nutrient management strategies for vegetable production in desert soils charles a. sanchez professor...
TRANSCRIPT
Nutrient Management Strategies for Vegetable
Production in Desert Soils
Charles A. Sanchez
Professor and Director
Yuma Agricultural Center
I. Efficient N Managementfor Desert Vegetables
0
20
40
60
80
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140
0 50 100 150
DAP
N Up
take
(kg/
ha)
Sept. 16
Nov. 1
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40
80
120
160
0 200 400 600 800 1000
EDD
N U
ptak
e (k
g/ha
)
Sept. 16
Nov. 1
Timed N Availability
Sidedress ApplicationControlled Release FertilizersFertigation
Response of Lettuce to N Management (97-98)
0
5
10
15
20
Control SD-Urea
Urea Agr#1 Agr#2 Dur Meis#1 Meis#2
N Management
Yie
ld (M
g/ha
)
Broadcast
Band
Response of Broccoli to N Management (97-98)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Control SD-Urea Urea Agr#1 Agr#2 Dur Meis#1 Meis#2
N Management
Yie
ld (M
g/ha
)
Broadcast
Band
Summary of Responses to N Management
Response Crop Frequency Soil Texture
CRN=PP>SD Lettuce 2 Clay
SD=CRN=PP Lettuce 4 Clay and Clay loam
WR=CRN=PP Cauliflower 3 Clay and Clay loam
Broccoli 3 Clay and Clay loam
SD=CRN>PP Lettuce 1 Clay loam
Broccoli 2 Loamy Sand
CRN>SD>PP Lettuce 1 Clay Loam
Lettuce 4 Sand
Cauliflower 1 Sand
CRN>SD Lettuce 1 Sand
Cauliflower 1 Sand
Number of N Applications for Varying Soil Types
Soil Texture Recommended Number of N Applications per Crop
clay, sandy clay, silty clay
1 - 2
clay loam, silty clay loam, silt, silt loam, sandy clay loam
2-4
sandy loam, loamy sand
3-5
sand
8-15
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20
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60
80
100
120
0 200 400 600
N Rate (kg/ha)
Yie
ld (
Mg
/ha)
MU
MUAS
Fertigation
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5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 100 200 300 400 500
N Rate (Kg/ha)
Yiel
d (M
g/ha
)
FERTIGATION
CRN
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Heat Units
Prop
ortio
n of
N re
leas
ed
Polyon
Summary
When conditions for N losses were high SD and CRN management strategies were superior.
Under extremely warm conditions some CRN technologies have the potential to cause stand reduction.
Under some production scenarios, the use of CRN strategies were economically favorable.
Plant and Soil Testing
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120
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Midrib nitrate-N (ppm)
Rel
ativ
e Y
ield
(%
)
Desirable Levels of Midrib Nitrate-N for Lettuce
Dry Midrib Test 8,000 to 10,000 mg/kg
Sap Test 480 to 542 mg/L
Desirable Levels of Petiole Nitrate-N for Cauliflower
Growth Stage Critical LevelsDry Tissue
(mg/kg)Sap Test(mg/L)
4 to 6 leaf 11,000 74010-12 leaf 9,000 640First buds 7,000 550Head Development 2,500 500Pre-harvest 1,500 290
N<CLYield Response
N>CLNo Yield Response
Predicted Response
A positive responseis predicted but noresponse occurs (E1)
No is response ispredicted and no response occurs (C)
A positive responseis predicted and one occurs (C)
No response is predicted but apositive response occurs (E2)
Obs
erve
d R
espo
nse
Yie
ld r
espo
nse
No
yiel
d re
spon
se
Summary of Diagnostic Accuracy Evaluation Summary of Diagnostic Accuracy Evaluation for Tissue Testsfor Tissue Tests
Crop Diagnostic Accuracy
Dry Midrib NO3-N
Sap NO3-N
Lettuce C 48% 47% n=54 E1 33% 24% E2 19% 29% Broccoli C 47% 39% n=51 E1 16% 12% E2 37% 49% Cauliflower C 50% 71% n=38 E1 29% 3% E2 21% 26%
Response of Lettuce to Sidedress N
Nitrate-N(ppm)
PredictedResponse
ActualResponse
DiagnosticAccuracy
Midrib 11,350 - + + E2Sap 811 - + + E2Soil 5 + + + C
Quick Soil 2 + + + C
Summary of Diagnostic Accuracy Summary of Diagnostic Accuracy Evaluation for Soil TestsEvaluation for Soil Tests
Crop Diagnostic Accuracy
Soil Test NO3-N
Quick Test NO3-N
Lettuce C 55% 64% n=33 E1 36% 27% E2 9% 9% Broccoli C 73% 75% n=36 E1 23% 28% E2 4% 0% Cauliflower C 52% 45% n=31 E1 32% 32% E2 16% 23%
SummarySummary
While sap or midrib nitrateWhile sap or midrib nitrate--N tests give an N tests give an indication of the plants N nutritional status indication of the plants N nutritional status they are not sufficiently sensitive or reliable they are not sufficiently sensitive or reliable to serve as the sole basis for making to serve as the sole basis for making sidedress N fertilizer decisions.sidedress N fertilizer decisions.
