietnam gallery was asked to check her sources. She found the report by the Commanding Officer of No. 35 Squadron RAAF states: “the aircraft was hit by enemy ground fire, causing minor injuries to the aircraft captain and the supernumery [sic] Loadmaster” (emphasis added).

Furthermore, Defence archives advised that medical files contain no report of injuries to the aircraft captain. The loadmaster’s injuries were reported as “multiple small lacerations”, requiring glass fragments to be extracted, after which he was given a tetanus injection and returned to duty. There was no documented record to corroborate a claim made in RAAF News, one month after the incident, that Angus “whose wounds were slight” had a bullet “crease” the left side of his head.

The choice of the word “injured” in the caption is clearly justified. Undoubtedly, some would rather it were changed, but the use of this single word hardly “demeans sacrifices of service personnel”.

Australian official historian Charles Bean, whom some of those complaining upheld as the


benchmark, prized the clarity of plain, direct English. True, he used “wounded” as a generic term on occasion, as in the “clearing of the wounded” on Gallipoli. But Bean also employed “injured” and various alternative descriptions, even using the word “hurt” when it seemed most apt.

In some instances, the use of “wounded in action” might even be classified as “high diction”, the elevated language identified by American scholar and Second World War combat veteran Paul Fussell that was intended to glorify and romanticise war experience: soldiers became “warriors”, courage and bravery became “gallantry” and “valour”, and dead soldiers became “the fallen”.

Popular English usage continues to evolve. Charles Bean might have deplored the modern use of the word “veteran”, but that term is now entrenched in the Australian vernacular. Bean and his generation were more familiar with the uniquely Australian label “returned serviceman” or even “returned man”, generally applied with a respect and admiration approaching awe.

Perhaps a return to the simple dignity of plain language might again engender that same sentiment.


BACKGROUNDER # 05


Section 7

LONG TAN

Contents

• Gallery Captions ( as at September 2007) • No time for fear.Harry Smith.WARTIME # 35

• 40th anniversary of the battle of Long Tan.Speech by His Excellency Major General Michael Jeffery AC CVO MC (Retd) Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia 18

August 2006 • Release of Inquiry into Unresolved Recognition Issues for the Battle of long Tan. Defence

Media Release 068/2009 dated 28 october 2009 • Explanation of the Letter from Long Tan Soundtrack .Chris Hunter VGAWM

Long Tan film It’s the first time the Memorial has commissioned its own re-enactment production, adding to its already extensive range of popular and dramatic multimedia presentations. The film was shot on a plantation near Mackay in Queensland in July 2007, and is a historically accurate re-enactment of the battle rather than a dramatisation. The filming involved an incredible level of detail, and the Australian Army provided significant assistance including soldiers as cast members, equipment and armoured personnel carriers.


GALLERY CAPTIONS

(as at September 2007) The battle of Long Tan In the early hours of 17 August 1966 the Nui Dat base was hit by Viet Cong mortar bombs and recoilless rifle rounds. Subsequent patrols of the surrounding area failed to find the enemy. On 18 August, 108 men from D Company, 6RAR, were sent out to continue looking. At around 3 pm D Company entered a rubber plantation near the resettled village of Long Tan. By 4 pm the company was embroiled in a ferocious battle against an enemy force of more than 2,000. In the middle of a tropical downpour D Company’s platoons fought off repeated attacks while company commander Major Harry Smith sought close artillery support from the guns at the task force base. The battle lasted over three hours, ending when reinforcements arrived as night fell. The Australians lost 18 men while 24 were wounded. Over 245 enemy bodies were counted, but many more had been taken away.

