Nutrition

Name: Payel GhoshRegn. No.:Roll no:SWAMI VIVEKANAND UNIVERSITY(M.P)

WHAT IS NUTRITION Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients

and other substances in Food (e.g. phytonutrients, anthocyanins, tannins, etc.) in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, energy metabolism, catabolism and excretion.

The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the availability, processing and palatability of foods. A healthy diet includes preparation of food and storage methods that preserve nutrients from oxidation, heat or leaching, and that reduce risk of food-born illnesses.

SOME DEFINITIONS…… CATABOLISOM: Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that

breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy.Anabolism: Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that

construct molecules from smallest units. These reaction require energy.

Absorption: it is a common physical phenomenon or process in which atoms, molecule ,ions enter some bulk phase-gas ,liquid, solid material.

Biosynthesis: it is a multi step enzyme catalyzed process where subtracts are converted into more complex product.

History The first recorded dietary advice, carved into a Babylonian

stone tablet in about 2500 BC, cautioned those with pain inside to avoid eating onions for three days.

Scurvy, later found to be a vitamin C deficiency, was first described in 1500 BC in the Ebers Papyrus.

Franck Hopkins discovered vitamins at first in citric fruit

TYPE OF NUTRIENTES

CARBOHYDRATE PROTIEN FAT

MACRO NUTRIENTS

MINARELVITAMIN

MICRONUTRIENT

WATER

CARBOHYDRAT

E

•RICE,GRAIN-based product, sugar ,milk, fruits

PROTEINE

•Milk, Egg, Meat, Legume(dale), soya bin

FAT

•MILK, egg, meat, butter, nut,

VITAMINE

•Vitamin A, B complex, C, D

Mineral

s

•Zn, Ca, Mg

WATER

•Mineral water

Carbohydrate A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen: oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n).Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA,has the empirical formula C5H10O4. Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.

Glucose is the simplest form (unit) of carbohydrate. Its called monosaccharide.

mainly found in Grain based product (e.g.: Rice, flour, noodles, bread), honey, any fruits ,vegetable

1 gram carbohydrate provided 17 kJ or 4 cal energy

It may be disaccharide ,trysaccharide, polysaccharide

proteinProteins are essential nutrients for the human body.

It is a essential part of daily food to make & protect our body.

There are nine essential amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent protein-energy malnutrition. They are phenylalanine, valise, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine

Its simplex form is amino acid.

Mainly found in –I. Animal- milk, fish, egg, meat II. Vegetable- soya bin, spinach,

legume, blackberry, pumpkin seed ,nuts. Cashew nuts, peas

1 gram protein provided 17 kJ or 4 cal energy

Daily Protein intake capacity

DeficiencyProtein deficiency and malnutrition can lead to variety of ailments including mental retardation and kwashiorkor. Symptoms of kwashiorkor include apathy, diarrhea, inactivity, failure to grow, flaky skin, fatty liver, and edema of the belly and legs. This edema is explained by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid to form leukotrienes and the normal functioning of proteins in fluid balance and lipoprotein transport.PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for 6 million deaths annually. In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with disease, or is often found in the elderly.

FATFats are a wide group of compounds whose basis is in long-chain organic acid called fatty acid. It is mainly two type saturated and non saturated .

Saturated fat - have no double bonds between carbon chain

Non saturated fat-have one or more than double bond between the carbon chain

Some fatty acid cannot synthesized in our body (e.g. alpha linolenic acid, linolenic acid). They called EFA .

Main source are –1. Vegetable- nuts, grain oil, oil2. Animal- dairy product , meat, egg , etc.

1 gram fat provide 34 kJ energy

When we taken wrong food for a long time this problem occurred-

Fatty liverCholesterolObesityDiabetesHeart disease

FAT BURNING FOOD

Micro nutrients

• it is also known as dietary element or dietary minerals.

• This chemicals are required for living organism other than carbon(C), oxygen (O), Nitrogen(N), hydrogen (H) present in common organic molecule.

• This chemical compound are Calcium (Ca), potassium(K), Sulfur(Ph), Sodium(Na), chlorine(Cl),Magnesium (Mg), Manganese(Mn), Cobalt(Co), Iron(Fe), Bromine(Br),Iodine(I), selenium(se),Zinc(zn), Copper(Cu).

