nus.soc.cs5248-2010 roger zimmermann project stream h.264 (mpeg-4/avc) via rtp

NUS.SOC.CS5248-2010Roger Zimmermann

Project

Stream H.264 (MPEG-4/AVC) via RTP


Goals (1)

Encode video into streamable H.264 format.

Modify the yimasplit utility, which creates data blocks containing pre-computed RTP packets with appropriate RTP headers.

Use the Yima Personal Edition (Yima PE) streaming media server code.


Goals (2)

Server reads data blocks, schedules and sends out RTP packets.

QuickTime (QT) client decompresses and plays video.

Display video with QT client in SecondLife.


Project Homepage

DescriptionsYima Personal Edition Source CodeDocumentation (RFCs, etc.) IVLE ForumsTA: Beomjoo Seo


Advice

Form team (1 or 2 persons).Note: The Yima PE source code is not

very well documented.Start early!


Introduction to Yima PE

Personal Edition Streaming Media System


Overview

Command line server

GUI client “Split” utility to

prepare media files

RTSP communication (port 55554)

# ./yimaserver<YimaPE 1.0> begin scheduler <YimaPE 1.0> begin rtsps


Software Source

DirectoriesServer Server codeClient Client code and GUI librarySplitter Media preparation utilityStreams Sample media (WAV file)

Remove all object files (*.o) before building the executables


Yima PE Server

RTSP front and backend (one process)Scheduler + FLIB (one process)Qpthread v1.3.1 library for multi-

threading

Must set LP_LIBRARY_PATH to include Qpthread

Server configuration file: config Where are the media files located Name, size [bytes] and duration [sec]


Splitter

Input: yimaintro.wav (for example)Output: BLOCKS sub-directory

Data block files: yimaintro.wav_1, yimaintro.wav_2, …

Each block is 256,000 bytes and contains 500 RTP packets (of 512 bytes each)

A sample config file is created; must copy contents to the main config file


Server + Splitter

Server does not care about block contents, i.e., it does not know what kind of media data is stored (MPEG-1/2, WAVE, …)

Server sends RTP packets based on config info: BW = size / duration Packet-level scheduling

Need only modify splitter for MP3 media!


Client

Operation: [List] button: reads media

entries from local Yima.cfg file [Play], [Pause], [Stop] buttons execute

RTSP commands to serverGUI was built with XForms library; it is

message-driven, with callback functions for buttons, etc.


Client Structure

3 threadsState

machineGUI“C”

Player“P”

Network“N”

/dev/dsp

Buffer

RTP

RTSP

CommandMessageQueues, e.g.,put_cmd(CtoN, …);

Continuous Media Servers

Introduction Continuous Media Magnetic Disk Drives Display of CM (single disk, multi-disks ) Optimization Techniques Additional Issues Case Study (Yima)

What is a CM Server?

Storage Manager

NetworkNetwork

Memory

Multiple streams of audio and video should be delivered to many users simultaneously.

Some Applications

Video-on-demand News-on-demand News-editing Movie-editing Interactive TV Digital libraries Distance Learning

Medical databases NASA databases

Continuous Display Data should be

transferred from the storage device to the memory (or display) at a pre-specified rate.

Otherwise: frequent disruptions & delays, termed hiccups.

NTSC quality: 270 Mb/s uncompressed; 3-8 Mb/s compressed (MPEG-2).

Memory

Disk

Challenge: Real-Time Media

010

2030

405060

708090

100

Mb/s

Bandwidth requirements for different media types:

1 Mb/s4-6 Mb/s

31 Mb/s

50 Mb/s

20 Mb/s

100 Mb/s

High Bandwidth & Large Size

HDTV quality ~ 1.4 Gb/sUncompressed!Standard: SMPTE 292M

2-hr HDTV ~ 1260 GB

Access Time Transfer Rate Cost / Megabyte

Memory 1 ~ 5 ns > 1 GB/s ~ $0.1

Disk 5 ~ 20 ms < 40 MB/s < $0.005

Optical 100 ~ 300 ms < 5 MB/s < $0.002

Tape sec ~ min < 10 MB/s < $0.001

Streaming Media Servers Streaming media servers require a different “engine”

than traditional databases because of: Real-time retrieval and storage Large media objects

