nurs 410 (ch1-10 vocab)
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
1/12
Community Health NursingVocabulary Chapters 110
Chapter 1: Community-Oriented Nursing and Community-Based Nursing
Aggregate A population group
AssessmentSystematic data collection about a population; includingmonitoring populations health status and providinginformation about the health of the community
AssuranceThe public health role of making sure that essentialcommunity oriented health services are available
CommunityPeople and relationships that emerge among them as theydevelop and use in common some agencies and institutions
and share a physical environment
Community-basedOccurs outside an institution; services are provided toindividuals and families in a community
Community-based nursingProvision of acute care and care for chronic health
problems to individuals and families in the community
Community health nursingNursing practice in the community with the primary focuson the healthcare of individuals, families and groups in acommunity; preserve, protect, promote or maintain health
Community-oriented nursingNursing in which the primary focus is the care of thecommunity or a population of individuals, families and
groups
Community-oriented practice
Broader scope than community-based practice; the nurseprovides healthcare after doing a community diagnosis todetermine what conditions need to be altered so thatindividuals, families and groups in the community to stay
healthy
Policy developmentProviding leadership in developing policies that support thehealth of the population
PopulationA collection of people who share one or more personal orenvironmental characteristics
Population-focusedEmphasizes populations who live in a community
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
2/12
Population-focused practiceThe core of public health, a practice that emphasizes health
protection, health promotion and disease prevention of a
population
Primary health care servicesBoth primary care and public health services that aredesigned to meet the basic needs of people in communities
at an affordable cost
Public health
Community efforts designed to prevent disease and
promote health; it can be what members of society docollectively to ensure conditions that support health
Public health core functionsThese include assessment, policy development andassurance
Public health nursingSpecialty of nursing that synthesizes nursing, social and
public health sciences to provide care to populations
Secondary health servicesServices designed to detect and treat disease in the early
acute stage
Subpopulations Subsets of population who share similar characteristics
Tertiary health care servicesServices designed to limit the progression of disease or
disability
Chapter 2: The History of Public and Community Health and Nursing
American Association of Colleges of Nursing Baccalaureate and higher degree nursing educationprograms that join together to serve as a national voice
American Nurses AssociationNational association for registered nurses in the UnitedStates
American Public Health AssociationNational organization facilitates interdisciplinary efforts
and promotes public health
American Red Cross
National organization that seeks to reduce human sufferingthrough health, safety and disaster-relief programs in
affiliation with the International Committee of the Red
Cross
District nursingSystem in public health nursing in which a nurse wasassigned to a geographic district in a town to provide a
variety of health services for its residents
Frontier Nursing ServiceMary Breckinridge, outpost centers throughout themountain areas in Kentucky to provide midwifery andnursing, medical and dental care
Instructive district nursingEarly term for visiting nursing; began in Boston
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
3/12
National League for Nursing
National nursing organization established nurse trainingstandards and promoted collegial relations among nurses
Official health agenciesAgencies operated by state or local governments to providea wide range of public health services, includingcommunity and public health nursing services
Settlement houses Neighborhood centers providing social and health services
Shattuck ReportFirst attempt to describe a model approach to the
organization of public health
Social Security Act of 1935Enacted to protect the health of people and included funds
for education and enjoyment of public health services
Visiting nurse association Agencies staffed by nurses who provide care for patientsand families most often in the home
Visiting nursesNurses who provide care wherever the client may behome, work or school
Lillian WaldFirst public health nurse in the United States; founder of the
Henry Street Settlement
Chapter 3: The U.S. Health and Public Health Care Systems
Advanced-practice nursingNurses who hold a graduate preparation in a nursingspecialty area