Peasant’s rice bowls These enamel rice bowls were collected after the battle. The Viet Cong used such bowls with a tin eating utensil (usually a spoon) and a small cooking tin for heating water.RELAWM40167.001–02 Viet Cong water bottle The day after the battle 6RAR conducted a sweep through the plantation searching for Viet Cong. This water bottle, damaged during the battle, was recovered. REL/02085 Sandal “Ho Chi Minh sandals”, typical of the footwear worn by the Viet Cong, were hand-made from vehicle tyres and extremely durable. This sandal was collected after the battle.REL/02086 Torch A torch used by the Viet Cong found after the battle. RELAWM40181 Chicom carbine The Viet Cong used a range of modern Soviet, Chinese, and captured enemy weapons. The Chicom Type 53 bolt-action carbine was made in the People’s Republic of China in 1956. These weapons were recovered from Long Tan after the battle. REL/03023 Russian sub-machine gun The PPS 43 sub-machine gun was manufactured in the USSR in 1944. The With its simple, robust design, the weapon was well suited to jungle warfare, having a high rate of fire and an effective range of 200 metres. REL/04830 American sub-machine gun This American M3 sub-machine gun, manufactured in 1942, had found its way into Viet Cong hands. The type was nicknamed “The Grease Gun” because of its resemblance to the common mechanic’s tool. RELAWM40811 Shell splinter


In November 2004 Garry Adams, a 6RAR veteran and tour guide, recovered this shell splinter in the area in front of positions occupied by 11 Platoon during the first part of the action. The splinter is probably from a 105-millimetre howitzer round fired by the 1st Field Regiment.REL33201 Australian Army insect repellent This battlefield relic from Long Tan was part of the kit issued to Australian soldiers in Vietnam. REL/01923; RELAWM40179 Entrenching tool Later recovered from Long Tan, the entrenching tool’s wooden handle had rotted away. RELAWM40176 NVA boot sole This North Vietnamese Army boot sole was found in June 2003 about 80 metres from the site of where a commemorative cross now stands in what was 11 Platoon’s position. REL31386 Shrapnel Shrapnel from a mortar bomb recovered from Long Tan. REL/02087 Pistol Major Harry Smith, commander of D Company, 6RAR, recovered this Type 54 pistol from a dead NVA officer the day after the battle. REL27493.001–003 Assault rifle The Chinese-made Chicom Type 56 assault rifle, a copy of the Soviet Kalashnikov AK-47, was durable, reliable, and easy to use. The Type 56 and the AK-47 were the Viet Cong’s favoured weapons. RELAWM40808 Rocket launcher The Viet Cong used light infantry weapons like the shoulder-fired Chicom Type 56 rocket launcher. A copy of Soviet RPG2, the Type 56 was later replaced by the more powerful Type 69 (the Soviet RPG7) rocket launcher, which could penetrate the armour of Australian APCs and tanks. RELAWM40815 “Burp” gun Called a “burp” gun, the PPSh 41 sub-machine gun was used by Soviet- and Chinese Communist-backed forces all around the world. This weapon made in the Soviet Union in 1953 and recovered from Long Tan. RELAWM40796


Communion set Chaplain Les Thompson, 6RAR, organised and led a memorial service in D Company’s lines at the task force base in Nui Dat on 20 August 1966. Thompson had served as a soldier with BCOF and was ordained in the 1950s. He joined 6RAR in 1965 and used this communion set while serving in Vietnam. It comprises a stole, chalice with cover, paten, host box, wine bottle, New Testament, and wooden box which held all the items. REL34122.001–002; REL34122.004; REL34122.006–09

Communion set used by 1200730 Chaplain Lester (Les) Thompson, 6 Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment (6RAR) whilst serving in Vietnam from 11 June to 11 December 1966. Thompson, who was born 21 December 1928, states: 'As a young lad I enlisted in the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ... I was a digger in 67 Battalion, located in the Hiroshima and upper hill country searching ammunition tunnels. In those days I never thought of Church but as an Anglican I was most impressed with the RC Padre who seemed to appear whenever we were on the move.' Thompson told Les McAuley (in 'The Battle of Long Tan', p 8) that he had put his age up from 16 to 19 in order to enlist. He returned to Australia and later became a Christian in 1956 'at the age of 28' and soon after joined the clergy. He was ordained in January 1963, and was given this Communion Set by his mother to mark the occasion. When serving at Grafton Cathedral in 1964, a parishioner made the box in which the kit is stored. McAuley relates that Thompson was asked to join the Army Chaplain's Department in 1965 and 'was pleased to find on arrival in 6RAR that he knew a few officers and Warrant Offices from his own days as a digger'. Once at Nui Dat, Thompson usually carried the Communion set in an old Second World War knapsack - see AWM image CUN/66/0471/VN where Thompson is resting his elbow on the set. Chaplain Thompson was with 6RAR at the Nui Dat Base on 18 August 1966 during D Company's action at Long Tan and offered to travel with the A Company relief force to tend the wounded Australians on the battlefield. His offer was rejected by Lieutenant Colonel Townsend who was sure the APCs would bring the wounded back to the Task Force Headquarters. Ultimately the wounded were directly evacuated by Helicopter to 35 American Casavac Hospital at Vung Tau. Chaplain Thompson toured the battlefield the next morning and found 'dead bodies everywhere. As you jumped off the chopper, they were there. ... I was glad I was the Chaplain, I was sorry I was there. I wouldn't have wanted to be anywhere else, but I wished I was a thousand miles away.' He flew on by helicopter the next morning to visit the Australian wounded in hospital, 'then went back to write to the families of all the casualties' (McAuley p 143). The Reverend Thompson continued to use this set for a number of years after and it appears that the host box is a relatively new replacement.