The performance metrics for streaming media servers are: The number of simultaneous displays: throughput N The amount of time that elapses until a display

starts: startup latency L The overall cost of the system: cost per stream, C

Media Types Examples of continuous media are:

Audio Video Haptics

Continuous media are often compressed. There are many different compression algorithms, for example: Motion Picture Experts Group: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 Joint Photographic Expert Group: Motion-JPEG Digital Video: DV, MiniDV Microsoft Video 9, DivX, … MP3: MPEG-1 layer 3 audio Above codecs are based on

discrete cosine transform (DCT)

Others:– Wavelet-based codecs– Lossless compression

Compression

MPEG-1 180:1 reduction in both size and bandwidth requirement (SMPTE 259M, NTSC 270 Mb/s is reduced to 1.5 Mb/s).

MPEG-2 30:1 to 60:1 reduction.(NTSC ~ 4, DVD ~ 8, HDTV ~ 20 Mb/s)

Problem: loose information(cannot be tolerated by some applications: medical, NASA)

Media Characteristics Data requires a specific bandwidth:

Constant bitrate (CBR) CM

Variable bitrate (VBR) CM

Easier case: CBR

Data is partitioned into equi-sized blocks which represent a certain display time of the media

E.g.: 176,400 bytes represent 1 second of playtime for CD audio (44,100 samples per second, stereo, 16-bits per sample)

Assumed Hardware Platform Multiple magnetic disk

drives: Not too expensive

(as compared to RAM) Not too slow

(as compared to tape) Not too small

(as compared to CD-ROM) And it’s already everywhere!

Memory

Magnetic Disk Drives An electro-mechanical random access storage device Magnetic head(s) read and write data from/to the disk

Disk Drive Internals

Disk Device Comparison

Disk Seek Characteristic

)(

)(

43

21

dcc

dccSeekT

If d < z cylinders

If d >= z cylinders

rpmT ncyAvgRotLate

sec60

2

1

Disk Seek Time Model

Disk Service Time

The disk service time is dependent on several factors:

Seek time Platter diameter (e.g.,

3.5”, 2.5”, 1”) Rotational latency

Spindle speed Data transfer time

Zone-bit recording Read versus write

bandwidth

SeekncyAvgRotLateTransferService TTTT

ServiceEffective T

BBW

– TTransfer: data transfer time [s]

– TAvgRotLatency: average rotational latency [s]

– TService: service time [s]

– B: block size [MB]

– BWEffective: effective bandwidth [MB/s]

MaxTransfer BW

BT

Disk Service Time Model

Data Retrieval Overhead

B 1 KB 10 KB 100 KB 1 MB 10 MB

BWEffective 0.076 MB/s

0.74 MB/s

5.55 MB/s

15.87 MB/s

19.49 MB/s

0.38% 3.7% 27.8% 79.4% 97.5%

• Assumptions:

– TSeek = 10 ms

– BWMax = 20 MB/s

– Spindle speed: 10,000 rpm

SeekMax

Effective

TrpmBW

BB

BW

sec30

Sample Calculations

Summary

Average rotational latency depends on the spindle speed of the disk platters (rpm).

Seek time is a non-linear function of the number of cylinders traversed.

Average rotational latency + seek time = overhead (wasteful).

Average rotational latency and seek time reduce the maximum bandwidth of a disk drive to the effective bandwidth

Traditional production/consumption problem RC = Consumption Rate, e.g., MPEG-1: 1.5 Mb/s. RD = Production Rate, Seagate Cheetah X15: 40-55 MB/s. For now: RC < RD Partition video X into n blocks: X1, X2, ..., Xn

(to reduce the buffer requirement)

X2 X3X1Retrievefrom disk

Displayfrom memory

Display X1 Display X2 Display X3

Time

Continuous Display (1 disk)

Time period: time to display a block (is fixed). System Throughput (N): number of streams. Assuming random assignment of the blocks:

Maximum seek time between block retrievals Waste of disk bandwidth ==> lower throughput Tp=?, N=?, Memory=?, max-latency=?