Community participationInvolvement of members of the community in decisionmaking and planning for meeting their needs
Declaration of Alma-AtaSupport primary healthcare for all by 2000
Disease prevention
Activities that have as their goal the protection of people
from becoming ill because of actual or potential healththreats
Electronic medical recordClient safety-oriented system in which patient informationis digital, privacy protected and interchangeable
HealthState of complete physical, mental and social well-being;not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health promotionActivities that have as their goal the development of human
attitudes and behaviors that maintain or enhance well-being
Managed care
Integrated system for providing health care services in
which consumers must abide by certain rules designed toachieve cost savings
Root-cause analysis Technique for identifying prevention of error strategies and
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
4/12
developing a culture of safety
National Health Service CorpsCommissioned corps of health personnel who provide carein designated underserved areas
Primary care
Providing of integrated, accessible healthcare services byclinicians who are accountable for addressing a largemajority of personal health care needs, developing asustained partnership with patients and practicing in the
context of family and community
Primary health care
Combination of primary care and public healthcare made
universally accessible to individuals and families in acommunity, with their full participation and provided at acost that the community and country can afford
Public healthOrganized community efforts designed to prevent diseaseand promote health; links disciplines, builds on the scienceof epidemiology and focuses on the community
U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesFederal agency most heavily involved with health and
welfare
Chapter 4: Ethics in Community-Oriented Nursing Practice
Advocacy
Act of pleading for or supporting a course of action on
behalf of a person, group or community
Beneficence do good
BioethicsBranch of ethics that applies to ethical problems inhealthcare
Code of ethicsMoral standards that specify a professions values, goalsand obligations
Communitarianism
Maintains that abstract, universal principles are not an
adequate basis for moral decision making; history, traditionand concrete moral communities should be the basis
Consequentialism
Approach whereby the right action is the one that produces
the greatest amount of good or the least amount of evil in agiven situation
DeontologyBases moral obligation on duty and claims that actions areobligatory irrespective of the good or bad consequencesthat they produce; never treat someone as only a means
Distributive justice
Fair distribution of the benefits and burdens in society
based on the needs and contributions of its members;society must determine a minimal level of goods andservices to be available to its members
Ethical decision makingMaking decisions within an orderly framework thatconsiders context, ethical approaches and client values and
professional obligations
Ethical dilemmas
Puzzling moral problems in which a person, group or
community can envision morally justified reasons for bothtaking and not taking a certain course of action
Ethical issues Moral challenges
Ethics
Branch of philosophy that includes a body of knowledge
and a process of reflection for determining what persons
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
5/12
ought to do or be, regarding this life; speaks to the moralityof life
Ethics of careBelief in morality of responsibility in relationships thatemphasize connection and caring
Feminist ethics
Critique of classical ethical theories developed by men andwomen about the social, cultural, political, economic,
environmental and professional contexts that oppresswomen as individuals
FeministWomen and men that hold a worldview of advocatingeconomic, social and political status of women as equal tothat of men
Moral distressUncomfortable state of self when one is unable to actethically
MoralityShared and generational societal norms about what
constitutes right and wrong
Nonmaleficence do no harm
PrinciplismProblem solving using the principles of respect forautonomy, beneficence, nomaleficence, justice as the basisfor organization and analysis
Respect for autonomyBased on human dignity and respect for individuals thatallows them to choose the actions and goals that fulfill theirlife plans unless they result in harm to another
Utilitarianism
Ethical theory based on weighing of morally significantoutcomes or consequences regarding the overallmaximizing of good and minimizing of harm for the
greatest number of people
Values
Beliefs about the shared worth or importance of what is
desired or esteemed in a society
Virtue ethics What kind of person should I be?