Order of service The cover on the order of service for the memorial service was drawn and printed by Sergeant Jim Kenna, who served with 6RAR in Vietnam from June 1966 to June 1967. RC03504 Letter A week after the battle, Private Allen May, 11 Platoon’s forward scout, wrote home to his mother the battle. May considered himself lucky to have survived: “I should have been the first one to get it”; he saw the rest of his platoon “getting killed like flies”. RC05339 Letter from Log Tan In the AWM's Vietnam Gallery the audio-visual narration of Allen May's letter to his mother after the Battle of Long Tan ends with the line ,Tell Carmelita I'll love her as long as I live. Carmelita was his girlfriend , back in Brisbane but when he came home from Vietnam he and Carmelita decided to go their separate ways as the War had altyered their relationship. They both subsequently married different partners but then they met again. In December 1995, 29 years after the Battle of Long Tan that had wrenched their lives asunder and other partings of the ways, they were married. Perhaps the saying that Time Heals all Wounds has some truth in it ! (Ref: Herald Sun 3 March 2008) Unit Citation For its “extraordinary heroism” D Company, 6RAR, was awarded the US Presidential Unit Citation. President Lyndon Johnson presented the citation to Prime Minister John Gorton at Johnson’s range in Texas in May 1968. Gorton, in turn, presented it to the battalion at Lavarack Barracks, Townsville, on 18 August 1968, the second anniversary of the battle. OL00577.002 CO’s notebook This notebook was kept by Lieutenant Colonel Colin Townsend, 6RAR’s commanding officer. RC04339


No time for fear {WARTIME #35} I was the D Company commander in the 6th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment (6RAR), with 105 men plus a three-man New Zealand artillery team led by forward observer (FO) Captain Morrie Stanley. I had been in the Malayan Emergency 1955–57 with 2RAR. I migrated from 2 Commando Company to 6RAR Enoggera in 1965 and set about training my company to Special Forces fitness standards. I demanded a high standard of discipline and teamwork which I believed inspired mateship, loyalty, and confidence in individual and unit ability to perform under pressure. When we arrived in Vietnam in June 1966, the company was a cohesive team, ready to face the enemy around our Task Force Base at Nui Dat.

After a few minor brushes with local Viet Cong (VC) of D445 Battalion, we were under the impression our poorly defended base was unlikely to be attacked. The VC 5th Division had been mentioned, but the expectation was for patrol clashes. Nobody expected the VC to mortar and shell the base at about 2 am on 17 August 1966, firing from the rubber plantation at Long Tan. Our B Company was sent out to investigate.

They located VC mortar positions but no enemy. Next morning, with no threat, they sent 48 men back for leave, the day of our first concert at Nui Dat. My Delta Company was ordered out to Long Tan to take over and search for the VC, estimated at 70, thought long gone. Not real happy at missing the concert, we moved out quickly, pushing through tall grass to the sounds of the music. Arriving at 1 pm, we moved into the rubber to get to the jungle for a night base – offering better protection from attack (and mosquitoes). As B Company had been there for 24 hours, we did not expect action, but nevertheless, we set off in two-up formation, widely dispersed, alert, watching for the enemy.