X2 X3X1

Displayfrom Memory

Display X1 Display X2 Display X3

Retrievefrom Disk

Y3 Y4 Y5

Display Y3 Display Y4 Display Y5

See

k T

ime

Time

Round-robin Display

Using disk scheduling techniques Less seek time ==> Less disk bandwidth waste ==>

Higher throughput

Larger buffer requirement Tp=?, N=?, Memory=?, max-latency=?

X2 X3X1

Displayfrom Memory

Display X1, Y3, Z5

Retrievefrom Disk

Z5Y3 Z6 Y4 Z7Y5

Display X2, Y4, Z6

Time

Cycle-based Display

Group Sweeping Schema (GSS)

Can shuffle order of blocks retrievals within a group Cannot shuffle the order of groups GSS when g=1 is cycle-based GSS when g=N is round-robin Optimal value of g can be determined to minimize memory buffer

requirements Tp=?, N=?, Memory=?, max-latency=?

X2 X3X1

Display X1, W1

Z5Y3 Z6 Y4 Z7 Y5

Display X2, W2

W1 W2 W3

Subcycle 1 Subcycle 2

Group 1 Group 2

System Issues Movie is cut into equi-sized blocks: X0, X1, …, Xn-1. Time required to display one block is called time period Tp. Note: Tp is usually longer than the disk retrieval time of a block;

this allows multiplexing of a disk among different displays.

X0

X0

X0

X1

X1

X1

X2

X2

X0 X1 X2

ServerRetrievalNetwork

Buffer

Display

Time

Time period

Buffer empty

Hiccup

Constrained Data Placement Partition the disk into R

regions. During each time period

only blocks reside in the same region are retrieved.

Maximum seek time is reduced almost by a factor of R.

Introduce startup latency time Tp=?, N=?, Memory=?,

max-latency=?

Hybrid

For the blocks retrieved within a region, use GSS schema. This is the most general approach;

Tp=?, N=?, Memory=?, max-latency=? By varying R and g all the possible display techniques can

be achieved. Round-robin (R=1, g=N). Cycle-based (R=1, g=1). Constrained placement (R>0, g=1), ... A configuration planner calculates the optimal values of R &

g for certain application.

Mix of media types: different RC’s: audio, video;e.g.: Rc(Y) < Rc(X) < Rc(Z)

Different block sizes: Rc(X)/B(X)=Rc(Y)/B(Y)= ...

Display time of a block (time period) is still fixed.

X2 X3X1

Displayfrom Memory

Display X1, Y3, Z5

Retrievefrom Disk

Z5Y3

Display X2, Y4, Z6

Z6 Y4 Z7Y5

Time

Display of Mix of Media

Multiple-disks

Single disk: even in the best case with 0 seek time, 240/1.5 = 160 MPEG-1 streams.

Typical applications (MOD): 1000’s of streams.

Solution: aggregate bandwidth and storage space of multiple disk drives.

How to place a video?

Memory

RAID Striping

All disks take part in the transmission of a block.

Can be conceptualized as a single disk.

Even distribution of display load.

Efficient admission. Is not scalable in

throughput.

d1 d2 d3

X1.1 X1.2 X1.3

X2.1 X2.2 X2.3

X1

Display

Tim

e

d1 d2 d3Retrieval Schedule

X1,Y1,W1,Z1

X2,Y2,W2,Z2

X3,Y3,W3,Z3

d1 d2 d3

X1 X2 X3Y1 Y2 Y3

Z3Z1 Z2

W1W2 W3

Only a single disk takes part in the transmission of each block.

Retrieval schedule Round-robin

retrieval of the blocks.

Even distribution of display load.

Efficient admission. Not scalable in

latency.

Round-robin Retrieval

Hybrid Striping Partition D disks into clusters of d disks. Each block is declustered across the d disks that constitute a

cluster (each cluster is a logical disk drive). RAID striping within a cluster. Round-robin retrieval across the clusters. RAID striping (d=D), Round-robin retrieval (d=1).

nus.soc.cs5248-2010 roger zimmermann project stream h.264 (mpeg-4/avc) via rtp

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