Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources • Oklahoma State University

ANSI-3031

Nutrition and Management Considerations for Preconditioning

Home Raised Beef Calves

Receiving and weaning times represent the most stressful periods during a beef animal’s life. Taking action to ensure minimal stress during the weaning or receiving period is a critical step to minimize the risk and cost of disease. Man-agement steps taken around the time of weaning to ensure optimum health and performance of cattle is often referred to as preconditioning in the cattle industry. In a small, although growing percentage of cases, some or all of these manage-ment steps are executed at the ranch of origin by the cow-calf producer. In many more cases, these management steps are taken after the sale or shipment of the calves by the stocker producer or cattle feeder. Examples of preconditioning management steps include a comprehensive animal health program including vaccinations, deworming, coccidiostat, etc.; balanced nutrition before and after weaning; training calves to eat from a bunk; and a growing or preconditioning period that usually lasts 30 to 45 days. With a variety of cattle types, feed resources, operation sizes, and environmental conditions, no one nutritional program for receiving cattle can be recommended for all Oklahoma producers. However, research and experience have provided scientists and cattlemen with information that can be used to minimize cattle stress and improve health and weight gain during this critical period.

Preweaning and Weaning Management Developing a strong immune system in beef calves begins with key management factors that must be acted upon prior to calving. Passive transfer of colostral (first milk) immunoglobulins is vital to short-term health as well as lifetime immune function. For example, in one experiment, calves that did not have adequate blood concentrations of immunoglobulins from the dam’s colostrum within 24 hours after birth, were three times as likely to be treated for Bovine

Respiratory Disease during the feedlot phase. Please refer to Selk (OSU Fact Sheet ANSI-3358) for a detailed discussion of factors affecting passive immunity. Any practice that reduces stress on cattle during the first few days after weaning will reduce the risk of health problems, improve calf weight gains, and minimize wear and tear on facilities and people. Many cattlemen prefer to isolate calves in a corral, drylot, or small grass trap with good fencing during the bawl-out period. It is helpful to familiarize calves with their weaning area by giving them access to it for a few days prior to weaning. If a drylot or corral is used, smaller pens are prefer-able to reduce fence walking or pacing. Feed bunks and hay or water troughs can be strategically placed along the fence line to discourage fence walking. If the weaning corral is well designed and solidly con-structed, the cows can be allowed adjacent access to the calves. However, the corral must be constructed so that calves cannot reach through the bars to nurse. Another practice that may help, but is not always practical, is to leave the calves in the familiar weaning area and move the cows far enough away so that they cannot hear their calves bawling. Prob-ably the least ideal situation is to move the cows to another pasture where they can hear and see the calves, but do not have close contact. This method can work, but it requires a good fence because cows will be aggressive in their efforts to get back to their calves. Some producers subscribe to the practice of leaving one or more older cows with the calves, thinking that the presence of at least one adult female will calm the calves. However, this practice has not proven to improve calf health, time spent at the feed bunk, or overall performance in research settings.Another practice that seems to be growing in popularity is one of leaving cows and calves in adjacent pastures, using electric fence on either side of a barbed or woven wire fence to keep the cattle apart. This practice, referred to as fence line weaning, makes it easier to utilize high quality pasture, rather than a dusty drylot. Previous and recent exposure to electric fencing is necessary to train the calves to respect it. Initially cows will graze and rest close to the fence, but gradu-ally begin to graze farther and farther away. During the initial weaning period, a concentrate-feeding program should be implemented. This practice trains the cattle to come to feed, eat from a bunk, aids in health moni-toring and handling, and provides a method to incorporate supplemental nutrients in the diet. A minimum of 14 days of

David Lalman Don GillProfessor, Extension Beef Cattle Regents Professor Emeritus Specialist

Greg Highfill Jack WallaceArea Extension Livestock Former Area Extension Specialist Livestock Specialist

Kent Barnes Chuck StrasiaFormer Area Extension Area Extension Livestock Specialist Livestock Specialist

Bob LeValleyArea Livestock Specialist

Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at:

http://osufacts.okstate.edu

Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service

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concentrate feeding is recommended to ensure that all the cattle have been trained to eat from the bunk.

Deworming Many forage systems in Oklahoma are favorable for the proliferation of internal and external parasites. In contrast to adult cattle, calves do not acquire full immunity to gastroin-testinal parasites until about a year after they are weaned, thus weaned calves are very susceptible to internal parasites (worms). Cattle infected with internal parasites will have re-duced appetites and suppressed immune function as well as reduced ability to respond to vaccination. Producers should consult their veterinarians for assistance in identifying the most appropriate product to use for their area and current conditions. In general, a broad-spectrum endectocide that is effective against inhibited O. ostertagia (brown stomach worm) should be used. O. ostertagia is thought to be one of the most damaging and frequently occurring parasites affecting beef cattle. Ivomec®, Valbazen®, Synanthic®, Cydectin®, Dectomax®, Eprinex®, or SafeGuard® (at the 2X rate) are appropriate for mid-summer deworming to control O. ostertagia. Many preconditioning programs that require certification include deworming as one of the health management require-ments. In these programs, producers usually have the option of deworming calves two to six weeks prior to weaning, at weaning, or two to three weeks after weaning. Deworming at the earliest possible date within the program’s guidelines will ensure that weight gain is not limited by parasite infestation and digestive tract damage. Additionally, the early application should improve the efficacy of the vaccine products used. In effect, applying the deworming product as early as possible (preferably two to six weeks prior to weaning) should improve the efficiency, profitability, and effectiveness of the entire preconditioning effort.

Implanting Few, if any, beef cattle management practices are more cost effective or have a higher return on investment than properly used growth promoting implants. These implants are pellets that are implanted just under the skin, on the backside of the ear of growing calves. The pellets release extremely low concentrations of various hormones or hormone-like substances that improve average daily gain 7 percent to 17 percent and feed efficiency 4 percent to 12 percent. Stocker producers and feedyards prefer that calves do not have an active implant present when calves arrive at their operation. This allows the stocker producers or cattle feeders to uniformly initiate their own implant strategy and minimize problems associated with overlapping implants. These prob-lems can include a higher incidence of buller steers, advanced carcass maturity, and lower quality grade. Implants approved for suckling calves generally have an active payout period of 70 to 90 days. Therefore, cattlemen who wish to participate in certified preconditioning programs requiring a minimum of a 45-day weaning period should:

• ConsiderimplantingtheirsteersandheifersthatwillNOTbe retained as replacements at branding time (45 to 90 days of age)

• Reimplant(if implantedatbranding)orinitiallyimplantsteers destined for the certified preconditioning program during the two to six week window prior to weaning

• If calves cannot be implanted during the two to six week window prior to weaning, they should not be implanted at all, other than at branding

• Ifthereisanypossibilitythatheiferscouldbepurchasedor retained for replacements, they should not be implanted more than one time under any circumstance

Implant products cleared for use in suckling calves in-clude; Ralgro®, Synovex C®, Component E-C®, Encore®, and Compudose®.