Troops from 6RAR return to Nui Dat from Long Tan on board 1 Squadron's APCs.CUN/66/0695/VN

Shortly after, eight VC walked nonchalantly right into the middle of 2nd Lieutenant Gordon Sharp’s 11 Platoon. They killed one. The platoon followed up, then came under fire. Well ahead, they were pinned down and took casualties, calling for artillery fire support. 2nd Lieutenant Geoff Kendall’s 10 Platoon attacked around from the north to try to relieve pressure on 11 Platoon, but it also


became pinned down. I ordered them back and sent 2nd Lieutenant Dave Sabben’s 12 Platoon out to the right to try to get to 11, whose commander and others had been killed. 12 Platoon became embroiled with another large VC group and, as with 10 Platoon, killed many.

It was pretty obvious we had run into a very large VC force. But we could not withdraw and leave 11 Platoon. I called for the whole regiment of 18 105 mm guns to be at the disposal of our FO, with six US Army 155 mm guns firing into the VC’s rear area. I requested ammunition resupply by helicopter. I also called for reinforcements by airborne insertion, and asked Major Noel Ford and his B Company to return. I requested USAF combat air support. Then the afternoon monsoonal rain started. The combat aircraft could not identify us and were directed by ATF to drop their bombs, rockets, and napalm to the east. It was more important to us to have the artillery. Then two RAAF helicopters came in over the trees and thankfully dropped the ammunition right into our lap. We were advised the only reinforcements available, A Company, would be sent out in armoured personnel carriers (APCs), not helicopters. A Company was commanded by Captain Charles Mollison.

Out of ammunition, 11 Platoon survivors managed to get back to 12 Platoon, then all withdrew back into the company area where we organised ourselves into a defensive position to fight off the VC. We established an aid post for casualties and set about repelling wave after wave of enemy attacks. With the effective machine-gun and rifle fire from my own company, plus the devastating artillery fire falling where we wanted it, orchestrated by our FO, the enemy assault waves were forced to stop, then fall back. They would reorganise and come back in with bugles sounding, clambering over bodies of dead comrades, but thanks to the courageous performance of our men in forward sections, never getting inside our position. At times we brought the artillery fire in very close, almost on top of us.

Soldiers from Delta Company, 6RAR hold the dolls and cigar cases that were presented to them by a grateful South Vietnamese government after the battle of Long Tan.CUN/66/0750/VN

Group portrait of soldiers from D Company, 6th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment (6RAR), display the dolls and cigarette-cases presented to them by the South Vietnamese

government for their part in the Battle of Long Tan on 1966-08-18. "The government of South Vietnam realised that this battle was significant and wished to award decorations to the Australians involved. But at almost the last moment, with the ceremony already arranged and those attending it already in place, word was received from Australia that the traditional policy of non-acceptance of

foreign awards was to be observed. This was embarrassing both to the Vietnamese and to the Australians, and a compromise was reached. The Australians paraded and were presented with dolls

in Vietnamese national dress, and also cigarette-cases and lighters. ... It says much for the often-


maligned Vietnamese that they went ahead with the ceremony, persisting in observing the spirit of honouring their allies." Front row, left to right: Private (Pte) Noel Grimes of Stuart Town, NSW; Pte Allen May of Wynnum, Qld; Pte Bill (Yank) Akell of Townsville, Qld; Pte Neil Bextrum of

Perth, WA; Lance Corporal (LCpl) Bill Roche of Narrandera, NSW. Back row: Second Lieutenant Geoff Kendall of Underdale, SA; Sergeant Bob Buick of Brisbane, Qld; Pte Geoff Peters of Yagoona, Sydney, NSW; Corporal Bill (Bluey) Moore of Stafford Heights, Qld; LCpl Barry

Magnussen of Aspley, Qld; Pte Ian Campbell of Murwillumbah, NSW. (Quote from "The Battle of Long Tan" by Lex McAulay).

