nutrient management in dairy farming; the dutch case · nutrient management in dairy farming; the...
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Koeien & Kansen is een samenwerkingsverband van 16 melkveehouders,
proefbedrijf De Marke, Wageningen UR en adviesdiensten. De resultaten vindt u op: www.koeienenkansen.nl
Nutrient management in dairy farming; the Dutch case
Koos Verloop, Frans Aarts
Dairy farming in the Netherlands
Production and farm size
Farm '00-'01 '02-'03 '04-'05 '06-'07 '08-'09 '10-'11
Milk production (Mg yr-1)
573 614 626 669 701 791
Size (ha)
44 47 49 52 53 56
Production intensity
(Mg milk ha-1)13 13.1 12.7 12.9 13.2 14.1
Grassland area (%)
83 83 82 85 84 85
Milking cows 77 81 82 84 89 99
Milk production cow
(Mg yr-1)7.4 7.6 7.6 7.9 7.9 8
2015?
Nutrient management; background
The society demands a clean environment
Environmental standards referring to N and P in the environment are a challenge for dairy farms
Can dairy farmers improve their farm management to meet N and P standards?
Environmental standards, a problem?
Since 50-ies
Strong increase in dairy production
High N en P inputs with feeds and fertilizers
High surpluses
Losses to the environment
Surplus
N: 470
P: 32
Farm
N: 568
P: 49
N: 81
P: 17
N, P: kg per ha
Research Cows & Opportunities;how to meet EU directed regulation
Nitrate directive
European water framework
NEC
Research of Cows and Opportunities;task
Experimental farm De Marke Explore possibilities to produce 12,000 kg milk/ha
without violating environmental targets
Cow and opportunities Test regulation
Improve mineral management on commercial farms to meet environmental targets
DM
Clay
Peat
Sand
loess
Experimental farm and pilot farmers
Targets of experimental farm De Marke
Common practice‘80-s
Target
Nitrogen Input 568 195Output 81 70Surplus 487 125Efficiency 14 36Phosphorus Input 49 13Output 17 13Surplus 32 0Efficiency 35 100
The N and P cycle as a frame for research...
Inputs and outputs via the farm gate
Partial transfer between sub systems of the farm
Losses
Herd
Manure
Soil
Crops
Abatement of losses...
Vee
Mest
Bodem
Gewas
StrategiesFinding and plugging leaks
Adjusting inputs
To function on a lower level of nutrient throughflow
Resulting inA higher farm nutrient use
efficiency
Lower emissions
Measures: integrated approach
Herd
Crops Manure
Soil
- Low emission floor- Closed manure
storage- Restricte young stock- Optimized
productivity per cow
- Low emission floor- Closed manure
storage- Restricte young stock- Optimized
productivity per cow
- Crop rotation- Undersow catch
crops- Homegrown
concentrates
- Crop rotation- Undersow catch
crops- Homegrown
concentrates
- N, P to requirements- Processing silage to
improve its utilization by cattle
- N, P to requirements- Processing silage to
improve its utilization by cattle
- Optimal distribution over parcels
- Optimal timing- Synlocation in maize- Restricted grazing- Anaerobic digestion- Separation- Refinery
- Optimal distribution over parcels
- Optimal timing- Synlocation in maize- Restricted grazing- Anaerobic digestion- Separation- Refinery
Utilization of manure-N a key factor for efficient nutrient use on the farm
The higher the utilization of manure-N the fewer additional mineral N is required for crop production
How can we enhance the N fertilizer value of manure?
Manure-N Fertilizer-NManure-N Fertilizer-N
Grazing and nitrate leaching
Adverse effects of grazing Higher nitrate leaching
Lower grass yields
Less collected farm slurry
Solution: rotational grazing Small parcels (1 ha)
Start at 1700 kg DM ha-1
Finish in 4-5 days
Restricted grazing 120 days a year
6 hours a day
Crop rotation
Three years grass/clover Two years maize One year cereals
Crop rotation grass>> maize
Mineralization in 1st year maize is higher than crop uptake capacity
No fertilizer N in 1st year maize
Gain: 90 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (not leached but available for other crops)
Month
Uptake 1st year maize
min
eral
izat
ion
Without manureWith manure
Plo
ughi
ng g
rass
od
Catch crop after harvesting of maize
N mineralization in winter ishigher than 50 kg ha-1
A catch crop in winter is necessary to restrict nitrate leaching
The gain is at least 50 kg N ha-1 (not leached but available for next crop)
Fertilizer N supply can be reduced with 50 kg N
month
Uptake maize
min
eral
izat
ion
Uptake catch crop sown after harvestUptake undersown catch crop
Slurry injection
Row application of manure
Application of manure in the row of maize
Increasingly adopted by common practice
Slurry separation
slurry
Solid fraction liquid fraction
Anaerobic digestion of slurry
First generation
Second generation
The future
Efficient nutrient management in common practice through implementation of ANCA, a tool to give insights in nutrient flows
Adopted by farmers
Adopted by the dairy sector
Adopted by the government as alternative regulatory instrument?
Maximum utilization of manure Crop production based on organic fertilizer
Dairy production free of mineral fertilizer
Improve roughage production Feed the new 15% of cows
Through efficient and maximum crop production
Koeien & Kansen is een samenwerkingsverband van 16 melkveehouders,
proefbedrijf De Marke, Wageningen UR en adviesdiensten. De resultaten vindt u op: www.koeienenkansen.nl
Thank you!
Koos Verloop, Frans Aarts