VirtuesAcquired traits of character that dispose humans to act in
accord with their natural good
Chapter 5: Cultural Influences in Nursing in Community Health
Cultural awarenessAppreciation of and sensitivity to a clients values, beliefs,
practices, lifestyle and problem-solving strategies
Cultural blindnessWhen differences between cultures are ignored and personsact as though these differences do not exist
Cultural brokering
Advocating, mediating, negotiating and intervening
between the clients culture and the biomedical healthcareculture on behalf of your client
Cultural competenceInterplay of factors that motivates a person to developknowledge, skill and the ability to care for others
Cultural conflict
Perceived threat that may arise from a misunderstanding of
expectations between clients and nurses when neither is
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
6/12
aware of their cultural differences
Cultural desire Intrinsic motivation to provide culturally competent care
Cultural encounter Interaction with client related to all aspects of life
Cultural imposition Process of imposing ones values on others
Cultural knowledgeInformation necessary to provide nurses with anunderstanding of organizational elements of cultures and to
provide effective nursing care
Cultural nursing assessment
A systematic way to identify the beliefs, values, meaningsand behaviors of people while considering their history, lifeexperiences and the social and physical environments inwhich they live
Cultural preservationUse by clients of those aspects of their culture that promotehealthy behaviors
Cultural shock
Feeling of helplessness, discomfort and disorientationexperienced by an individual attempting to understand oreffectively adapt to another cultural group that differs in
practices, values, and beliefs
Cultural skillEffective integration of cultural knowledge and awarenessto meet the needs of the client
CultureThe learned ways of behaving that are communicated byone group to another to provide tested solutions to vital
problems
Environmental controlAbility of individuals to control nature and to influencefactors in the environment that affect them
Ethnicity Shared feeling of peoplehood among a group of individuals
Ethnocentrism Ones own group or culture is superior to others
Immigrants People who come into a new country in order to settle there
Nonverbal communicationUse of body language or gestures to convey informationthat cannot or may not be indicated verbally
PrejudiceEmotional manifestation of deeply held feelings about othergroups
RaceBiological designation whereby group members sharedistinguishing features
RacismForm of prejudice that refers to the belief that persons whoare born into certain groups are inferior in intelligence,
morals, beauty and self-worth
Social organizationThe way in which a cultural group structures itself aroundthe family to carry out role functions
SpacePhysical distance between individuals during an interaction
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
7/12
StereotypingBasis for ascribing certain beliefs and behaviors about agroup to an individual without giving adequate attention to
individual differences
TimeRefers to past, present, and future times as well as durationof and period between events
Verbal communicationUse of language in the form of words within a grammatical
structure to express ideas and feelings to describe objects
Chapter 6: Environmental Health
AgentCausative factor invading a susceptible host through anenvironment favorable to produce disease
Compliance Process for ensuring that permitting requirements are met
Consumer confidence report (CCR)Provision that required all community water systemsdeliver a brief annual water report to their consumers
EnforcementOccurs when formal actions are taken to controlenvironmental damage
Environment
All factors internal and external to the client that constitutethe context in which the client lives and that influence and
are influenced by agent-host interactions; all conditionsaffecting life
Environmental epidemiologyStudy of effect on human health of physical, chemical and
biological factors in the external environment
Environmental justiceEqual protection from environmental hazards forindividuals, groups or communities
Environmental standardsNorms that impose limits on the amount of pollutants or
emissions produced
Epidemiologic triangle Infectious agenthostenvironment
EpidemiologyScience that explains the strength of human association
between exposures and health effects in human populations
HostA living human or animal organism in which an infectionsagent can exist under natural conditions
Indoor air quality Measure of breathable air inside a habitable structure
Methyl mercury Organic form of mercury that is highly toxic to humans
MonitoringPeriodic or continuous surveillance or testing to determinelevel of compliance with statutory requirements and/or
pollutant levels
Diffuse pollution source, without a single point of origin
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
8/12
Nonpoint source
Permitting First step in the process of controlling pollution
Persistent bioaccumulative toxinsHighly toxic, long lasting substances that can build up inthe food chain to levels that are harmful to human health