The volume and noise of all the artillery and small arms fire was horrendous – deafening – but, in hindsight, wonderful music. Almost continuous VC tracer rounds lit up the gloom as they raced past us like supersonic fireflies. The heavy rain turned the earth into the mud we lay in. White latex oozed from bullet holes in rubber trees. VC snipers went up trees, to be shot or blown down. The reinforcements had been delayed in leaving Nui Dat, headquarters now fearing an attack from a VC regiment reported to the west of the base. An hour later, ATF released the small APC force comprising A Company travelling on board ten APCs of 3 Troop led by Lieutenant Adrian Roberts. Between assaults, we were able to get around and distribute ammunition, tend to wounded and better organise fields of fire linking our machine-guns. Often asked if we were afraid, I reply, “Not that I recall. We were all so busy methodically doing what we had to do we did not have time for fear – until it was over.” Everyone did what they were trained for – and did it so well we were able to repel and survive the enemy onslaughts. The dedication of my men to helping and giving covering fire to their mates and assisting the wounded was outstanding. Outnumbered, we just got on with what we had trained for – killing the enemy – to survive. Section commanders directed the fire of their men. Platoon commanders looked to overall control and directed the FO where to best place the artillery fire. My loyal company sergeant major, Jack Kirby, one of four killed in an artillery accident in 1967, organised ammunition, giving encouragement to our men as he moved around.

At 7 pm, on dark, the B Company platoon arrived, also delayed an hour. We placed them covering the south-west area, where we had engaged and put to flight numerous foliage-camouflaged VC. The intensity of the VC attacks decreased about this time. Not long after, seven APCs, some with lights on, A Company on board, arrived from the south, welcomed by the cheers of my company. The APCs had swum a flooded river, ignored orders to stop, and gallantly fought through two groups of VC on their way in, with 11 men of Lieutenant Peter Dinham’s 2 Platoon, A Company, led by Sergeant Frank Alcorta, spontaneously dismounting from one carrier, courageously taking on a large VC formation and killing many. The APCs lost one crew commander but put the VC to flight with their noise and heavy machine-gun fire.

All firing ceased as though the tap was turned off ! Three more APCs arrived, having been ordered back to the base to bring out 6RAR’s commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Colin Townsend, and his headquarters party. He took command. When it became obvious the enemy was not going to counter-attack, he gave orders for a withdrawal, and after midnight we were able to get our casualties out by helicopter. But we were missing half of 11 Platoon. Dazed, stressed, wet, and tired, we sat around the rest of the night in the back of APCs, nervously and anxiously pondering what was happening to our missing mates. We learnt the Task Force was to conduct a follow-up operation at dawn. I insisted on my men going back in the first lift in APCs to recover our missing and to see what damage we had done to the enemy, if they had left any signs.


Major Harry Smith briefs Delta Company, 6RAR before returning to the Long Tan rubber plantation the day after the battle. FOR/66/0676/VN

Going back into the rubber, the scene was one of absolute devastation, with all the branches and leaves torn from trees, as though the area had been hit by a Category 10 cyclone. It had been hit by around 3,500 exploding artillery shells and thousands of bullets. As we reached our former position we could see many VC bodies and their weapons lying around, not having been hauled away as was their normal tactic, the mud coloured by blood. When we came upon the 11 Platoon area we found the bodies of our missing and two wounded, Jim Richmond and Barry Meller, alive, untouched by the VC. In the area where 10 Platoon dropped their packs to attack the VC, all bar one were still there. The enemy had obviously been so badly mauled they could not muster a viable ambush on the APCs, nor counter-attack our positions, and just fled, leaving many of their dead.

Then came the grisly task of burying their dead. Headquarters tallied the reports of 245 VC bodies. We found three wounded, one VC and two from the North Vietnamese battalion reinforcing two battalions of 275 VC Main Force Regiment. These plus D445 and D400 made around 3,000 enemy troops. These wounded said they were going to attack the ATF Base, with 274 Regiment to the northwest to support the attack on Nui Dat and cut off any relief column coming down from the north.

Despite what the prisoners had said, experts claimed we had been drawn out of the base and ambushed, a theory that did not hold water. B Company had sat there for 24 hours, unmolested. In later years, from captured diaries and records, and despite VC propaganda claiming they had destroyed an infantry battalion, it became established that my company had run into a reinforced regimental force waiting to attack Nui Dat. That would have been a tragic military and political disaster. While we had buried 245 and found other graves along bloodied withdrawal routes, documents indicated their losses were some 800 killed or died from wounds, with around another 1,000 wounded. Luckily for us all their heavy weapons were with the other regiment to support the attack on Nui Dat.


