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Lesson 70 Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook 1 March 11, 2015 Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations and Combinations where the 1 st event(choice), can occur number of ways. Given a sequence of n exclusive events(choices) : The 3 rd event(choice) can occur number of ways. This process is repeated up to the n th event(choice) that can occur number of ways. The Fundamental Counting Principle states that the total possible outcomes The 2 nd event(choice), can occur number of ways. is the product of the number of ways each event(choice) can occur :

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Page 1: number of ways. Thesomersetcentral.enschool.org/ourpages/auto/2020/8/5...Aug 05, 2020  · Lesson 70 Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook 3 March 11,

Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

1

March 11, 2015

Fundamental Counting Principle, 

              Permutations 

     and

              Combinations

where the

1st event(choice), can occur number of ways.

Given a sequence of  n  exclusive  events(choices) :

The 3rd event(choice) can occur 

number of ways.This process is

 repeated up to the  nth event(choice)

that can occur  number of ways.

The Fundamental Counting Principle  states that the total possible outcomes

The 2nd event(choice), can occur number of ways.

is the product of the number of wayseach event(choice) can occur : 

Page 2: number of ways. Thesomersetcentral.enschool.org/ourpages/auto/2020/8/5...Aug 05, 2020  · Lesson 70 Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook 3 March 11,

Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

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March 11, 2015

Example 1

SOLUTION

A restaurant offers 10 appetizers and

15 main courses. In how many ways

can you order a two­course meal?

150  two – course meal

Example 2

SOLUTION

A restaurant offers 10 appetizers,

15 main courses, and 6 desserts. 

In how many ways can you order

a three­course meal?

900  three – course meal

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Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

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March 11, 2015

Example 3

SOLUTION

60 one­topping pizzas

A pizza can be ordered with four

choices of size (small, medium, large

or extra large),three choices of crust

(thin, deep­dish or regular), and five

choices of meat toppings (beef, sausage, 

pepperoni, bacon or chicken). How many

one­topping pizzas can be ordered?

You have to create a 6 digit password

for your student login. The only valid

values for each digit are the numbers 

0 – 9. If numbers are allowed to be 

REPEATED, how many different 6

digit passwords are there? 

Example 4

SOLUTION

Digit 1  Digit 2   Digit 3   Digit 4   Digit 5   Digit 6

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Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

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March 11, 2015

Digit 1  Digit 2   Digit 3   Digit 4   Digit 5   Digit 6

10 10 10 10 10 10

1,000,000 different 6 

digit passwords.

You have to create a 6 digit alpha– 

numeric password for your student login. 

The only valid values for each digit are the 

numbers 0 – 9 and the letters A – Z. If 

digits are allowed to be REPEATED, 

how many different 6digit alpha–numeric 

passwords are there? 

Example 5

SOLUTION

Digit 1  Digit 2   Digit 3   Digit 4   Digit 5   Digit 6

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Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

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March 11, 2015

Digit 1  Digit 2   Digit 3   Digit 4   Digit 5   Digit 6

36 36 36 36 36 36

36 36 36 36 36 36

 2,176,782,336 different 

    6 digit passwords.

You have to create a 6 digit password

for your student login. The only valid

values for each digit are the numbers 

0 – 9. If numbers are NOT allowed to

be REPEATED, how many different 6

digit passwords are there? 

Example 6

SOLUTION

Digit 1  Digit 2   Digit 3   Digit 4   Digit 5   Digit 6

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Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

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March 11, 2015

Digit 1  Digit 2   Digit 3   Digit 4   Digit 5   Digit 6

10 9 8 7 6 5

151,200 different 

6 digit passwords.

10 9 8 7 6 5

You have to create a 6 digit alpha– 

numeric password for your student login. 

The only valid values for each digit are the 

numbers 0 – 9 and the letters A – Z. If 

digits are NOT allowed to be REPEATED, 

how many different 6digit alpha–numeric 

passwords are there? 

Example 7

SOLUTION

Digit 1  Digit 2   Digit 3   Digit 4   Digit 5   Digit 6

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Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

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March 11, 2015

Digit 1  Digit 2   Digit 3   Digit 4   Digit 5   Digit 6

36 35 34 33 32 31

36 35 34 33 33 32

 1,402,410,240 different 

    6 digit passwords.

PERMUTATIONS

An arrangement of  n distinct 

objects in a SPECIFIC order.

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Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

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March 11, 2015

Given the letters A, B, and C, 

in how many different ways can

these 3 letters be arranged ? 

Example 8

SOLUTION

ABC

ACB

BAC

BCA

CAB

CBA

There are still only 3 letters to 

choose from, but the 3 letters can 

be arranged 6 different orders.

When the ORDER of the objects makes

a difference then we are talking about

PERMUTATIONS.

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Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

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March 11, 2015

Example 9

SOLUTION

In a race with eight runners, the top

three finishers win a medal (Gold, 

Silver and Bronze for first, second

and third places, respectively). In how

many ways can the medals for this race

be awarded?

The ORDER you finish the race 

determines whether you a medal

and if you win a medal what type.

Because the ORDER of the runners

matters this problem is an example

of a PERMUTATION.

The number of possible

PERMUTATIONS of n total objects 

when r objects chosen at a time :

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Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

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March 11, 2015

n = 8 (total number of racers)

r = 3 (number of medal winners)

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Example 10

SOLUTION

There are 4 different offices that a

member can be elected too.

The math club has 20 members

how many ways can a president, vice 

president secretary, and treasurer be 

elected assuming that the same person 

cannot hold more than one office.

The question that needs to be asked

does the ORDER matter.  

Suppose I give you ONLY the names 

of the  4 members in the math club 

that won an office.  Can you 

tell me what office they hold? 

Because what office a person wins

changes the number of outcomes this 

means that ORDER matters. Whenever 

ORDER matters we are answering a 

PERMUTATION problem.

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Lesson 70 ­ Fundamental Counting Principle, Permutations & Combinations.notebook

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COMBINATIONS

An selection of  n distinct 

objects WITHOUT regard 

to a  SPECIFIC order.

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Example 11

SOLUTION

In how many ways can John select

three friends to go to the fair with

if he has 11 friends to choose from?

The ORDER that John selects

who goes to the fair with him does

not matter. It only matters that you

got picked to go.

The number of possible

COMBINATIONS of n total objects 

when r objects chosen at a time :

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Example 12

SOLUTION

The ORDER of the flavor the scoops

are placed on the cone does not

change what 4 flavors your ordered.

Tony went to Baskin and Robbins to

order a 4­scoop ice cream cone. There

 are 31 flavors to choose from, and

assuming that NO flavor can be chosen

twice. How many different type of 

4­scoop ice cream cones are there?

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March 11, 2015

Example 13

SOLUTIONThe ORDER that team play each

other does not matter. It only matters 

that each team plays every other team

in the conference exactly once.

In a conference of 9 schools, how 

many intraconference football games

are played during the season if the 

teams all play each other exactly once?

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