We suspect that genetic variation, We suspect that genetic variation, inefficient irrigation practices, and perhaps inefficient irrigation practices, and perhaps other unknown factors interact to limit the other unknown factors interact to limit the reliability of midrib or sap tests.reliability of midrib or sap tests.
Summary (continued)Summary (continued)
PrePre--sidedress soil tests were superior to plant sidedress soil tests were superior to plant tests.tests.
However, soil test appear to be occasionally However, soil test appear to be occasionally compromised by inefficient irrigation practices.compromised by inefficient irrigation practices.
Petiole Nitrate-N of Cauliflower to Irrigation
02000
40006000
800010000
1200014000
1600018000
40 60 80 100 120DAP
Mid
rib
NO3-
N (m
g/kg
)
50% ET
100% ET
150% ET
CL
Relevant Questions.Relevant Questions.
When do I irrigate (Irrigation timing)?When do I irrigate (Irrigation timing)?
How much water do I apply (Required depth)?How much water do I apply (Required depth)?
How do I (design and) operate my system?How do I (design and) operate my system?
FlowFlow
Border length and widthBorder length and width
Land slopeLand slope
Cutoff (time or distance)Cutoff (time or distance)
Elements of Efficient IrrigationElements of Efficient Irrigation
Irrigation Scheduling (Timing and Required Irrigation Scheduling (Timing and Required Depth).Depth).
Adjustment of required depth for salt Adjustment of required depth for salt management (Leaching Requirement).management (Leaching Requirement).
Irrigation Design and Management (Efficient Irrigation Design and Management (Efficient and Uniform application of Required Depth).and Uniform application of Required Depth).
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0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Depletion of Available Water to 30 cm (%)
Re
lati
ve Y
ield
Design and management
Design and management– physical dimensions [design] – Bed slope [design] – inlet flow rate [design + management]– cutoff time (distance) [design + management]
Zero-Inertia Model
Q
x
A
t
Z
t 0
Y
xs so f
S fQ
nC
2
A Ru
2
2 43
Aggregate comparison of model-predicted and field-observed advance, vegetables.