Treating a wounded Viet Cong in the field after the battle at Long Tan.FOR/66/0660/VN

I am very proud to have commanded Delta Company, 6RAR who gave their all on that fateful day, above and beyond what would have been expected of them. That is why my company, which bore the brunt of the battle and lost 17 killed and 21 wounded, was awarded the US Presidential Unit Citation, and was offered the South Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry Unit Citation. I am also proud and thankful to those who supported us – all the artillery, the RAAF, the USAF, the APCs, our A Company and the B Company platoon, and others.

Although nowhere near the same scale, Long Tan will be remembered alongside Kapyong, Tobruk, and Gallipoli. I am saddened by the loss of life, and the tragic loss to all the loved ones, on both sides. Like the errors of Gallipoli, a proper assessment of intelligence reports would have averted my company being sent out to face a VC regiment. But we saved the Task Force Base from what would have been a disastrous attack by the 5,000-strong VC 5th Division, and their influence in the province was reduced thereafter. That is why Long Tan has become so significant and is feted as the icon of the war for all Vietnam veterans to commemorate those lost or maimed between 1962 and 1972.

Author

Lieutenant Colonel Harry Smith MC (Ret’d) lives in Hervey Bay, Queensland.


40th anniversary of the battle of Long Tan Speech by His Excellency Major General Michael Jeffery AC CVO MC (Retd) Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia 18 August 2006

It is indeed a special privilege this morning –as a Vietnam Veteran myself – to share with the nation this commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the Battle of Long Tan. This epic battle reinforced traits for which Australian soldiers have become world renowned: courage and determination, mateship and teamwork, leadership and tenacity, compassion and humour. It further reinforced our international reputation as a skilled exponent of the profession of arms.

So, how did this battle come about?

In the months preceding August 1966, the Australian Army had established its combat military base in the heart of Phuoc Tuy Province, located about 100 kms SE of the capital Saigon. The Viet Cong had long dominated the area – even the French Army in Indo-China days had failed to bring it under control. The Viet Cong were determined to keep their hold on what they saw as tactically vital ground through intimidation of the local population. It was the primary function of the 1st Australian Task Force to prevent that intimidation by defeating the Viet Cong local and regional forces present in the province at the time.

Much conjecture still exists as to whether the Viet Cong units involved, including D445 Regional Force Battalion and 275 Main Force Regiment, were gathering for a major assault against the Nui Dat base. What is certainly true is that D Company of the 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment’s encounter battle, fortuitous though it may have been, put paid to any idea of a Viet Cong assault on the Task Force Base.

The Battle of Long Tan itself developed as a consequence of Viet Cong mortaring of the Australian Task Force compound on the night of 16/17 August 1966. This, together with intelligence reports indicating that several Viet Cong units were close by, galvanised a rapid Australian response. Company-sized groups were ordered to search the surrounding area around the Nui Dat Base with the aim of locating and neutralising the threat.

As part of this operation, on August 18th, the 108 men of D Company 6 RAR under the command of Major Harry Smith, relieved their B Company mates and continued patrolling just east of the Nui Dat base in the Long Tan rubber plantation. 11 Platoon (commanded by 2LT Sharp), which was slightly separated from the main body of 10 and 12 platoons and the Company Headquarters, were following up an earlier contact with a small party of Vietcong when at around 3:40pm, it came under heavy Viet Cong machine gun and rifle fire, suffering immediate casualties. This was followed by an assault on the platoon by some 80 of the enemy, in which the platoon commander was killed, leaving SGT Bob Buick in command, but with his radio to company headquarters out of action, it’s aerial shot off. Fortunately at this critical time, heavy rain began to fall reducing visibility substantially.

As Major Smith recalled, “It became obvious from radio conversations and firing that 11 platoon was pinned down and taking heavy casualties… Then radio communications with 11 platoon ceased… My worst thoughts were that they may have been overrun.”