and cause environmental harm
Persistent organic pollutants
Toxic substances composed of organic chemical
compounds and mixtures, bi-products of industrialprocesses
Point-sourceStationary location or fixed facility from which pollutantsare discharged
Right to know
Right of citizens to have direct access to information aboutissues of environmental concern such as information onquality of drinking water, food additive usage and chemical
use in the workplace and community
Risk assessment
Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to
human health and/or environment by the actual or potential
presence of specific pollutans
Risk communicationExchange of information about health or environmentalrisks among general public, risk assessors, news media andinterest groups
ToxicologyBasic science that studies health effects associated withchemical exposures
Chapter 7: Government, the Law and Policy Activism
Advanced practice nurses
Nurses with advanced education beyond the baccalaureate
degree who are prepared to manage and deliver health careservices to individuals, families, groups and communitiesand populations
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Division of the USDHHS whose mission is to supportresearch designed to improve the outcomes and quality ofhealthcare, reduce its costs, address patient safety andmedical errors and broaden access to services
American Nurses AssociationNational professional association of registered nurses in theUnited States
Block grants
Predetermined amount of money based on previous
spending and availability of funds that is given to a state bythe federal government for designated purposes
Board of nursingGroup created in each state by legislation known as a statenurse practice act, writing explicit statements regarding
nursing and nursing practice
Categorical programs/funding
Federal, state or local funds used to conduct a specific
program such as a tuberculosis screening, HIV/AIDS homecare or prenatal care; cannot be used for any other funding
Constitutional lawBranch of law dealing with the organization and function ofa government
Devolution
Process of shifting, planning, delivering and financing
responsibility for programs from the federal to the statelevel
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
9/12
Health policy Public policy that affects health and health services; optionsfrom which individuals and organizations make theirhealth-related choices made within a political context
Judicial lawLaw based on court or jury decisions
LegislationBills introduced by Congress for establishing laws that
direct policy
Legislative staff
Individual or groups of individuals who perform duties
such as research and writing, help legislator move policyideas through the legislative process into law
LicensureLegal sanction to practice a profession after attaining theminimum degree of competence to ensure protection of
public health safety
National Institute of Nursing ResearchOne of the NIH charged with promoting the growth andquality of research in nursing
Nurse practice act State law that governs the practice of nursing
OSHA Federal agency charged with improving worker health andsafety by establishing standards and regulations and byeducating workers
Office of Homeland SecurityOffice of the executive branch designed to protect citizens
from terrorist threats or attacks including bioterrorism
Police powerStates power to act to protect the health, safety and welfareof their citizens
PolicySettled course of action to be followed by a government or
institution to obtain a desired end
PoliticsThe art of influencing others to accept a specific course ofaction
RegulationsSpecific statements of law that relate to and clarifyindividual pieces of legislation
USDHHSRegulatory agency of the executive branch of governmentcharged with overseeing the health and welfare needs of the
U.S. citizens
World Health OrganizationArm of the United Nations that provides worldwide
services to promote health
Chapter 8: Economic Influences
CapitationPayment system whereby one fee is charged the client to
pay for all services received or needed
Covered livesPersons enrolled in a healthcare plan who are eligible forservices under that plan
Diagnosis-related groupsPatient classification scheme that defines 468 illnesscategories and the corresponding healthcare services thatare reimbursable under Medicare
Social science concerned with the problems of using or
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
10/12
Economics administering scarce resources n the most efficient way to
attain maximum fulfillment of societys unlimited wants
EffectivenessMeasure of an organizations performance as comparedwith its philosophy, goals, and objectives
EfficiencyProcess of meeting goals in a way that minimizes costs andmaximizes benefits
EnablingAct of shielding or preventing the addict from experiencing
the consequences of the addiction
Fee-for-service
List of health care services with monetary or unit values
attached that specifies the amounts third parties must payfor services
Gross domestic productStatistical measure used to compare health care spendingamong countries