Post-weaning Preconditioning Nutrition Since the nutrition program can make up 50 percent to 70 percent of the preconditioning budget, careful consideration, planning, and preparation are warranted. Several nutritional management options are available for weaning and precon-ditioning calves, and they vary considerably within regions of the state. In selecting an effective program, producers should first define and prioritize the objectives of the nutritional man-agement program. Objectives might include:

• Optimizingconditionandhealthofthecattleforthenextphase

• Producingaddedweightgainatalowcost• Marketing home raised feed resources through the pre-

conditioning program• Minimizing theriskofdigestivedisordersanddisease

during the weaning and preconditioning phase• Achievingaspecifictargetweightforthecattlebysale

or shipping date• Accomplishingtheaboveobjectivesinawaythatrequires

minimal labor and equipment investment

Producers must be cautious not to over-condition cattle that might be destined for a moderate to low plane of nutri-tion, such as dry wintering on native pasture or hay with minimal supplementation. Much of the weight and condition (flesh) gained during preconditioning will be lost, resulting in poor overall production efficiency. Cattle buyers with orders for cattle to go to this type of situation will not be interested in paying very much for fleshy calves that have been fed to gain more than 2 lbs per day. However, if the cattle are more likely to go directly to high quality pasture or to a feed yard where a high concentrate ration is fed, a higher rate of gain, and increased fleshiness is justified. Preconditioning feeds must be highly palatable. Remem-ber that freshly weaned calves will be more concerned about the absence of their mothers than eating hay or processed feeds. Consequently, feed intake will be low for three to four days, especially if the calves had not been previously exposed to feed in bunks or creep feeders. Providing highly palatable and/or familiar feeds serves to minimizes the length of this fasting period resulting in improved weight gain and reduced stress during the first week after weaning. Actual weight gain is difficult to predict accurately because it can be influenced by many factors. Some of the major fac-tors determining weight gain during this period are listed as follows:

1. Health of the calves during weaning and preconditioning. Sick or parasite-infested calves obviously will not gain well.

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Table 1. Dry matter feed intake of newly arrived calves (% of body weight).

Days from receiving Healthy Sick

0 to 7 1.55 0.90

8 to 14 1.90 1.43

15 to 28 2.71 1.84

29 to 56 3.03 2.68

Source: Hutcheson and Cole.

2. How quickly after weaning the calves increase their feed intake.

3. The amount of feed or forage consumed.4. The energy level of the total diet, assuming that protein,

minerals, and vitamin requirements are met to sustain the energy allowable gain.

5. The presence of growth promoting implants and/or other feed additives.

6. Length of the feeding period. 7. Previous level of nutrition, such as cows’ milk production

and preweaning pasture conditions, and the resulting flesh condition of the calves. Fleshy calves generally do not gain as rapidly as thin to moderately fleshed calves.

8. Genetic potential for growth, which is inherited from the calves’ sire and dam.

9. Weighing conditions and gut fill. Since young calves can consume between 0 percent and 4 percent of their body weight, unequal fill conditions from one weigh date to the next can cause weight swings of up to 20 to 30 lbs during short time periods.

Grazing Programs and Supplements In many cases, the cheapest and most convenient preconditioning nutrition program is to turn calves back out on high quality pasture four to seven days after they have been weaned. The pasture should be within easy access to a corral and chute where any sick calves can be restrained for treatment if necessary. Forage quality and availability will vary dramatically depending on species, growing conditions, previous grazing management, and time of the year. The calves should be given access to the highest qual-ity pasture available. Ensuring high quality pasture at the time of weaning requires considerable planning and pasture management months ahead of time. An excellent method to ensure the highest quality pasture possible is to utilize the rotational grazing technique. For the purpose of this discus-sion, rotational grazing will simply serve to stage an area for the calves to graze that represents immature (high quality) forage or forage regrowth. A second approach is to stage the production of high quality forage to match the timing of the preconditioning period. For example, if calves are to be sold in a special auction during late October, calves could be weaned in early September and turned out on native pasture until adequate stockpiled Bermudagrass or fescue is available. Another example would be to turn calves out on stockpiled Bermudagrass in mid-October followed by a move to an over-seeded rye pasture in mid-November.

Access to Water and Feed There is varying opinion among producers as to whether cattle should have access to water, feed or hay, or both upon weaning or receiving. A Texas Tech study showed that when long-haul cattle (720 miles, 6.6 percent shrink) were deprived of water for six to eight hours after arrival, but were immediately offered feed, feed intake was reduced during the first week. There is no evidence to support any advantage in withholding either water or feed from cattle upon arrival. The water source should be fresh, clean, and easily located by the cattle. Many cattlemen prefer to place good quality grass hay in bunks for the first 24 hours after arrival before offering the receiving diet.

Feeding and Bunk Management Newly received or weaned cattle should be fed at ap-proximately the same time each day in order to establish a consistent eating time. As a result, sickness is much easier to detect because sick cattle are slower to come to the feed bunk. Twice-a-day feedings during the first one to two weeks may be advisable for young, lightweight, or highly stressed cattle. Bunks should be kept clean of manure, stale feed, and silage trash.

Feed Intake After a period of water and feed removal, which often occurs during weaning and shipping, rumen fermentation is greatly reduced and remains low for several days after cattle are put back on feed. These changes lead to decreased ap-petite and feed intake. Calves that remain healthy often return to a normal appetite and steady feed intake within two weeks after arrival. However, when calves are sick upon arrival or develop a respiratory disease after arrival, feed intake is re-duced further, and the length of time for an animal to return to normal is extended, as shown in Table 1. A wide range in crude protein and energy concentration is indicated in Table 2 because the level of these nutrients largely depends on animal weight, level of stress, expected feed intake, and desired weight gain.

Receiving Diet Nutrient Concentration With dry matter intake low during the weaning or receiving period, preconditioning rations should be designed to maximize intake and provide greater concentrations of required nutri-ents. Refer to Table 2 for current nutrient recommendations for receiving rations intended for highly stressed calves.

Protein Source The protein in receiving diets should be from a plant pro-tein source, such as soybean meal, cottonseed meal, alfalfa, or wheat middlings. Stressed calves have a lower tolerance for nonprotein nitrogen (urea) than do nonstressed calves. Nonprotein nitrogen is not recommended in receiving diets for cattle weighing less than 600 lbs, and certainly should not be used in diets for calves weighing less than 350 lbs.

Feed Additives The occurrence of subclinical coccidiosis during receiving is well known; therefore, all receiving rations should contain a coccidiostat. Coccidiosis appears to play a role in the immune response, and coccidiostats have been shown to improve feed efficiency and rate of gain during the receiving period. Feed additives approved for aiding in the prevention of coccidiosis include decoquinate (Deccox®), lasalocid (Bovatec®), and mo-

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nensin (Rumensin®). A further method to control coccidiosis is to treat the water source with amprolium. A veterinarian should be consulted to determine the most effective coccidiostat in your program. Research at several locations has shown that adding vitamin E to receiving diets can improve gain and may reduce sickness. Vitamin E should be fed between 400 IU and 500 IU/hd/day during the receiving and starting period. In gen-eral, responses to vitamin E additions in the diet have been positive. However, injections of vitamin E at processing have often been noneffective and even detrimental.