As the volume of enemy fire increased, so fortunately did the torrential rain of the monsoon. Wet, muddy and with increasingly poor visibility, 11 platoon continued to fight magnificently. Unable to withdraw at the time, and suffering heavy casualties, they nevertheless exacted a severe toll on their opponents. Major Smith ordered both air strikes and air resupply, however the USAF fighter aircraft were unable to locate the battle zone due to poor visibility and were forced to drop their


ordnance further east. It was later realised that this incidental bombing fortuitously assisted D Company, as heavy casualties were inflicted on the VC rear echelons.

However, the magnificent crews and helicopters of 9 SQN, Royal Australian Air Force, saved the day. Through skilful flying and tremendous physical courage, by men such as Frank Riley and Bob Grandin they effected a resupply of ammunition in appalling conditions, which enabled D Company to remain in action. Meanwhile, under the direction of an expert New Zealand Forward Observer Artillery Party, led by Captain Morrie Stanley, ANZAC 105 mm and US 155 mm Artillery batteries fired over 3000 rounds with devastating accuracy against the Viet Cong, including almost on top of 11 Platoons’ position. The effect of shrapnel from artillery high explosive shells on the Viet Cong in the open rubber would have been devastating, but a saving grace to the soldiers of 11 platoon and indeed D Company. See that afternoon, D company had no respite, as the Vietcong furiously assaulted again and again, only to be thrown back by magnificent Australian infantry and their supporting artillery.

So much is owed by our veterans at the sharp end, to the skill and dedication of our artillery forward observation parties and the gun crews who remained instantly and faithfully on call 24 hours a day, every day.

Now back to 11 Platoon. Greatly outnumbered, very hard pressed and with only 6 of his 29 soldiers not wounded or dead, SGT Buick ordered his troops to make a run to LT Sabbens’ 12 Platoon, identified through that officer throwing coloured smoke. The link had first been effected, when around 60 VC were sited to the rear of the Platoon. This group was severely dealt with, primarily by 12 Platoon machine gunners after which 2LT Sabben withdrew his tiny force (including wounded) back to the vicinity of Company Headquarters.

Meanwhile back at Nui Dat, around 4:40pm, the 1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron was tasked to carry reinforcements from Nui Dat base to relieve Delta Company in the rubber plantation. But because the Task Force commander was worried about a possible attack on his lightly defended base, it wasn’t until 7.10 pm, in fading light that these additional soldiers from A Company 6RAR arrived, to the intense relief of their D Company mates. This signalled the turning point in the battle, when the Viet Cong Commander decided he could not take on fresh Australian troops and their armoured vehicles and silently withdrew his force, leaving some 245 dead on the battlefield along with many more dead and wounded who were carried away.

Intelligence estimates suggest that D Company fought off some ten times their number in these four to five hours of unrelenting close quarter and bloody fighting; an incredible performance.

The bravery displayed by the men of D Company that day was recognised with the award of a United States Presidential Unit Citation ‘for extraordinary heroism’, presented by President Lyndon B. Johnson on May 28th 1968; only the third time that an Australian Army unit has been so honoured. Additionally, the Commanding Officer of 6RAR, Lieutenant Colonel Colin Townsend – who only recently passed away – was awarded a Distinguished Service Order and the Officer Commanding D Company, Major Smith, a very well deserved Military Cross. Two Distinguished Conduct Medals, two Military Medals (including one to SGT Buick) and 22 South Vietnamese medals were also awarded. Six officers, non-commissioned officers and one soldier were mentioned in dispatches.

Tragically, 18 Australian soldiers were killed in the Battle of Long Tan – 17 from Delta Company and one from the 1st APC Squadron, whilst another 24 men were wounded. The names of the dead are inscribed on the Wall of Remembrance in this War Memorial, along with more than 500 regular and national service sailors, soldiers and airmen who also went to Vietnam and did not return. We continue to honour their memory and the supreme sacrifice they made when their country called.

