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Lost And Found

M edieval Europe


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The collapse of the Roman Empire resulted toa disruption and destruction in the socio-politicaland economic order. Europe was plunged into thedark ages . This chapter presents westerncivilization in the medieval and renaissance period.


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The ChurchIn times of uncertainties and troubles, the people turned to the church for guidance.

The church did everything it can to help those in need.

For nearly 200 yrs, the church called upon armies of Christian nation on the series of religious military campaigns known as the Crusades. The mission of thecrusades is to recapture the Holy Land of Jerusalem from Muslim control.

Not only were the churches built throughout Europe, but monasteries where alsobuilt to serve the monks. The monks devoted their secluded life to prayers,studies, and religious works.

The Great Schism in 1054 split the church into the Roman Catholic Church and theGreek Orthodox Church. This happens when Pope Leo IX of the Church in Romeand Patriarch Michael I of the Church in Constantinople excommunicate eachother in dispute over authority and supremacy over Christian Church.

The protestant Reformation movement led by former Augustinian monk, MartinLuther caused the further division of the church when it sought to criticize andreform the corrupted doctrine and prevalent corrupt practices at htat time insidethe Catholic Church. Over the years, many other independent churches werefounded due to doctrinal differences and authority issues.


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FeudalismThe fall of Rome left the territories of its empire open to anyone for the taking.

Barbarian invaders and ambitious conquerors disrupted the livelihood of thepeople and threatened their lives and properties.

The feudal system is an arrangement of mutual relationships, obligations, andbenefits base on land ownership.

Small landowners who lived in constant fear sought the protection of powerfulnoble landlords. In return, the small landowners become peasants whocontributed what they have to their lord 'protector. Those w/o land becameserfs who worked for the landlords in order to receive accommodation in themanor which is the land where the landlord lives.

Nobles also sought alliances by becoming vassal. A vassal is someone who receivea fief or land grant under commitment of loyalty and obligation to lend theirarmy and extend war assistance to their lord.

The soldiers in the army where called knights who where clad in heavy bodyarmour and followed a code of chivalry. They undergo trainings in combat and

horse back riding and went through stages of investiture to knighthood.


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EconomyThe economic recovery of Europe followed with

the restoration of peace, stability andagricultural advances. This agriculturaladnvances included the invention of the horseshoe and horse harness in order to use horseseffectively to do farm work. Other innovationsincluded the introduction of heavier wheeled-

plows and crop rotation.As new lands where cleared for farming , new

towns also appeared. The advances made inagriculture resulted in attainment of surplus inagricultural production. The increase


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Beliefs and Health care

Medieval science progress slowly so many people live in superstition andignorance believing in imaginary creatures, unseen forces and magic.Alchemy was practiced in the attempt to transform certain metals intogold.

Disease or illness that could not be cured by physician were seen as doings of demons and witches. Those suspected of witchcraft were hunted downand burned to death. Affliction from a disease was seen as a sign of impurity or sin; a curse or a punishment from God.

Medical procedures were more dangerous than the patients life already indanger. Pain was delivered by inflicting more pain. Medical treatmentusually aggravates an already serious condition.


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Literature

The bulk of religious and academic literary works of that time were written inLatin and came mostly from anonymous writers. A few other names wrotein their vernacular. Some of the notable writers of this period are:

1). Saint Ausgutine- The Bishop of Hippo( now in modern Algeria) who isknown for his autobiographical book Confessiones (Confessions).

2). Saint Thomas Aquinas- An Italian Dominican Priest who is known for hisbook Summa Theologiae (Summary Treatise of Theology).

3.) Dante Alighieri- an Italian poet who is known fir his epic poem La DivinaCommedia (Divine Comedy).

4.) Geoffrey Chaucer- an English poet and author who is known for book TheCanterbury Tales .

5.) Francesco Petrarca- An Italian Poet who is considered as the Father of Humanism and is known for his collection of poems Canzoniere .


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The dominant theme of non- religious literary writings at time was courtlylove which originated in France and popularized by troubadours ortravelling minstrels singing stories. Courtly Love is an idealized and illicitform of love between a knight or a noble man and a married noblewoman.

Four Elements characterized Courtly Love:1.) Aristocratic- it involved characters of nobility. Its setting was the royal

place or court.2.) Ritualistic- it involved chivalry, romantic courtship and gestures of

affection and admiration.3.) Secracy- it involved a secret mutual understanding between the lovers and

sometimes known only to confidence.

4.) Adultery- it involved an extramarital affair which offers thrill and an escapefrom the dull routines and boring confinements of noble marriage.

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