Light Calves Calves weaned early, 6 to 16 weeks of age, and those weighing less than 350 lbs require nutrient-dense diets. Calves cannot efficiently digest moderate- and low-quality roughage. As a result, receiving diets for young, light calves should be highly palatable and higher in protein and digestible carbohydrates than receiving diets for calves weighing over 350 lbs. Programs utilizing free-choice hay as the major ingredient will not be as effective as mixed rations that are higher in concentrates. Young calves do not seem to be as prone to acidosis as yearlings, and according to New Mexico research (Lofgreen and Kirksey), prefer concentrate to roughage when stressed and sick. Two suggested receiving diets for very young calves are shown in Table 3. These diets were developed for the pur-pose of early weaning, 6 to 8 weeks old, and have proven to be extremely palatable to newly received calves. Diet A has the advantage of requiring fewer commodities and no alfalfa pellets. However, Diet B is less bulky, resulting in better han-dling characteristics, and should flow better in self-feeders. These diets can be blended as shown; or soybean meal,

minerals, and additives can be pelleted before being mixed with the cottonseed hulls, alfalfa pellets, and corn. Pelleting the supplement improves the physical characteristics of the diet and may help to stimulate intake. Cottonseed hulls are an effective fiber source and appetite stimulant. Because of their low nutrient value and relatively high cost, however, cottonseed hulls are hard to justify in most diets. Even so, cottonseed hulls are very palatable to cattle, and calves will often consume unfamiliar feeds more readily when cottonseed hulls are added. The protein and energy content of these diets is much higher than would be required in yearling programs. However, these levels are necessary for small calves with high protein and energy needs, but with a relatively low feed intake. Con-sumption of the diets shown in Table 3 should be 3 percent of body weight within two weeks, and calves should gain between 1.75 lbs and 2.25 lbs per day. Both diets shown in Table 3 are intended to be fed as complete rations. Other roughage sources should not be provided. If hay is offered, some calves may only consume hay. The result is a nutrient-deficient diet. Energy deficiency in lightweight calves can severely depress the immune system and increase the incidence of sickness.

Calves Weaned at Normal Age For calves weaned at 6 to 8 months of age or weighing over 350 lbs, receiving programs based on either roughage

Table 2. Suggested dietary nutrient concentrations for stressed calves (dry matter basis).

Nutrient Unit Suggested Range

Dry matter % 80-90

Crude protein % 12.5-17

Net energy for maintenance Mcal/lb 0.6-0.85

Net energy for gain Mcal/lb 0.35-0.55

Calcium % 0.6-0.8

Phosphorus % 0.4-0.5

Potassium % 1.2-1.4

Magnesium % 0.2-0.3

Sodium % 0.2-0.3

Copper ppm 10-15

Iron ppm 100-200

Manganese ppm 40-70

Zinc ppm 75-100

Cobalt ppm 0.1-0.2

Selenium ppm 0.1-0.2

Iodine ppm 0.3-0.6

Vitamin A IU/lb 2,000-3,000

Vitamin E IU/lb 20-50

Source: Adapted from National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements of

Beef Cattle.Table 3. Suggested diets for receiving very light calves or early weaning.

Ingredient Diet A Diet B

% of diet, as-fed

Cottonseed hulls 29.0 14.9

Alfalfa pellets - 15.0

Rolled corn 46.0 46.0

Cane molasses 4.0 4.7

Soybean meal (47%) 18.5 17.7

Calcium carbonate 1.2 0.8

Dicalcium phosphate 0.5 0.5

Salt 0.3 0.3

Magnesium oxide 0.1 0.1

Zinc oxide 0.008 0.008

Vitamin A 2500 IU/lb 2500 IU/lb

Vitamin E 40 IU/lb 40 IU/lb

Coccidiostat As per veterinarian’s preference

Nutrient Content (DM basis)

Dry matter, % 88.7 88.5

NEm, Mcal/lb 0.82 0.84

NEg, Mcal/lb 0.48 0.50

Crude protein, % 16.0 17.5

Potassium, % 1.24 1.3

Calcium, % 0.80 0.82

Phosphorus, % 0.40 0.43

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diets or high concentrate diets can be effective. The decision as to which nutritional program to use will often depend on the availability of resources on the farm or ranch and the advantages and disadvantages of the programs. There is an apparent trade-off between rate and ef-ficiency of weight gain and sickness in concentrate- versus roughage-based receiving programs. Research from New Mexico (Lofgreen and Kirksey) indicates that weight gain and feed efficiency is improved, but incidence of sickness is slightly increased with receiving diets containing high concentrate, 75 percent, in comparison to a prairie hay diet supplemented with a high-protein pellet as shown in Table 4. Other research has shown a trend of increased sickness as concentrate in the diet is increased from 25 percent to 75 percent of diet dry matter. Concentrate diets that are moderate to low in starch content and formulated with highly digestible fiber sources, such as distillers grains, wheat middlings, and soybean hulls, may reduce the incidence of sickness as well as the risk of acidosis. At the same time, rate and efficiency of gain should be similar to that of receiving diets based on grain.Table 5 includes three suggested weaning or receiving diets for calves and yearlings weighing 400 lbs or more. All of these diets use cottonseed hulls as the fiber source or scratch factor, which is important in stimulating rumen motility and reducing acidosis. As mentioned before, cottonseed hulls do not con-tribute a great deal from a nutrient standpoint, but are very palatable to cattle and can be justified during the critical receiv-ing period. Diet C in Table 5 is a more traditional mix based on corn and alfalfa pellets and has been used in Oklahoma for several years with success. Diets D and E are based on the palatable byproduct feeds of corn distillers grains, wheat middlings, and soybean hulls, respectively. Such feeds provide a greater proportion of digestible fiber with moderate to low starch content. These formulations may also provide an opportunity to cut costs when byproduct feeds are under priced relative to other commodities. For Diets C and E, a supplement pellet can be made from soybean meal, minerals, vitamins, and additives. If a supple-ment is desired for Diet D, a portion of corn can be mixed with

Table 4. Performance of calves received 28 days on al-ternative feed programs.

75% Concentrate Ration

Alfalfa Native Native 40% Protein

hay, 1st hay, 1st hay, 4 supplement

week only week only weeks + Native hay

4 weeks

No. of calves 31 31 31 32

Treated, % 26 23 32 16

Days treated 3.5 4.1 4.0 4.4

Milled feed or supp

intake, lbs 9.7 10.4 9.5 1.93

Hay, intake, lbs 1.5 1.1 3.5 8.83

Daily gain, lbs 1.85 1.94 2.01 1.23

Feed:Gain 6.04 5.95 6.44 8.75

Source: Lofgreen and Kirksey.

the minerals, vitamins, and additives. Because corn does not make a good quality pellet, this supplement should be mixed and blended as a meal with the remaining ingredients of the diet. Roughage-based programs often require more labor and covered storage space, as in the case of small square bales. However, if an abundance of high-quality hay is produced on

Table 5. Receiving rations for 400- to 600-lb calves.

