NunavuNunavutt

Native TerritoriesNative TerritoriesWhat are Native Territories?What are Native Territories? Native territories are areas that have Native territories are areas that have

been given by governments, to first been given by governments, to first nations (aboriginals).nations (aboriginals).

These areas are These areas are protected by a protected by a special set of laws and are self-special set of laws and are self-governinggoverning..

In Canada, In Canada, Nunavut is considered a Nunavut is considered a native territory. native territory.

Defining AboriginalDefining Aboriginal An An Aboriginal refers a person living Aboriginal refers a person living

in an area before the arrival of in an area before the arrival of foreignersforeigners. .

Aboriginals have a culture and a specific Aboriginals have a culture and a specific way of life.way of life.

Other words to describe aboriginals; Other words to describe aboriginals; natives, first nations, or indigenousnatives, first nations, or indigenous. .

In Canada there is a small population of In Canada there is a small population of aboriginals in every province.aboriginals in every province.

There are approximately 83 000 There are approximately 83 000 aboriginals in Quebec.aboriginals in Quebec.

This rock statue is called an This rock statue is called an inuksukinuksuk..

These statues are used by the Inuit These statues are used by the Inuit as directional markers and as directional markers and landmarks. landmarks.

Inuksuk comes form the Inuit Inuksuk comes form the Inuit words “inuk” meaning person and words “inuk” meaning person and “suk” meaning substitute.“suk” meaning substitute.

The inuksuk is meant to The inuksuk is meant to symbolize a person pointing symbolize a person pointing travelers in the right directiontravelers in the right direction. .

A Brief History of A Brief History of NunavutNunavut Scientists believe that the first people Scientists believe that the first people

in North America were the in North America were the Old World Old World huntershunters, who came in search of food , who came in search of food 30 000-25 000 BCE30 000-25 000 BCE..

These hunters hunted mammoths and These hunters hunted mammoths and mastodons.mastodons.

Between Between 30 000 and 12 000 BCE30 000 and 12 000 BCE most of Canada was buried under an most of Canada was buried under an ice sheetice sheet 4km thick. 4km thick.

By By 9000 BCE9000 BCE the ice sheet was the ice sheet was almost completely meltedalmost completely melted..

Between the 1570-1820 there were Between the 1570-1820 there were numerous expeditions by British numerous expeditions by British explorers.explorers.

The British set up many The British set up many settlements which primarily served settlements which primarily served as whaling stations.as whaling stations.

The population of the North The population of the North continues to grow in the 20continues to grow in the 20thth century.century.

In In 1999 1999 Nunavut becomes Nunavut becomes Canada’s official Canada’s official 33rdrd territory territory. .

The VikingsThe Vikings According to Norse sagas, According to Norse sagas, Erik the Erik the

RedRed established settlements if established settlements if Greenland and explored the Greenland and explored the Canadian North from 986-1020.Canadian North from 986-1020.

The Viking explored modern day The Viking explored modern day Baffin Island and NewfoundlandBaffin Island and Newfoundland..

There is evidence that the Vikings set There is evidence that the Vikings set up a colony on Newfoundland known up a colony on Newfoundland known as as L’Anse aux MeadowsL’Anse aux Meadows. .

Nunavut: LandNunavut: Land The word Nunavut means The word Nunavut means “our land”“our land”

in Inuktitut.in Inuktitut. Most of Nunavut’s size come from the Most of Nunavut’s size come from the

Arctic ArchipelagoArctic Archipelago (cluster of (cluster of islands).islands).

Nunavut has a very Nunavut has a very mountainous and mountainous and rockyrocky terrain. Some areas are still terrain. Some areas are still covered by covered by ice sheetsice sheets 2 km thick. 2 km thick.

Nunavut has many Nunavut has many valleys, frozen valleys, frozen lakes, and costal fjordslakes, and costal fjords, caused by , caused by past movements of past movements of glaciersglaciers. .

Nunavut: Climate and Nunavut: Climate and VegetationVegetation

Nunavut has a Nunavut has a very harsh climatevery harsh climate making making most of Nunavut most of Nunavut inhospitableinhospitable (not liveable). (not liveable).

WintersWinters are are long and coldlong and cold frequently frequently reaching -40°C. There are reaching -40°C. There are very strong very strong windswinds..

SummersSummers are are short and coolshort and cool. . Nunavut is a Nunavut is a Polar desertPolar desert due to its lack of due to its lack of

precipitation.precipitation. There are no trees in Nunavut. Vegetation is There are no trees in Nunavut. Vegetation is

known as known as TundraTundra. .