0
30
60
90
120
0 30 60 90 120
Model-predicted advance (min)
Fie
ld-o
bse
rve
d a
dva
nce
(m
in)
1:1
1 0 1 4 1 8 2 2 2 6 3 0 3 4 3 8 4 2 4 6 5 0
F u r r o w i n l e t f l o w r a t e ( G P M )
5 0
8 4
1 1 9
1 5 3
1 8 7
2 2 1
2 5 5
2 8 9
3 2 4
3 5 8
3 9 2
Cu
toff
tim
e (m
in)
Application efficiency (fine-textured soil)
0
25
50
75
100
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Bed slope (%)
Ea,
Er
and
DU
lq (%
)
Er
Ea
DUlq
Performance indices as a function of bed slope, Qo = 0.08 cfs/ft
Application efficiency expressed as a function of furrow length, Zr = 80 mm
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25
50
75
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Furrow length (m)
Ap
pli
ca
tio
n e
ffic
en
cy (
%)
Qo = 50 GPM Qo = 24.8 GPM Qo = 11.9 GPM
Current Research
FertigationSalinity Assessment for Irrigation
ManagementRemote Sensing for Irrigation Management
Soil Br- profile along three transects in an irrigation basin, two days after a fertigation event
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
0 40 80 120 160 200
Distance (m)
Br-
am
ou
nt
(g/m
)
Transect 1 Transect 2
Transect 3 Average required application
EM 38-DD
gps control boxComputer platform
gps antenna
Retractable Tube
SALT MAPPER
Thermal detector aerial image collected on Oct. 23, 2001
0 200 400 600 800
Highly Organic
Clay
Clay Loam
Silt Loam
Loam
Sandy Loam
Loamy Sand
Sand
Soil Texture Variation in Lettuce Field
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Distance (ft)
0
200
400
600
Dis
tan c
e (f
t)
Volumetric Soil moisture before irrigation on Oct. 18 2001
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Distance (ft)
0
200
400
600
Dis
tan c
e (f
t)
GPS referenced lettuce yield in Imperial Valley
Summary
N uptake patterns are useful for developing efficient N management strategies
Depending on the production scenario, split sidedress N application, fertigation, and CRN are all viable options for enhancing fertilizer use efficiency
Soil and plant testing can be useful in guiding post plant N applications
Efficient Irrigation is an important prerequisite for efficient N management
II. P Management for Desert Vegetables
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20
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0 100 200 300 400
Time (hr)
P so
rbed
(%)
25ppm
1000ppm
Sanchez 1980
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Equilibrium P (ppm)
P s
orb
ed (
pp
m)
Sanchez 1982
• The reaction of P with CaCO3 consist of initialsorption reactions followed by precipitationwith increasing concentrations of P (Cole, 1953;Griffin and Jurinak, 1973; Holford andMattingly, 1975).
• Most added P would precipitate initially asdicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) anddicalcium phosphate (DCP) (Lindsay, 1979).
• These products undergo a slow conversion tosuch compounds as octacalcium phosphate(OCP), tricalcium phosphate, (TCP) or one ofthe apatites (Lindsay and Moreno, 1960).
P reactions in calcareous soils
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0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
8 10 12 14 16
Soil Temperature
PS
-P (
pp
m)
for
max
imu
m y
ield
Sorbed P
Organic PSolution PP Minerals
Plant Uptake
Fertilizer P
Immobilization
Mineralization
Precipitation
Dissolution
Desoption
Sorption
Leaching and Runoff
Response of lettuce to Preplant and Sidedress NPK
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 25 50 100
NPK Fertilizer Recommendation (%)
Yie
ld (
Mg
/ha)
No SD
SD 7 DAT
SD 14 DAT
SD 21DAT
SD 28 DAT
05
10152025
303540
4550
0 100 200 300 400
P rate (kg/ha)
Yie
ld (
Mg
/ha
)Band
Broadcast
Sanchez, Swanson, and Porter 1990
Response of Celery to P Rate and Placement
P rate Marketable yield
(kg/ha) (Mg/ha)0 21.650 40.1100 36.7150 40.8200 39.9
L**Q**P placementBroadcast 35.3Band 32.6
NS
Espinoza, Sanchez, and Schueneman, 1993
• The effectiveness of P placementstrategies depends on the crop, thesoil, and crop cultural practices.
SummaryP added to soil is quickly rendered
insoluble.Both physical sorption and precipitation
reactions appear to be involved.At high soil pH values P fixation is
associated with the carbonate fraction.Soil temperature can influence P availability
to crops under some circumstances.
Summary (continued)
Soil and plant tissue tests are viable tools for P management of vegetable crops.
The P fertilizer required should be applied preplant
P placement is often an effective management strategy for improving fertilizer use efficiency.