Ingredient Diet C Diet D Diet E

% in Ration (as-fed)

Cottonseed hulls 14.0 20.0 15.0

Alfalfa pellets 19.0 - -

Rolled corn 51.0 30.5 22.0

Corn distillers grains - 43.0 -

Wheat middlings - - 25.0

Soybean hulls - - 25.0

Cane molasses 4.2 4.5 4.5

Soybean meal (47%) 10.3 - 7.5

Calcium carbonate 0.6 1.2 1.0

Dicalcium phosphate 0.6 - -

Potassium chloride - 0.5 -

Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25

Magnesium oxide 0.1 0.1 -

Zinc oxide 0.008 0.008 0.006

Vitamin A 2500 IU/lb 2500 IU/lb 2500 IU/lb

Vitamin E 40 IU/lb 40 IU/lb 40 IU/lb

Coccidiostat As per veterinarian’s preference

Nutrient Content (DM basis)

Dry matter, % 88.5 90.0 89.0

NEm, Mcal/lb. 0.83 0.87 0.83

NEg, Mcal/lb. 0.49 0.54 0.51

Crude protein, % 14.5 14.8 14.5

Potassium, % 1.22 1.2 1.18

Calcium, % 0.79 0.66 0.71

Phosphorus, % 0.42 0.42 0.45

Table 6. 40% protein pellet for receiving programs with hay.

Ingredients Percent (as-fed)

Soybean meal 88.9

Salt 3.0

Premixa 0.18

Vitamin A-30,000 IU/gmb 0.11

Vitamin E-222,800 IU/lbc 0.089

Cottonseed Meal 5.0

Dicalcium PO4 2.75

a To provide desired dosages of decoquinate, Iasalocid, or monensin.

b To provide 15,000 IU vitamin A/lb.

c To provide 200 IU vitamin E/lb.

Source: Gill, D.R., and R.A. Smith.

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the farm or ranch, producers often prefer a hay-based receiv-ing program rather than purchasing expensive concentrate feeds. Weight gain will be considerably lower compared to concentrate programs; however, added gain during receiving, resulting from a high concentrate receiving program, is often lost before the end of a low-input dry winter grazing program. Conversely, if cattle are to be placed on high-quality pasture or enter the finishing phase immediately after the receiving period, higher rates of gain during receiving may be apparent.In situations where 0.5 to 1.5 lbs per day gain during the receiving period is acceptable, high-quality grass hay, which is clean, palatable, and free of mold, plus 2 lbs of a high protein supplement has worked well in research trials and for many producers. The supplement should contain the necessary protein, minerals, vitamins, and feed additives needed to meet the recommended nutrient levels indicated in Table 2. Research and producer experience indicate that although this receiving program does not promote rapid gain, it does minimize health and digestive disorders. A high protein supplement that has worked well with native hay receiving programs in Oklahoma is shown in Table 6.

Conclusion It is important for producers to help reduce cattle stress during both the weaning phase and the receiving phase. Taking action to ensure minimal stress during the weaning or receiving period is a critical step to minimize the risk and cost of disease. A good preconditioning program will allow for

the optimum health and performance of cattle. Because the usefulness of a program depends on the individual opera-tion, producers should use the information presented here to develop a specific preconditioning plan that will likely be beneficial to their businesses.

ReferencesGill, D.R., and R.A. Smith (1988) Nutrition, Health and

Management of Newly Arrived Stressed Stocker Cattle. Oklahoma Beef Cattle Manual (2nd Edition), 85-105.

Hutcheson, D.P., and N.A. Cole (1986) Management of Transit-Stress Syndrome in Cattle: nutritional and En-vironmental Effects. Journal of Animal Science 62:555.

Lofgreen, G.P., and R.E. Kirksey (1982) Effect of Receiving Rations on Subsequent Performance on Grass. Livestock Research Briefs. New Mexico State University. p. 17-23.

Lofgreen, G.P. et al. (1980) Effects of Dietary Energy, Free Choice Alfalfa Hay and Mass Medication on Calves Subjected to marketing and Shipping Stresses. Journal of Animal Science 50:590.

National Research Council. (2000) Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (7th Edition). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Selk, G. (2002) Disease Protection for Baby Calves. OSU Extension Fact Sheet ANSI-3358, Cooperative Exten-sion Service, Oklahoma State University. http://osuextra.okstate.edu/

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Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle

Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattleof Beef Cattleof Beef Cattleof Beef Cattle

E-974E-974E-974E-974E-974

Department of Animal Science • Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service • Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources • Oklahoma State University

E-974E-974E-974E-974E-974E-974

Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle

Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattleof Beef Cattleof Beef Cattleof Beef Cattle

David LalmanAssociate Professor Associate Professor Beef CattleBeef Cattle

Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices, or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, fi nancial aid, and educational services.

Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Samuel E. Curl, Director of Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Dean of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 91 cents per copy. 0804.

Objectives• Discuss the nutrient requirements of beef cattle.• Provide tables that list the nutrient requirements of beef

cattle.

A balanced and cost effective nutrition program is essential to the success of any beef cattle operation. Expensive grasslands demand effi cient utilization of forages. Supplemental feeding and complete feeding programs must be designed to meet the nutri-ent needs of beef cattle and, at the same time, make the most of the available feed resources. Nutrient requirements of cattle change with age, stage of production, sex, breed, environmental conditions, and basal diet quality and amount. Therefore, gaining knowledge of nutrient requirements and the factors infl uencing these requirements is a necessary fi rst step to designing a nutrition program that is both effi cient and cost effective. This section will discuss the protein, energy, mineral, and vitamin requirements of beef cattle. In addition, tables of nutrient requirements are provided.

Dry Matter Intake There really is no requirement for feed intake, although an estimate of how much forage and feed that a cow will consume is essential when evaluating rations, supplements, or predicting animal performance. Dry matter (DM) intake is infl uenced by a number of different factors. A few of the more important variables include animal weight, condition, stage of production, level of milk production, forage quality, amount and type of supplement or feed provided, as well as environmental conditions. Cattle have a daily requirement for a certain quantity of specifi c nutrients such as protein, calcium, and vitamin A. The necessary concentration of these nutrients in the diet (to meet the animal’s requirement) is then determined by the amount of feed consumed. For example, steer calves gaining 2 lb per day may require 1.6 lb of protein per day. If they consume 15 lb of DM daily, the protein requirement could be expressed as 10.7% of DM intake. On the other hand, if they are limit fed to consume only 10 lb of DM daily, the protein requirement for 2 lb of gain could be expressed as 16% of DM intake. Intake in forage fed cattle is generally limited by the forage capacity of the digestive tract. Values presented in Table 1 pro-vide rule-of-thumb guidelines for variation in DM intake based on differences in forage quality and stage of production for beef cows. Forage digestibility values rarely exceed 70 to 74% of dry matter. Calves and yearlings are frequently fed higher quantities of concentrate feeds to improve weight gain and feed conversion above what can be achieved with forage alone. When diet digest-ibility approaches around 70%, feed intake is no longer regulated or limited by the capacity of the digestive tract. Rather, with diets high in digestible energy, physiological mechanisms are turned on to limit intake (Figure 1). This response can be thought of as a built in safety mechanism so that cattle are less likely to consume too much of a highly digestible diet, causing digestive upset, bloat, and founder. Forage intake is highly correlated with forage quality as shown in Figure 2 and in Table 1. The more rapid rate of digestion and passage of higher quality forage results in considerably higher dry matter intake compared to forage that is lower in digestibility. Cattle with greater mature body weight and frame consume more forage compared to smaller frame cattle and lactating cows consume considerably more of the same quality forage compared to gestating cows (Figure 3). Additionally, cattle that are fl eshy consume 3 to 10% less feed or forage compared to cattle that are

in average to thin condition. Cold stress increases dry matter intake, while heat stress reduces dry matter intake. With this many factors infl uencing this trait, it is obvious that dry matter intake is very diffi cult to accurately predict. Estimates of dry matter intake presented in the nutrient requirement tables are determined using published prediction equations. These equations take into account the effects of the animal’s weight, level of milk production for lactating cows, energy