Nunavut: PopulationNunavut: Population Nunavut has a total area of 1.9 million kmNunavut has a total area of 1.9 million km22.. Despite its huge size Nunavut only has a Despite its huge size Nunavut only has a

population of around population of around 30 000 people30 000 people.. Nunavut’s largest city is its capital, Nunavut’s largest city is its capital, IqaluitIqaluit, , Quebec has an area of 1.3 million kmQuebec has an area of 1.3 million km22 and and

has almost 8 million people.has almost 8 million people. Over Over 85%85% of Nunavut’s population is of Nunavut’s population is InuitInuit. .

Nunavut: GovernmentNunavut: Government

Nunavut became Nunavut became Canada’s 3Canada’s 3rdrd territory on territory on April 1April 1stst 1999 1999..

Nunavut also has 1 seat in Nunavut also has 1 seat in the House of Commons the House of Commons and 1 seat in the senate.and 1 seat in the senate.

Language and EducationLanguage and Education Inuit children go to school in Inuit children go to school in

their own communities. their own communities. They learn their They learn their native native language as English or language as English or FrenchFrench..

The Inuit language is called The Inuit language is called InuktitutInuktitut..

Inuktitut has only 15 Inuktitut has only 15 consonants and 3 vowels.consonants and 3 vowels.

Inuit ClothingInuit Clothing Traditional Inuit clothing comes from Traditional Inuit clothing comes from

animal skins, intestines or fursanimal skins, intestines or furs.. The Inuit used these parts because they The Inuit used these parts because they

retained heat and were waterproof.retained heat and were waterproof. Getting wet in the arctic is very Getting wet in the arctic is very

dangerous, because you will begin to dangerous, because you will begin to freeze. freeze.

Many people die every year in the arctic Many people die every year in the arctic by not wearing the proper clothing.by not wearing the proper clothing.

Shelter and Shelter and TransportationTransportation Traditionally the Inuit lived in an Traditionally the Inuit lived in an

animal animal skin tent or sodskin tent or sod (mud/dirt) house in the summer (mud/dirt) house in the summer and an and an igloo igloo in the winter.in the winter.

Today many Inuit live in wooden Today many Inuit live in wooden houses. However, some still lead houses. However, some still lead the traditional lifestyle.the traditional lifestyle.

The Inuit many The Inuit many different modes different modes of transportationof transportation, some are , some are traditional and others are not.traditional and others are not.

Non traditional modes are Non traditional modes are snowmobiles, ATV’s snowmobiles, ATV’s (all terrain (all terrain vehicle)vehicle) and trucks and trucks..

Traditional methods include; Traditional methods include; dog-dog-sled, kayaksled, kayak (one person boat), (one person boat), and and umiaqumiaq (row boat) (row boat)

Sources of FoodSources of Food Most of the Inuit diet is made Most of the Inuit diet is made

up of meat and fish. There are up of meat and fish. There are very few edible plantsvery few edible plants in in Nunavut. Nunavut.

Most Inuit will hunt or fish for Most Inuit will hunt or fish for their food.their food.

Food sources include: Food sources include: narwhal, narwhal, polar bear, seal, caribou, polar bear, seal, caribou, musk ox, and whalemusk ox, and whale..

The image above shows The image above shows Inuit harpoon heads.Inuit harpoon heads.

The The harpoonharpoon was the was the traditional weapontraditional weapon of of choice for the Inuit choice for the Inuit when when hunting large hunting large animalsanimals..

Hunting in NunavutHunting in Nunavut Hunting is the main source of Hunting is the main source of

acquiring food in Nunavutacquiring food in Nunavut.. Today the Inuit Today the Inuit can buy foodcan buy food in in

general stores, but most still hunt.general stores, but most still hunt. Traditionally the main hunt ground for Traditionally the main hunt ground for

the Inuit were the the Inuit were the pack ice and ice pack ice and ice floesfloes..

On the On the sea icesea ice is where the Inuit is where the Inuit would hunt larger animals, such as would hunt larger animals, such as whales and seals. whales and seals.

Polar bearPolar bear is a is a traditional food traditional food sourcesource for the Inuit. for the Inuit.

Inuit will use Polar bear Inuit will use Polar bear skins to skins to make clothingmake clothing and and claws and claws and bones are used to make tools and bones are used to make tools and weaponsweapons..

Today many people, other then the Today many people, other then the Inuit hunt polar bear.Inuit hunt polar bear.

The The Canadian government has set Canadian government has set limitslimits on hunting polar bear, but there on hunting polar bear, but there are are many illegal hunt that take many illegal hunt that take place every yearplace every year. .

Polar Bear and Seal Polar Bear and Seal huntinghunting

Seal are primarily killed for their Seal are primarily killed for their skin, blubber, and meatskin, blubber, and meat..

Many people other then the Inuit Many people other then the Inuit hunt seals.hunt seals.