War of course is a dirty, frightening and totally unpleasant business and never to be glorified as


such, and today, happily, we are very close friends with our former enemy. Whilst we all have our views on the rights and wrongs of the Vietnam War, I believe as veterans, we can and should be proud of our achievements, because we did our duty with courage, compassion and professional skill. We also left behind a far more stable and secure Phuoc Tuy province than the one to which we had first come. Physical security was vastly improved, more land was under cultivation and schools and government administration were again operating for the benefit of the local population. We treated enemy prisoners, casualties and their dead with respect and the local population similarly. That is one reason why our veterans today can sit with their Vietcong counterparts and share a beer and a common story. There is no hatred.

It was to our country’s shame that it did not recognise the sterling performance of its armed forces in Vietnam until almost 20 years later at the national ‘Welcome Home’ parade held in Sydney in 1987. Some 25,000 veterans marched. This motivated the then Prime Minister Bob Hawke, to announce that August 18th would be known as Vietnam Veterans’ Day. So whilst today we come to commemorate the splendid service of those who took part in the battle of Long Tan, this day has special significance also for all veterans of the Vietnam War. Some 50,000 Australians and 3,500 New Zealanders – encompassing our ground troops, including the most highly decorated unit per capita in our country’s history – the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam, our Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Australian Navy personnel; regular and national servicemen alike, linked inextricably together in a common cause and a common bond.

But today’s anniversary is also an acknowledgment of those who intimately and outstandingly supported our deployed Australian personnel during the Vietnam War in a variety of ways; the command, logistics and training organisations, the Gold Coast rest and recuperation volunteers, and magnificent doctors, nurses and medical orderlies, our Padre’s and the Salvo’s and in particular our families; for they too experienced their own private battles during this time; prejudice, ignorance, loneliness and of course – loss. Today is also for them.

Thus, on this 40th anniversary of the Battle of Long Tan, we thank the gallant participants of that battle, and all the veterans who served their country in the conflict that was Vietnam. We honor those who did not return and those who returned hurt in body or mind. None should ever be forgotten, none will be forgotten; nor indeed will the families and loved ones who supported us.

So magnificently well done D company. Very well done the 6th battalion. Well done all our veterans. Be proud of what you achieved and hold your heads high, in the knowledge that you were the equal of the very best that ever went away to serve our nation, from the Boer War to the present day and that you did indeed make a difference.

Let us never forget.


RELEASE OF INQUIRY INTO UNRESOLVED RECOGNITION ISSUES FOR THE BATTLE OF LONG TAN{28 October 2009 068/2009} The Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Support, the Hon Dr Mike Kelly AM MP, today announced that the Government has accepted the recommendations of the independent Defence Honours and Awards Tribunal Inquiry into Unresolved Recognition Issues for the Battle of Long Tan. The Report recommended that: 1. Flight Lieutenant Cliff Dohle be awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, the contemporary equivalent award to the Distinguished Flying Cross, the original award for which he was properly recommended in 1966 by all levels of Australian command in Vietnam; 2. No other individual awards be made to participants in the Battle of Long Tan; and 3. Delta Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (RAR), be awarded the Unit Citation for Gallantry for its performance at the Battle of Long Tan in August 1966. The Battle of Long Tan was fought on 18 August 1966 when Delta Company, 6 RAR came into contact with a much larger enemy force while patrolling outside the 1st Australian Task Force at Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province, South Vietnam. Seventeen members of Delta Company were killed during the battle, and another 21 were wounded. I am delighted that the Tribunal has recommended the award of an Australian Unit Citation for Gallantry to the men of Delta Company 6 RAR. This ensures that all are recognised for what was in effect a magnificent team effort. It has only been in recent years that we have come to appreciate the full significance of the battle in the context of the conflict.‰ For the South Vietnamese Government at the time it meant that the Phuoc Tuy Province was effectively neutralised as a concern. For the US it contributed to the overall effort in that it enabled resources to be focused elsewhere. For Australia it was significant because we now know that this was a planned and determined effort to annihilate the Australian Task Force before it had settled in. The result of the action was not only that the enemy was prevented from achieving this objective but was never able to mount such an effort again in Phuoc Tuy Province for the remainder of the Australian presence. I also commend the Tribunal for upholding the recommendation made in 1966 by RAAF command in Vietnam to award Flight Lieutenant Cliff Dohle the Distinguished Flying Cross, said Dr Kelly.

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