Sulfur(ph):- Large quantities of sulfur is needed for our body to make amino acid.

Potassium(K):- daily intake capacity 4700mg;

• it is a electrolyte; help to co regulating ATP with sodium.

• Mainly found in legumes , potato skin, tomato, banana, papaya, lentils, whole grains, avocado, sweet potato, turmeric.

• Insufficiency- hypocalcaemia• Excess- hyperkalamia

Chlorine:- daily intake capacity 2300 mg– Needed for production of hydrochloric acid in

the stomach and in cellular pump functions.– Table salt (sodium chloride) is the main dietary

source.– defficency-hypochloremia– Excess- hyperchloremia

Sodium:- daily intake capacity 1500 mg.• A systemic electrolyte and is essential in co

regulating with ATP potassium.– Table salt (sodium chloride, the main source),

sea vegetables , milk , and spinach .

• Calcium:- daily intake capacity 1300 mg.

• Needed for muscle, heart and digestive system health, builds bone, supports synthesis and function of blood cells.

• Dairy products, eggs, canned fish with bone (salmon, sardines), green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, oregano, dill, cinnamon.

Magnesium:- daily intake capacity 420 mg.• It is required for processing

ATP and bone• Raw nuts soybeans, cocoa

mass, spinach, chard, sea vegetable, tomato , tomato, halibut, beans, ginger , cumin, cloves

• Deficiency- hypomagnesaemiamagnesium deficiency

• Excess- hypermagnesemia

Zinc:- daily intake capacity 11 mg.• It is a trace element.• Pervasive and required for

several enzymes such as carboxypeptidase, liver alcohol dehydrogenises and carbonic anhydrase.

• Calf liver, eggs, dry beans, mushrooms, spinach, asparagus, scallops, red meat, green peas, yogurt, oats

Iron:- daily intake capacity 18 mg.

• It is a tracer element.• Required for many proteins

and enzymes, notably hemoglobin to prevent anemia.

• Red meat, fish (tuna, salmon), grains, dry beans, eggs, spinach, chard, turmeric, cumin, parsley, lentils, tofu, asparagus, leafy green vegetables, soybeans, shrimp, beans, tomatoes, olives, and dried fruit

• deficiency -anemia

Phosphorus:- daily intake capacity 700mg.

• A component of bones , cells, in energy processing, in DNA and ATP (as phosphate) and many other functions.

• Red meat, dairy foods, fish, poultry, bread, rice, oats.

• In biological contexts, usually seen as phosphate

Copper• Daily intake capacity .009mg.• It is a tracer element.• Required component of many redox

enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase.• Mushrooms, spinach, greens, seeds, raw

cashews, walnuts, barley.

• raw

Bromine:- Basement membrane architecture and tissue development.

Iodine:- daily intake capacity 0.150mg.o Required not only for the

synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyroxin and triiodothyronine and to prevent goiter, but also, probably as an antioxidant, for extrathyroidal organs as mammary and salivary glands and for gastric mucosa and immune system (thymus)

o Sea vegetables, iodized salt, eggs. Alternate but inconsistent sources of iodine: strawberries, mozzarella cheese, yogurt, milk, fish, shellfish

Manganese:• Daily intake capacity 2.3mg • It is a trace element.• A cofactor in enzyme functions• Spelt grain, brown rice, beans,

spinach, pineapple, tempeh, rye, soybeans, thyme, raspberries, strawberries, garlic, squash, eggplant, cloves, cinnamon, turmeric

• Selenium:-– Daily intake capacity 0.55 mg.– It is a tracer element– Essential to activity of antioxidant

enzymes like glutathione peroxidase.– Brazil nuts, cold water wild fish (cod,

halibut, salmon), tuna, lamb, turkey, calf liver, mustard, mushrooms, barley, cheese, garlic, tofu, seeds

Molybdenum:-o Daily intake capacity 0.45 mg.o The oxidases xanthine oxidase,

aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase

o Tomatoes, onions, carrots

Cobalt:Cobalt is required in the synthesis of vitamin B12, but because bacteria are required to synthesize the vitamin, it is usually considered part of vitamin B12 deficiency rather than its

own dietary element deficiency.

vitamin

Vitamin • Vitamin is an organic compound which is a vital nutrient ,that

an organism required limited amount.