This is a big industry that generates This is a big industry that generates close to 25 million dollars every year.close to 25 million dollars every year.

Many people feel that the Many people feel that the government should do something government should do something about the method of killing seals.about the method of killing seals.

Loss of TerritoryLoss of Territory With the arrival of immigrants to Canada, With the arrival of immigrants to Canada,

native land, culture and way of life has native land, culture and way of life has been disappearing.been disappearing.

With the creation of Canada, Native were With the creation of Canada, Native were subjected to Canadian laws and policies.subjected to Canadian laws and policies.

They were also forced to live in certain They were also forced to live in certain designated areas.designated areas.

Today pressure from many Native rights Today pressure from many Native rights groups are forcing governments to fix/ groups are forcing governments to fix/ apologize for past actions. apologize for past actions.

For the Inuit, the For the Inuit, the Nunavut Land Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Claims Agreement was signed in was signed in 1993.1993.

This created Nunavut in 1999.This created Nunavut in 1999.

What did the Inuit What did the Inuit gain?gain? New territory, inhabited mostly by Inuit New territory, inhabited mostly by Inuit A governmentA government The right to hunt and fishThe right to hunt and fish The right to manage resources (oil, gas, The right to manage resources (oil, gas,

ore, etc.)ore, etc.) Protected national parks.Protected national parks. Recognition on by other governments. Recognition on by other governments.

This allows the Inuit to work with other This allows the Inuit to work with other governments to preserve their way of life.governments to preserve their way of life.

A capital cityA capital city An official languageAn official language Elected members to parliamentElected members to parliament Right to pass on native culture and Right to pass on native culture and

traditions.traditions.

Why did Canada create Why did Canada create NunavutNunavut By creating Nunavut the By creating Nunavut the

Canadian government was Canadian government was able to settle main claims from able to settle main claims from native groups.native groups.

It showed the willingness of It showed the willingness of the government to develop the government to develop the Inuit lifestyle along with the Inuit lifestyle along with the rest of developed Canada.the rest of developed Canada.

The image above is a satellite The image above is a satellite view of Greenland.view of Greenland.

81%81% of of Greenland’sGreenland’s surface is surface is covered by an covered by an ice sheetice sheet..

The ice sheet is so heavy that it The ice sheet is so heavy that it has pushed the has pushed the actual surface actual surface 300 meters below sea level300 meters below sea level..

Greenland is the world’s largest Greenland is the world’s largest island and has a population of island and has a population of about 60 000 people. about 60 000 people.

What does Greenland and What does Greenland and Nunavut have in common?Nunavut have in common?

1.1. Large native population (Kalaallisut)Large native population (Kalaallisut)

2.2. Native live similar lifestyle to the InuitNative live similar lifestyle to the Inuit

3.3. Many natives rely on hunting or fishing Many natives rely on hunting or fishing

4.4. Climate and vegetationClimate and vegetation

5.5. Use sea ice and land glaciers to hunt.Use sea ice and land glaciers to hunt.

6.6. Ice melt due to GLOBAL WARMING.Ice melt due to GLOBAL WARMING.

Global Warming: The Global Warming: The BasicsBasics Global warming refers to a period Global warming refers to a period

when when average temperatures all average temperatures all over the Earth increaseover the Earth increase..

Global warming Global warming occurs naturallyoccurs naturally.. Using Using large amounts of energylarge amounts of energy

and the and the burning of fossil fuels burning of fossil fuels creates greenhouse gases.creates greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases speed up the Greenhouse gases speed up the process of global warming.process of global warming.

Pollution and deforestationPollution and deforestation also also increase the rate of global warming.increase the rate of global warming.

Effects of Global Warming Effects of Global Warming on Nunavuton Nunavut

1.1. Inuit will not be able to use the sea Inuit will not be able to use the sea ice for hunting.ice for hunting.

2.2. Marine mammals and animals that Marine mammals and animals that use the ice will disappear. use the ice will disappear.

3.3. Inuit will loose valuable food Inuit will loose valuable food sources.sources.

4.4. Inuit communities will disappear.Inuit communities will disappear.

What are some potential What are some potential effects of global warming on effects of global warming on

Nunavut?Nunavut?

Some General effects of Some General effects of Global WarmingGlobal Warming

1.1. Extreme WeatherExtreme Weather2.2. Sea level riseSea level rise3.3. Flooding or DroughtFlooding or Drought4.4. Loss of potable waterLoss of potable water5.5. Decreased food suppliesDecreased food supplies6.6. Loss of many animal speciesLoss of many animal species7.7. Cost for many products (food, Cost for many products (food,

electricity, etc.) will increase.electricity, etc.) will increase.