Figure 1. The relationship of diet digestibility to dry mat-ter intake in growing calves. Source: NRC, 2000.

Figure 2. The relationship of forage digestibility to dry matter intake in beef cows. Source: NRC, 2000.

Figure 3. Dry matter intake, expressed as percent of body weight, of beef cows consuming low quality for-age during three different stages of production. Source: Johnson et al., 2003.

1

content of the diet, stage of production, and body condition in the case of the pregnant replacement heifers. It is important to note that all of these equations assume that adequate protein is supplied in the diet to maximize ruminal fermentation. In other words, if the diet is defi cient in protein, these dry matter intake values will overestimate the amount that the cattle will actually consume.

Protein Proteins are large chemical units made up of hundreds of amino acids. Amino acids, in turn, are organic (carbon containing) compounds that also contain nitrogen, oxygen, and sometimes sulfur. Animals consume proteins in their diets and then utilize the amino acids for synthesis of muscle, blood proteins, and other body components. In swine, poultry, and other non-ruminants, the amino acids must be supplied in defi nite proportions in the diet. However, in ruminants, microorganisms (bacteria and protozoa) breakdown most dietary proteins and incorporate the nitrogen and amino acids into their own body tissue. The microorganisms are digested in the small intestine of the ruminant animal. The bacteria themselves have a protein requirement and must have adequate protein to do their job of digesting roughages to end products that can be utilized by the cow. Because of the ruminal breakdown of dietary proteins and because the amino acid make-up of microorganisms is adequate for most classes of beef cattle, feed and forage amino acid composition is generally not critical compared to non-ruminant diets. On the other hand, a high priority should be placed on providing adequate ruminally available protein in order to allow the bacteria to grow and digest roughages. Chemical crude protein concentration is determined by multiplying the feed nitrogen concentration by 6.25 because protein molecules contain an average of 16% nitrogen (1/16 = 6.25). The crude protein system has been the standard for evaluating beef cattle protein requirements and dietary supply for a long time. More recently, the metabolizable protein system has been used to better characterize protein degradability as well as its site and extent of digestion. In order to effectively use this new system, the user must become familiar with several new terms. These include degradable intake protein (DIP), undegradable in-take protein (UIP), and metabolizable protein (MP). Degradable

intake protein is the feed protein fraction that is degraded in the rumen. Nitrogen from DIP is either used for microorganism protein synthesis or passes through the rumen wall into the blood stream and is carried to the liver as ammonia. In the liver this nitrogen can be converted to urea after which it is recycled to the rumen through saliva or fi ltered out of the blood stream in the kidney to be excreted in the urine. Undegradable intake protein is the feed protein fraction that bypasses fermentation in the rumen to be degraded and absorbed in the small intestine. Metabolizable protein is the sum of protein derived from microorganism origin plus UIP (Figure 4).

Table 1. Forage capacity of beef cowsa.Forage Type and Maturity Stage of Production Forage Dry Matter Intake Capacity, % of Body Weight

Low quality forage (< 52% total digestible nutrients) Dry 1.8Dry winter forage, mature legume and grass hay, straw Lactating 2.2 Average quality forage (52 – 59% total digestible nutrients) Dry summer pasture, dry pasture during fall, late-bloom Dry 2.2 legume hay, boot stage and early-bloom grass hay Lactating 2.5 High quality forage (> 59% total digestible nutrients) Mid-bloom, early-bloom, and pre-bloom legume hay, Dry 2.5 pre-boot stage grass hay Lactating 2.7 Lush, growing pasture Dry 2.5

Lactating 2.7 Silages Dry 2.5

Lactating 2.7a Intake estimates assume that protein requirements are met by the forage or through supplementation when forage protein is not adequate. When protein require-

ments are not met, forage intake will be lower than the values shown in the table.Source: Hibbard and Thrift, 1992.

Intake estimates assume that protein requirements are met by the forage or through supplementation when forage protein is not adequate. When protein require-

Figure 4. Illustration of protein digestion and absorp-tion in the ruminant.

Perhaps one of the most practical applications of the MP system is the calculation of the animal’s DIP requirement to insure optimal rumen function. For this reason, feed DIP values are included in most feed composition tables. The requirement for DIP is thought to be closely associated with the amount of fermentable energy in the diet. Specifi cally, the DIP requirement can be calculated as 10 to 13% of daily total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake. Lower values in this range are used when the cattle are receiving a low quality diet, such as dry winter range forage or low quality hay, whereas higher values in the range are used when the cattle are receiving high quality forage or a ration including at least 50% concentrate. The UIP value of the feed can also be calculated by subtracting the DIP value from one.

