nur 2073_env.hygiene 1

8/6/2019 NUR 2073_env.hygiene 1

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, the student shall be able to:

1. Define environmental hygiene.

2. State briefly evolution of Public Health in

healthcare system.

3. Discuss environmental conditions that affect the wellbeing of people.

4. Describe the role of environmental healthcare

providers in promoting good hygiene in the

community.

5. State the environmental health indicators used to

establish measures for key environmental issues.


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Introduction


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21 st Century Health Challenges:

Can we all become healthy, wealthy, and wise ?

Dr. J. Koplan Director CDC 2000 A person born in 1900 could expect to live, on the average,

to the age of 45.

Today, life expectancy is nearly 80 years.

Of the 35 years of lifespan we have gained, about 5 havebeen attributed to advances in clinical medicine, and the

other 30 years to improvements in sanitation, health

education, the development of effective vaccines, and other

Public Health advances.

The retreat of the great lethal diseases was due, more tourban improvements, superior nutrition and Public Health

than to curative medicine.


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Historical Aspects ( Pioneers of Hygiene and

Public Health )


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Johann Peter Frank

17451821

German physician:

- stress the importance of proper hygiene when plague and excrement

dumped on streets was a common sight in Europe's cities

- promotion of the smallpox inoculation, was able to vaccinate with

Edward Jenner's cowpox derived immunization during the 1800

smallpox epidemic

- A pioneer to the public health reformation - with topics such as

premarital sex education, suitable clothing for women, and protection

and care of illegitimate children


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Systematic analysis of the health situation of labouring and

poor people

By his advocacy creation of Legal Framework: "The Public

Health Act"

"The Sanitary Revolution"

Sir Edwin Chadwick

(18001890)


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John Snow ( 1815-1858)


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Systematic Analysis of the epidemiology of

Cholera in London Demonstrating water transmission of the

cholera only by epidemiological methods

John Snow ( 1815-1858)


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Max von

Pettenkofer(18811901)


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Florence Nightingale

18201910


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Florence Nightingale

Value of basic training in nursing care

In Crimean war evidence by surveillance methods

of the importance of nosocomial infections and the

tremendous efficacy of hygiene in reducing

hospital infections

Implementation of hygiene in nursing care and

domestic hygiene

Hygiene aspects in hospital planning and buildingand in organisation of the hospital


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Louis Pasteur

(18221895)


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Louis Pasteur

(18221895)

Scientific evidence of the role of microorganisms

for perishable food

Food preservation by heat ( pasteurisation)

Influencing the introduction of antisepsis in

surgery ( by Joseph Lister)

Introduction of methods to produce vaccines Scientific schools and network of Pasteur

Institutes


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Robert Koch1843-1910

After Kochs proposal to install water filtration there was a sharp

and immediate decrease of child under 5 mortality rate to 2 % in

1893.


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Robert Koch 1843-1910

Scientific evidence of the causative role of a

range of pathogens for deadly infections (e.g.

anthrax, TB, cholera )

Basic methods for isolating microorganisms inclinical material and in the environment (water,

air, soil, food)

Evidence of water as vehicle of cholera and

typhoid fever by bacteriological methods


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Robert Koch 1843-1910

Microbiological indicators for water quality and

the effectiveness of filtration in reducing not only

cholera but also child mortality

Network of Hygiene and BacteriologicalInstitutes for Health protection

Evidence based criteria for infection prevention,

control and legislation combined with a

tremendous influence on policy of Public Health


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Environmental Hygiene

The environment is an epidemiological term that

refers to the surroundings, which may be

described as physical, biological and socio-

economic Physical or inanimate environment includes

geologic, geographic or climatic features;

Animate or biological includes trees, grasses,

flowers, animals as well as pathogenic parasites


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Socio-economic environment is comprised of a

variety of elements, including the relationship of

people to other people

Hygiene is the science of health, its preservation

and the prevention of disease, the practice of

measures designed to attain and preserve

health.


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Environmental hygiene refers to activities aimed

at improving or maintaining the standard of basicenvironmental conditions affecting the well being

of people.


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These conditions include:

(1) clean and safe water supply

(2) clean and safe ambient air

(3) efficient and safe animal, human, and industrial waste

disposal

(4) protection of food from biological and chemical

contaminants, and

(5) adequate housing in clean and safe surroundings.


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Difference between occupational hygiene,

industrial hygiene and environmental hygiene:

- Occupational hygiene is practiced hygiene

within workplaces,

- Industrial hygiene is practiced hygiene within

industries,

- While environmental hygiene is practiced

hygiene in the community, or general population.


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Factors that influence health

Many factors influence health and some may have

both good and bad influences.

For example, surface water bodies can bebeneficial as they can supply water for domesticand agricultural work, may be used for fishingand recreation, and can create a pleasantenvironment.


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However, they can also be breeding areas forinsects and snails that transmit diseases such asmalaria, and dengue fever.

Pollution of water bodies by humans alsoincreases the risks to health.


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Factors that influence health can be grouped

as follows:

the environment

the awareness of individuals and communities

about health

personal hygiene

health care

disease


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Environment

The environment includes both the physicalenvironment we live in and the social fabric of the

community, and both significantly influence health.

The physical environment plays an important role

in many ways. A clean environment helps preventthe spread of disease and may reduce depression.

Example??

-

-

Equally important are the home and social

environments. Example???


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Awareness of health issues

The awareness of individuals about health is

fundamental to promoting a healthier village.

If people do not understand the causes of ill-

health and how they can improve their health

they cannot make decisions about investing

resources and time to improve their community,

or about lobbying for outside assistance.


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Such awareness should be developed in all

areas that influence health because the different

influences are often interrelated.

Unless people accept that they need animproved environment, better personal hygiene

and better access to adequate health care,

investments aimed at improving health may

have only limited impact.


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It is also essential that community members are

aware that improvements in their environment or

hygiene need to be sustained to achieve long-

term improvements in their health.

Both community leaders and governments play

important roles in developing this awareness.



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Personal hygiene

Personal hygiene is essential both for improving

health

For example, if injuries and minor cuts are not kept

clean, they may become infected and lead tofurther health problems.


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Personal hygiene

And even though water supplies and sanitation

facilities may be constructed in a community,

unless people use these facilities properly and

wash their hands after defecation, store watersafely, bathe, and clean clothes and utensils

properly, diseases caused by poor water and

sanitation may still exist.


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Health care

All people suffer from disease at some point in their lives

and may need to seek medical advice and treatment.

Small children in particular may be prone to illnessesthat require treatment and there are several infectious

diseases for which immunisation is recommended (which

should be carried out or supervised by trained medical

staff).


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Health care

In all cases, the health outcomes are profoundly affected

by whether health care facilities are available to the

people. Community leaders should therefore lobby national and

regional service providers to locate health care facilities

as close to communities as possible and preferably

within the community itself.


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References Nies, M.A. (2007). Community / Public Health Nursing.

(4th ed). Saunders Elsevier

Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2005). Foundations ofNursing in the Community: Community-OrientedPractice. (2nd ed). Mosby Elsevier

nur 2073_env.hygiene 1

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