What can you do to help?What can you do to help? Use less electricity (fewer lights, etc.)Use less electricity (fewer lights, etc.) Waste less waterWaste less water Reduce, reuse, recycleReduce, reuse, recycle Take public transportation, car pool, Take public transportation, car pool,

walk/bikewalk/bike Buy energy efficient productsBuy energy efficient products Change your light bulbsChange your light bulbs Any others you can think of……………Any others you can think of……………

Other Native Communities Other Native Communities affected by Global Warming affected by Global Warming Nunavut (Canada) and Greenland Nunavut (Canada) and Greenland

are affected.are affected. Alaska, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Alaska, Norway, Sweden, Finland,

and Russia and Russia have native communities have native communities that are affected by global warming.that are affected by global warming.

In 1996 the native groups from these In 1996 the native groups from these areas formed the Arctic Council to areas formed the Arctic Council to protect their way of life.protect their way of life.

Native territory throughout Native territory throughout the worldthe world

Throughout history Throughout history native rights and native rights and native way of life has not always been native way of life has not always been respectedrespected..

With the With the arrival of Europeans arrival of Europeans to North and to North and South America South America native populations and native populations and culture started to declineculture started to decline..

In many countries natives were forced to In many countries natives were forced to move onto reserves, abandon their culture, move onto reserves, abandon their culture, attend residential schools and adopt a new attend residential schools and adopt a new way of life.way of life.

ReserveReserve: Is an area set aside for : Is an area set aside for natives. The land is owned by the natives. The land is owned by the federal government, but administered federal government, but administered (run) by the native community. (run) by the native community.

With the European expansion (1450-With the European expansion (1450-1750 approx), 1750 approx), most native land most native land became European controlled became European controlled (colonies).(colonies).

This lack of respect for native rights This lack of respect for native rights continued up until the early 1970’s in continued up until the early 1970’s in many countries (Canada and USA).many countries (Canada and USA).

In the 1970’s native rights groups began In the 1970’s native rights groups began to form. to form.

Native claims throughout Native claims throughout the worldthe world

Today there are many Today there are many native rights native rights groups are fighting for groups are fighting for recognition and compensation recognition and compensation (land, money, rights, apology) for (land, money, rights, apology) for past actions against them.past actions against them.

Every Every native group has certain native group has certain claims that are unique to them. claims that are unique to them. But there are some major But there are some major similaritiessimilarities..

Claim: Demand.Claim: Demand.

Common claims of native groups are:Common claims of native groups are:

1.1. Land claims: Native groups want land Land claims: Native groups want land that used to belong to them.that used to belong to them.

2.2. Development of natural resources on Development of natural resources on their territories.their territories.

3.3. Government funding for cultural Government funding for cultural projects and tourism.projects and tourism.

4.4. Preservation of native culture and Preservation of native culture and language.language.

5.5. Political recognition Political recognition

Case Study: OkaCase Study: Oka Most of the time Most of the time native groups native groups

demonstrate peacefully and bring demonstrate peacefully and bring their claims through the proper their claims through the proper channelschannels..

In some cases claims are very In some cases claims are very personal and get very heated. personal and get very heated. Ex: Ex: Oka, QuebecOka, Quebec..

The The “Oka Crisis” “Oka Crisis” took place from took place from June-September 1990 in the town of June-September 1990 in the town of Oka, Quebec. Oka, Quebec.

The Mohawk community had made a The Mohawk community had made a claim for a certain area of land.claim for a certain area of land.

This land had been purchased to expand This land had been purchased to expand a local golf course.a local golf course.

The result:The result: Military and SQ officers called in.Military and SQ officers called in. Two deathsTwo deaths Numerous arrestsNumerous arrests Mohawks surrenderMohawks surrender Expansion of the golf course was Expansion of the golf course was

cancelledcancelled Land is still under disputeLand is still under dispute

The UN and nativesThe UN and natives Between 1985-1993 the United Nations Between 1985-1993 the United Nations

(UN) set up the WGIP.(UN) set up the WGIP. This group was created to look at native This group was created to look at native

claims and issues.claims and issues. In In 2007 the UN Declaration on the 2007 the UN Declaration on the

Rights of Indigenous Peoples was Rights of Indigenous Peoples was createdcreated..

This document provides support for native This document provides support for native rights groups.rights groups.

Canada never signed this document. Canada never signed this document. Therefore, it does not apply hereTherefore, it does not apply here..

Recognition and respectRecognition and respect Retribution, get back what used to Retribution, get back what used to

belong to thembelong to them Religious and ancestral rightsReligious and ancestral rights Others......Others......

Remember when answering these Remember when answering these questions:questions:

1.1. ExplainExplain

2.2. Write a well though out responseWrite a well though out response

3.3. Realistic/probable answerRealistic/probable answer