• The term vitamin was derived from "vitamine," a compound word coined in 1912 by the Polish biochemist Kazimierz Funk when working at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. The name is from vital and amine, meaning amine of life, because it was suggested in 1912 that the organic micronutrient food factors that prevent beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases might be chemical amines. This was true of thiamine, but after it was found that other such micronutrients were not amines the word was shortened to vitamin in English.

Vitamin A• Also known as retinol,retinoiac

acid ,retinal,• Pro-vitamin is beta-carotene,

carotene• It is fat soluble.• According to WHO its daily

intake capacity is 900 microgram.

• Deficiency: night blindness, hyperkeratosis, keratomalacia

• Source: carrot, bell pepper, tomato, orange, leafy vegetable, liver, fish, soya milk, milk

Vitamin B1 It also known as thiamine.It is fat soluble.Daily intake capacity 1.3mg.Deficiency: beriberi,

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

Source: Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs.

Vitamin B2

• It also known as riboflavin.• It is water soluble.• Daily intake capacity 1.3

mg. upper limit • Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis,

Glossitis, Angular stomatitis

• Source:- Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus

Vitamin B3

• It is also known as niacin ,niacinamide.

• It is water soluble.• Daily intake capacity 16 mg. upper

limit 35 mg.• Deficiency:- pellagra • Over doses:- liver

damage(>2gm/day) ,other problem

• Source:- Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts

Vitamin

• It is also known as pantothenic acid.

• It is water soluble.• Daily intake capacity 5mg.• Deficiency:-Parenthesia • Over doses:-Diarrhea;

possibly nausea and heartburn

• Source:-Meat, broccoli, avocados

Vitamin B6• It is also known as

Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal.

• It is water soluble.• Daily Intake capacity 1.3–1.7 mg.• Deficiency: Anemia

peripheral neuropathy.• Source-Meat, vegetables,

tree nuts, bananas

Vitamin B7

• It is also known as biotin.• It is water soluble.• According to RDA its daily

intake capacity 30 microgram.

• Source:- raw egg yolk, peanuts, leafy green vegetables

• Deficiency:- dermatitis, enteritis

vitamin B9

• it is also known as folic acid ,falonic acid.

• It is water soluble• Daily intake capacity 400

microgram. Upper intake capacity 1000 microgram.

• source:- leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver, lemon

• Deficiency- megaloblastic anemia, neuron disorder

Vitamin B12

• It is also known as cyanocobalmin, hydroxycobalamin.

• It is water soluble.• Daily intake capacity 2.4

microgram.• Deficiency- megaloblastic anemia

, acne-like rash• Source- meat and other animal

Vitamin C

• It is also known as ascorbic acid.

• It is water soluble.• Daily intake capacity 90

mg. upper intake capacity 200 mg.

• Deficiency- scurvy• Source: lemon, many

other fruit, vegetable

Vitamin D• It is also known as

cholecalaciferol .• It is fat soluble.• Daily intake capacity 10

mg.• Fish ,egg , liver, mushroom,

sunlight• Deficiency:-

rickets ,osteomalacia

Vitamin E• It is also known as tocopherois.• It is fat soluble• Daily intake capacity 15 mg• Upper limit 1000 mg.• Fruit, seed, vegetable, nuts• Deficiency- male sterility, mild

hemolytic anemia.• Excess- heart failure

Vitamin k

• It is also known as phyloquinone ,menaquinone

• It is fat soluble• Daily intake capacity 120

mg.• Leafy green vegetable, egg

yolk, liver• Bleeding diathesis

water• It is a basic need of life. We can't survive without

water.• In our body 80-90% is made by water.• It help in our body to keep healthy.• It is colorless odorless, liquid made up of

molecules. Containing two atom of hydrogen (H), one atom of oxygen(o).

• Water is needed to maintenance the health and integrity of every cell in the body.

• keep the blood stream liquid enough to flow through blood vessel

• Help eliminate the byproduct of the body’s metabolism, excess electrolytes and urea which is a waste product formed through the processing of dietary element.

• Regulate our body temperature through sweating.• Moistening mucous membrane such as those of

the lungs and mouth lubricant and cushion join.• Carry nutrients and oxygen

Dietary fiber