2

Example of DIP requirement and supply: Assume a cow is consuming 25 lb of hay dry matter that contains 50% TDN. The cow therefore consumes a total of 12.5 lb of TDN per day. Therefore, the DIP requirement is 12.5 lb x 10%, or 1.25 lb of DIP per day. If the hay contains 6% CP (dry matter basis), of which 65% is DIP, this cow would consume 0.98 lb of DIP each day (6% x 65% x 25 lb). The requirement for supplemental DIP would be 0.27 lb (1.25 lb - 0.98 lb). Nutrient requirements, including protein requirements, for beef cows and replacement heifers are shown in Tables 2 and 3. Requirements for growing calves and yearlings are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Requirements for growing and mature bulls are shown in Table 6. These values were adapted from the National Research Council’s Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle publica-tion (2000). One exception is that the NRC calculates the crude protein requirement for some classes of cattle to be less than 7%. Research demonstrates that ruminal fermentation may be compromised with low protein diets. Therefore, 7% dietary crude protein was the minimum value used in the nutrient requirement tables in this publication. The requirements are expressed in both pounds per day of crude protein and in terms of the percentage required in the diet dry matter. These tables illustrate the infl uence of age, weight, desired rate of weight gain, stage of production, and genetic milk-ing ability on nutrient requirements. Replacement heifers need to gain about 1.0 to 1.5 lb/day in order to reach 60 to 65% of their expected mature weight and puberty by 15 months of age. They also need to gain around 1 lb/day from the time they are bred until they calve in order to reach approximately 80% of their mature weight when they calve for the fi rst time. The requirement of protein for muscle and organ growth is refl ected in the large daily requirement for protein. Growing heifers require a high concentration of protein in the diet because of their low dry matter intake. They must have access to good quality forage or be fed supplemental protein to achieve adequate growth prior to their fi rst breeding season. Gestation has little effect on the cow’s protein requirement until about the seventh month of pregnancy. About 2/3 of the fetal growth occurs during the last 1/3 of pregnancy and the pro-tein intake of the cow should be increased during the last 1/3 of pregnancy to insure that the cow will be in good condition at the time of calving. The cow is programmed to take care of the fetus at the expense of her own body, and losses of body condition fre-quently occur in late pregnancy when daily protein or energy are not increased to match the needs of the pregnant cow. Adequate dietary protein during this period is also essential for the cow to produce abundant, high quality colostrum (fi rst milk), which will infl uence the newborn’s immune system for the remainder of its life. Lactation is the most nutritionally stressful activity for the cow. The modern commercial beef cow produces around 20 lb of milk each day during peak lactation. Milk contains a high concen-tration of protein. Therefore, lactating cows, particularly during early lactation, require nearly twice the daily protein of dry cows. Research shows that cows in moderate condition at calving should at least maintain body weight from calving to rebreeding for good conception rates. Failure to take into account the increased pro-tein demand brought on by lactation may result in long intervals before rebreeding. Beef breeds with superior milking ability (25 to 30 lb/day), and high producing cows within a breed or herd have an even higher protein requirement. Increasing cow size adds to the daily protein requirement but not nearly to the extent that lactation does. As mature size

increases, more protein is required to maintain the heavier muscle mass and to permit faster gains that must be made by young females of larger breeds.

Energy The cow requires energy for grazing, traveling, fetal develop-ment, milk production, temperature maintenance, reproduction, digestion, and voiding of body wastes. In addition, fi rst and second calf cows require additional energy for growth until they mature at about four years of age. If cows are thin, additional energy will be required to restore their body condition to a moderate level. The bulk of energy for grazing cattle comes from rumen digestion of forages and roughage products. With proper amounts of protein and minerals, the rumen is capable of getting energy from a wide range of feeds that are useless to non-ruminants. Because the rumen bacteria themselves require protein, just as the animal’s body does, it is impossible to discuss ruminant energy requirements separately from ruminant protein require-ments. With too little protein in the diet, the bacteria will not effi ciently digest roughages, while with too much protein in the diet, the protein will be deaminated (the nitrogen removed) and used as a very expensive energy source. Energy requirements are expressed in the table in terms of TDN and net energy for maintenance (NEm) and (or) net energy for gain (NEg). TDN is the sum of the digestible starch, fi ber, pro-tein, and fat in a feed with a correction factor for the high energy content of fat and the amount of ash or mineral content. TDN requirements are expressed as a percent of the diet dry matter as well as in pounds per day required. Net energy requirements are expressed in terms of mega calories per pound of feed and mega calories required per day. A close look at the nutrient requirement tables shows that the same factors that infl uence protein requirements also infl u-ence energy requirements: animal weight, rate of gain, lactation, and fetal development. Lactation represents the greatest need for additional energy beyond that needed for maintenance. An average milking beef cow requires nearly 50% more TDN or net energy than she does when dry. It should be noted that lactating cows consume more forage compared to gestating cows due to the increased energy demand. Energy requirements for fi rst-calf heifers are higher than for mature cows because energy is needed for growth, in addition to body maintenance and lactation. Inadequate energy during the last third of gestation and during the critical time from calving to rebreeding can lead to poor rebreeding.Large cows will require more energy than will small cows. For example, a 1,300 lb dry pregnant cow in the middle third of pregnancy requires 32% more TDN per day than a 900 lb cow at the same stage of production. Producers who are increasing the mature size of their cows should recognize the greater energy requirements of the larger cows and reduce their stocking rates to compensate.

Vitamins and Minerals The National Research Council publishes equations to deter-mine calcium and phosphorus requirements and these estimated requirements are shown in Tables 2 through 6. Less is known about specifi c dietary requirements for the other important macro and micro minerals. Therefore, the National Research Council pro-vides general dietary guidelines and maximum tolerable levels for each of these minerals (Table 7). Specifi c functions and sources of vitamins and minerals are discussed in greater detail in E-861.

3

Water Do not forget that water is a common but an entirely essential nutrient. Water intake increases dramatically with increased age, weight, and temperature (Table 8). Clean water is most important for young growing calves, but dirty water can retard performance and be a breeding ground for disease in cattle of all ages.

Other Considerations The requirements shown in the tables are designed for healthy unstressed cattle in good condition. Thin heifers or cows should be fed additional energy and protein to achieve good body condition. Some additional energy should be allowed for cows having to travel over large areas for feed or water. Cows subjected to extremely cold temperatures, especially if combined with rain or snow, need extra energy for maintenance. The protein requirement is not increased during cold stress, however. Kansas State University research, for example, shows that a 1,200 lb cow subjected to 20 degrees Fahrenheit in a 14 mph wind requires about 28% more energy than at 32 degrees Fahrenheit with no wind.

ConclusionNutrient requirements include those for protein, energy, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrient requirements vary dramatically among animals and are infl uenced by age, weight, stage of pro-duction, rate of growth, environmental conditions, breed, gender, and other factors. Tabular data provided in this chapter should assist beef producers in determining specifi c nutrient require-ments for their cattle.

ReferencesGadberry, S. (2002) Extension bulletin MP 391, University of Ar-

kansas. http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/.Johnson, C.R., Lalman, D.L., Brown, M.A., Appeddu, L.A.,

Buchanan, D.S., and Wettemann, R.P. (2003) Infl uence of milk production potential on forage dry matter intake of Multiparous and primiparous Brangus females. J. Anim. Sci. J. Anim Sci. 81:1837-1846.

NRC. (2000) Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (7th Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

4

Tab

le 2

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

bee

f co

ws.

Ges

tati

ng c

ow

, mid

dle

1/3

of

pre

gna

ncy

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Wei

ght

Exp

ecte

d C

alf

DM

Inta

ke

T

DN

NE

mC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

CP

Ca

P(lb

)B

irth

wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

/day

)%

of

BW

(%D

M)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(lb)

(lb)

(lb)

900

6317

1.9

500.

447.

10.

170.

148.

37.

31.

20.

028

0.02

310

0069

181.

850

0.44

7.1

0.17

0.14

9.0

7.9

1.3

0.03

10.

025

1100

7519

1.8

500.

447.

10.

170.

149.

78.

51.

40.

034

0.02

812

0080

211.

750

0.44

7.1

0.18

0.15

10.3

9.1

1.5

0.03

70.

030

1300

8622

1.7

500.

447.

10.

180.

1511

.09.

71.

60.

040

0.03

314

0091

231.

750

0.44

7.1

0.19

0.15

11.6

10.2

1.6

0.04

30.

035

1500

9625

1.6

500.

447.

10.

190.

1512

.210

.81.

70.

046

0.03

8G

esta

ting

co

w, l

ast

1/3

of

pre

gna

ncy

900

6319

2.1

540.