III. Understanding Why Crops in the Desert Rarely Respond to
K Fertilization
Properties of Selected Soils
Soil Series Total K(g kg-1)
Exchangeable K(mg kg-1)
Clay Mineralogy
Antho 22.0 366 S>MI>K
Gilman 21.1 280 S>MI>K
Glenbar 20.1 257 S>MI=K>Q
Grabe 24.8 549 S>MI>K=CA
Indio 17.3 315 S>MI=K>Q
Pima 26.0 430 S>MI K Q
Casa Grande 29.9 560 S<MI>K<PG
Mohall 27.7 309 S=MI<K
Superstition 31.0 100 S>MI=K=PG>Q
Gadsden 18.1 460 S>MI=K>Q
S-SMECTITE; MI-MICA; K-KAOLINITE; Q-QUARTZ; CA-CALCITE;PG-LYGORSKITE
Calculated Sufficiency and K Desorption
Soil Series SufficiencyLevel K(mg kg-1)
Difference betweenExchangeable and Sufficiency (mg kg-1)
K DesorbedPer 30 min.(mg kg-1)
Antho 143 223 18
Gilman 136 144 17
Glenbar 138 119 15
Grabe 171 378 16
Indio 158 157 12
Pima 169 261 13
Casa Grande 137 423 33
Mohall 141 168 16
Superstition 120 -20 11
Gadsden 173 287 13
Summary of Clay Mineralogy
Clay mineralogy was a mixed composition of smectitie, mica, kalonite, palygorskite, calcite, and quartz.
All soils contained K bearing mica, typically associated with high K release rates.
These soils contained negligiable amounts of vermiculite, known for a high capacity to fix K.
Cumulative Time, hours
K R
ele
as
e, m
g k
g-1
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000Pima Casa Grande Mohall Gilman Indio
Cumulative K released to calcium resin by ten representative soils.
0 200 400 600 800
K R
ele
as
e, m
g k
g-1
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000Gadsden Glenbar Antho Grabe Superstition
Cumulative Time, hours
K R
ele
as
e, m
g k
g-1
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600Pima Casa Grande Mohall Gilman Indio
Cumulative K released to calcium resin by claysof ten representative soils on a whole soil basis.
0 200 400 600 800
K R
ele
as
e, m
g k
g-1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600Gadsden Glenbar Antho Grabe Superstition
Nonexchangeable K
Solution PExchangeable K
Plant Uptake
Applied K
Release
Fixation
Leaching and RunoffMineral K
Potassium Applied in Irrigation Water
5071Sweet Corn
5984Onions
2130Lettuce
4260Carrots
5274Melon
5071Broccoli
Irrigation K
(kg ha-1)
Irrigation
Water (cm)
Crop
Irrigation AE=70%
Comparison of K Applied in Irrigation Water and Amount Accumulated by
CropCrop Irrigation K
(kg ha-1)
Crop Accumulation(kg ha-1)
Broccoli 50 238
Melon 52 176
Carrots 42 409
Lettuce 21 192
Onions 59 196
Sweet Corn 50 119
100 200 300 400 500 600
Soil Test K (mg/dm3)
100
200
300
400
500
600
So
il T
est
Na
(mg
/dm
3)
Celery (Harmer and Benne, 1945; Harmer et al. 1953).
Cabbage (Costigan and McBurney, 1983; Costigan and Mead, 1987).
Lettuce (Pereira and Westerman, 1978; Burns, 1986; Burns and Hutsby, 1986; 1987; Costigan and Mead, 1987).
Tomatoes (Figdore et al., 1987;1989).
Other Vegetable Crops Showing Responses to Na when K Limiting
Sodium Applied in Irrigation Water
Crop IrrigationWater (cm)
Irrigation Na(kg ha-1)
Broccoli 55 719
Melon 60 785
Carrots 62 806
Lettuce 27 355
Onions 79 1030
Sweet Corn 60 780
Irrigation =ET/(1-LR)
Summary Many agricultural soils in the southwestern desert
have soil test K levels sufficient for optimal crop production.
Many agricultural soils have a high capacity to replenish K to the soil solution and exchange sites due to their clay content and clay mineralogy.
Irrigation water used in the area has the potential to contribute significant amounts of K (and Na) for crop production.
In addition, Na can partially substitute for K for some important crops produced in the region.