Health care rationingMethod to reduce health care costs by controlling the use ofhealth care services and technologies
Health economics
Branch of economics concerned with the problems of
producing and distributing the health care resources of thenation in a way that provides maximum benefit to the mostpeople
Human capitalMeasure of macroeconomic theory that involves improvinghuman qualities such as health and is a focus for developingand spending money on goods and services
InflationA sustained upward trend in the prices of goods andservices
IntensityThe use of technologies, supplies, and health care services
by or for the client
Managed careMethod of organizing a number of different health careservices together along a continuum of care,
Means testingMethod used to assess whether a clients income levelqualifies him or her for Medicare and/or Medicaid
Medicaid
Jointly sponsored state and federal program that pays for
medical services for the aged, poor, blind, disabled andfamilies with dependent children
Medical technologyThe set of techniques, drugs, equipment and proceduresused by health care professions in the delivery of medicalcare to individuals
MedicareFederally funded health insurance program for the elderly
and disabled and persons with end-stage renal disease
Public health economicsFocuses on producing, distributing and consuming of goodsand services as related to public health
Method of payment to an agency based on units of services
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
11/12
Retrospective reimbursement delivered
Return on investmentImproved health outcomes as a result of the resources
provided for a program or intervention
Safety net providersThose community providers that offer services to theuninsured and underinsured
Third-party payersReimbursement made to healthcare providers by an agency
other than the client
Chapter 9: Epidemiologic Applications
Prevalence proportion Measure of existing disease in a population at a given time
Primary preventionType of intervention that seeks to promote health and
prevent disease from the beginning
ProportionType of ratio in which the denominator includes thenumerator
Proportionate mortality ratio Proportion of all deaths due to a specific cause
RateMeasure of frequency of a health event in a defined
population during a specified period
Reliability
Precision, stability, agreement or replicability of a
measuring instrument when repeatedly used; indication ofconsistency
ScreeningApplication of a test to people who are as yet asymptomaticfor the purpose of classfying them with respect to their
likelihood of developing a particular disease
Secondary prevention
Intervention that seeks to detect disease early in itsprogression before clinical signs and symptoms becomeapparent in order to make an early diagnosis and begin
treatment
Secular trends Long-term patterns of morbidity or mortality
SensitivityThe extent to which a test identifies those individuals who
have the condition being examined
SpecificityExtent to which a test identifies those individuals who donot have the disease or condition being examined
SurveillanceSystematic and ongoing observation and collection of dataconcerning disease occurrence in order to describe
phenomena and detect changes in frequency or distribution
Tertiary prevention
Intervention that begins once the disease is obvious; aim is
to interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount ofdisability that might occur and begin rehabilitation
ValidityAccuracy of a test or measurement, how closely it measures
what it claims to measure
Complex interrelations of factors interacting with each
-
8/13/2019 Nurs 410 (Ch1-10 Vocab)
12/12
Web of casuality other to influence the risk for or distribution of healthoutcomes
Chapter 10: Evidence-Based Practice
Evidence-based medicineBeing aware of the evidence on which ones practice is
based, the soundness of the evidence and the strength ofinference the evidence permits
Evidence-based nursingIntegration of the best evidence available, nursing expertiseand the values and preferences of the individuals, familiesand communities who are served
Evidence-based practice
Includes the best available evidence from a variety of thesources, including research studies, evidence from nursing
experience and expertise and evidence from the communityleaders
Evidence-based public healthInformed, explicit and judicious use of evidence that has
been derived from any variety of science and social scienceresearch and evaluation methods
Grading the strength of evidenceDetermining the quality, quantity and consistency ofresearch studies in order to make recommendations for
practice
Meta-analysis
Specific method of statistical synthesis used in some
systematic reviews in which the results from several studiesare quantitatively combined and summarized
Randomized controlled trialGenerally ranks as the highest level of evidence followed
by other randomized-controlled trials
Research utilizationThe process of transforming research knowledge into
practice and the use of research to guide clinical practice
Systematic reviewSummary of research evidence that relates to a specificquestion and to the effects of an intervention