507.

90.

250.

1610

.39.

61.

50.

047

0.03

010

0069

212.

154

0.50

7.9

0.25

0.16

11.2

10.4

1.6

0.05

20.

034

1100

7522

2.0

540.

507.

90.

250.

1612

.111

.21.

80.

057

0.03

712

0080

242.

054

0.50

7.9

0.26

0.17

12.9

12.0

1.9

0.06

10.

040

1300

8625

2.0

540.

507.

90.

260.

1713

.712

.82.

00.

066

0.04

314

0091

271.

954

0.50

7.9

0.26

0.17

14.5

13.5

2.1

0.07

10.

046

1500

9628

1.9

540.

507.

90.

270.

1715

.314

.22.

20.

075

0.04

9

Lact

atin

g c

ow

, fi r

st 9

0 d

ays

afte

r ca

lvin

g

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Wei

ght

Pea

k M

ilkD

M In

take

T

DN

NE

mC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

CP

Ca

P(lb

)lb

/day

(lb/d

ay)

% o

f B

W(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(%D

M)

(%D

M)

(%D

M)

(lb)

(Mca

l)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)10

222.

556

0.53

8.7

0.24

0.17

12.4

11.7

1.9

0.05

20.

037

900

1524

2.7

570.

559.

60.

270.

1813

.713

.32.

30.

065

0.04

420

262.

959

0.58

10.4

0.30

0.20

15.3

14.9

2.7

0.07

70.

051

1024

2.4

550.

528.

50.

230.

1713

.012

.32.

00.

055

0.03

910

0015

262.

657

0.55

9.4

0.27

0.18

14.5

14.0

2.4

0.06

80.

047

2027

2.7

590.

5710

.20.

290.

2016

.015

.62.

80.

080

0.05

415

272.

557

0.54

9.2

0.26

0.18

15.3

14.6

2.5

0.07

10.

049

1100

2029

2.6

580.

5610

.00.

290.

1916

.816

.32.

90.

083

0.05

625

312.

859

0.58

10.6

0.31

0.21

18.2

17.9

3.3

0.09

50.

064

1529

2.4

570.

549.

00.

260.

1816

.115

.32.

60.

074

0.05

112

0020

302.

558

0.56

9.8

0.28

0.19

17.6

16.9

3.0

0.08

60.

059

2532

2.7

590.

5810

.50.

310.

2119

.018

.63.

40.

098

0.06

615

302.

356

0.53

8.9

0.26

0.18

16.8

16.0

2.7

0.07

70.

054

1300

2032

2.4

570.

559.

60.

280.

1918

.117

.63.

10.

089

0.06

125

342.

659

0.57

10.3

0.30

0.20

19.7

19.2

3.4

0.10

20.

069

2033

2.4

570.

559.

50.

280.

1918

.918

.23.

10.

092

0.06

414

0025

352.

559

0.57

10.1

0.30

0.20

20.5

19.8

3.5

0.10

50.

071

3037

2.6

590.

5810

.60.

320.

2121

.821

.53.

90.

117

0.07

820

352.

357

0.55

9.3

0.28

0.19

19.7

18.8

3.2

0.09

50.

066

1500

2537

2.4

580.

569.

90.

300.

2021

.220

.53.

60.

108

0.07

330

382.

659

0.58

10.5

0.31

0.21

22.6

22.1

4.0

0.12

00.

081

5

Tab

le 3

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

pre

gna

nt r

epla

cem

ent

heife

rs.

Pre

gna

nt y

earl

ing

rep

lace

men

t he

ifer,

mid

dle

1/3

of

pre

gna

ncy

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Cur

rent

Cur

rent

A

DG

bD

M In

take

TD

NN

Em

CP

Ca

PT

DN

NE

mC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)B

CS

a (1

-9)

(lb)

(lb/d

ay)

% o

f B

W(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(%D

M)

(%D

M)

(%D

M)

(lb)

(Mca

l)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1000

lb M

atur

e W

eig

ht @

BC

S=

5

1.0

132.

254

0.49

9.1

0.42

0.17

7.2

6.6

1.2

0.05

70.

023

600

51.

514

2.3

560.

5310

.20.

480.

207.

87.

41.

40.

066

0.02

8

2.

015

2.4

590.

5811

.40.

530.

238.

58.

41.

60.

077

0.03

3

1.

015

2.2

540.

508.

50.

380.

168.

27.

61.

30.

058

0.02

570

06

1.5

162.

357

0.55

9.5

0.43

0.19

9.0

8.7

1.5

0.06

80.

030

2.0

172.

460

0.59

10.4

0.47

0.21

9.9

9.8

1.7

0.07

80.

034

1.0

162.

056

0.53

8.4

0.37

0.16

9.2

8.7

1.4

0.06

00.

027

800

71.

517

2.1

590.

589.

10.

410.

1810

.19.

91.

60.

069

0.03

1

2.

018

2.2

620.

629.

80.

440.

2011

.011

.01.

70.

077

0.03

5

1200

lb M

atur

e W

eig

ht @

BC

S=

5

1.

016

2.1

530.

488.

70.

400.

178.

37.

61.

40.

062

0.02

675

05

1.5

162.

255

0.52

9.8

0.45

0.19

9.0

8.5

1.6

0.07

30.

032

2.0

172.

358

0.56

10.7

0.49

0.22

9.8

9.5

1.8

0.08

30.

037

1.0

172.

054

0.49

8.2

0.37

0.16

9.3

8.6

1.4

0.06

40.

028

850

61.

518

2.1

560.

539.

10.

410.

1810

.29.

61.

60.

074

0.03

3

2.

019

2.2

590.

579.

90.

450.

2011

.010

.81.

90.

084

0.03

8

1.

019

1.9

560.

528.

20.

360.

1610

.39.

71.

50.

067

0.03

095

07

1.5

192.

058

0.56

8.9

0.39

0.18

11.1

10.8

1.7

0.07

50.

035

2.0

202.

161

0.60

9.4

0.42

0.19

12.0

11.9

1.9

0.08

30.

038

1400

lb M

atur

e W

eig

ht @

BC

S=

5

1.

018

2.0

530.

488.

50.

380.

179.

48.

51.

50.

068

0.03

090

05

1.5

182.

055

0.51

9.3

0.42

0.19

10.0

9.4

1.7

0.07

80.

035

2.0

192.

157

0.55

10.1

0.46

0.21

10.9

10.5

1.9

0.08

80.

040

1.0

201.

953

0.49

8.0

0.36

0.16

10.3

9.4

1.6

0.06

90.

032

1000

61.

520

2.0

560.

528.

90.

400.

1811

.210

.61.

80.

080

0.03

7

2.

021

2.1

580.

569.

50.

430.

2012

.111

.72.

00.

089

0.04

1

1.

021

1.9

550.

528.

00.

350.

1711

.310

.61.

60.

072

0.03

411

007

1.5

211.

958

0.55

8.7

0.39

0.18

12.2

11.8

1.9

0.08

20.

039

2.0

222.

060

0.59

9.3

0.41

0.20

13.2

13.0

2.0

0.09

10.

043

a B

ody

Con

diti

on S

core

b A

vera

ge D

aily

Gai

n

6

Tab

le 3

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

pre

gna

nt r

epla

cem

ent

heife

rs (c

ont

inue

d).

Pre

gna

nt y

earl

ing

rep

lace

men

t he

ifer,

last

1/3

of

pre

gna

ncy

D

iet

Nut

rien

t D

ensi

ty

D

iet

Nut

rien

t D

ensi

ty

D

iet

Nut

rien

t D

ensi

ty

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Cur

rent

Cur

rent

A

DG

DM

Inta

ke

T

DN

NE

mC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

CP

Ca

PW

eig

ht (l

b)

BC

S(1

-9)

(lb)

(lb/d

ay)

% o

f B

W(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(%D

M)

(%D

M)

(%D

M)

(lb)

(Mca

l)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1000

lb M

atur

e W

eig

ht @

BC

S=

5

1.0

162.

257

0.54

8.8

0.28

0.17

8.9

8.5

1.4

0.04

40.

027

700

51.

517

2.4

600.

599.

90.

340.

209.

99.

81.

60.

055

0.03

2

2.

017

2.4

630.

6410

.90.

390.

2210

.710

.91.

90.

066

0.03

8

1.

017

2.1

550.

528.

80.

280.

179.

48.

81.

50.

047

0.02

980

06

1.5

182.

360

0.59

9.4

0.32

0.19

10.9

10.8

1.7

0.05

80.

034

2.0

192.

463

0.64

10.2

0.36

0.21

11.9

12.0

1.9

0.06

70.

039

1.0

182.

057

0.54

8.8

0.28

0.18

10.2

9.7

1.6

0.05

10.

032

900

71.

519

2.1

620.

629.

30.

310.

1911

.811

.81.

80.

060

0.03

6

2.

020

2.2

650.

669.

90.

340.

2012

.813

.12.

00.

068

0.04

0

1200

lb M

atur

e W

eig

ht @

BC

S=

5

1.0

182.

157

0.54

8.5

0.27

0.17

10.3

9.8

1.5

0.04

90.

031

850

51.

519

2.2

590.

579.

40.

320.

1910

.910

.71.

80.

060

0.03

6

2.

019

2.3

610.

6110

.30.

360.

2111

.811

.72.

00.

070

0.04

1

1.

019

2.0

550.

528.

40.

270.

1710

.610

.01.

60.

052

0.03

395

06

1.5

202.

259

0.58

9.1

0.31

0.19

12.1

11.8

1.9

0.06

30.

039

2.0

212.

262

0.62

9.8

0.34

0.20

13.0

13.0

2.1

0.07

20.

043

1.0

201.

957

0.54

8.5

0.27

0.18

11.4

10.9

1.7

0.05

50.

036

1050

71.

521

2.0

610.

609.

10.

300.

1912

.912

.81.

90.

065

0.04

0

2.

022

2.1

630.

649.

60.

330.

2013

.814

.02.

10.

073

0.04

4

1400

lb M

atur

e W

eig

ht @

BC

S=

5

1.0

1.0

21212.

02.

05656

0.52

0.52

8.3

8.3

0.26

0.26

0.17

0.17

11.4

11.4

10.8

10.8

1.7

1.7

0.05

40.

054

0.03

50.

035

1020

51.

521

2.1

580.

559.

20.

310.

1912

.211

.71.

90.

066

0.04

0

2.

022

2.1

600.

599.

80.

340.

2112

.912

.72.

10.

074

0.04

5

1.

022

2.0

550.

528.

20.

260.

1712

.011

.31.

80.

057

0.03

711

206

1.5

232.

058

0.56

8.9

0.30

0.19

13.2

12.8

2.0

0.06

90.

043

2.0

232.

160

0.59

9.4

0.33

0.20

14.1

13.9

2.2

0.07

70.

047

1.0

231.

957

0.54

8.3

0.27

0.18

12.8

12.2

1.9

0.06

00.

040

1220

71.

524

1.9

600.

598.

80.

300.

1914

.013

.82.

10.

070

0.04

4

2.

024

2.0

620.

629.

40.

330.

2015

.115

.12.

30.

079

0.04

9

7

Tab

le 3

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

pre

gna

nt r

epla

cem

ent

heife

rs (c

ont

inue

d).

Lact

atin

g fi

rst-

calf

heife

r, fi

rst

90 d

ays

afte

r ca

lvin

g

D

iet

Nut

rien

t D

ensi

ty

D

iet

Nut

rien

t D

ensi

ty

D

iet

Nut

rien

t D

ensi

ty

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Cur

rent

Cur

rent

A

DG

DM

Inta

ke

T

DN

NE

mC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

CP

Ca

PW

eig

ht (l

b)

BC

S(1

-9)

(lb)

(lb/d

ay)

% o

f B

W(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(%D

M)

(%D

M)

(%D

M)

(lb)

(Mca

l)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1000

lb M

atur

e W

eig

ht @

BC

S=

5

0.0

192.

759

0.58

10.1

0.27

0.19

11.0

10.8

1.9

0.05

10.

035

700

50.

520

2.9

640.

6512

.00.

360.

2312

.913

.12.

40.

072

0.04

6

1.

022

3.1

680.

7013

.50.

420.

2614

.715

.42.

90.

091

0.05

7

0.

020

2.6

600.

599.

70.

260.

1812

.212

.02.

00.

054

0.03

780

06

0.5

222.

864

0.65

11.3

0.34

0.22

14.1

14.3

2.5

0.07

40.

048

1.0

243.

068

0.70

12.7

0.39

0.25

16.0

16.7

3.0

0.09

30.

058

0.0

212.

460

0.59

9.8

0.27

0.19

12.7

12.5

2.1

0.05

70.

040

900

70.

523

2.6

660.

6711

.20.

330.

2215

.115

.62.

60.

077

0.05

0

1.

025

2.7

700.

7312

.40.

380.

2417

.118

.03.

10.

094

0.06

0

1200

lb M

atur

e W

eig

ht @

BC

S=

5

0.

021

2.5

590.

579.

70.

270.

1912

.312

.02.

00.

057

0.03

985

05

0.5

232.

762

0.62

11.3

0.34

0.22

14.1

14.1

2.6

0.07

60.

049

1.0

242.

966

0.68

12.8

0.40

0.25

16.1

16.6

3.1

0.09

70.

061

0.0

232.

459

0.57

9.3

0.26

0.18

13.3

12.9

2.1

0.05

90.

041

950

60.

525

2.6

630.

6310

.90.

320.

2115

.315

.42.

70.

079

0.05

2

1.

026

2.7

660.

6812

.10.

370.

2417

.217

.83.

20.

098

0.06

2

0.

024

2.2

610.

609.

40.

260.

1814

.314

.22.

20.

062

0.04

310

507

0.5

252.

465

0.66

10.8

0.32

0.21

16.3

16.7

2.7

0.08

20.

054

1.0

272.

668

0.71

11.9

0.37

0.24

18.3

19.1

3.2

0.09

90.

064

1400

lb M

atur

e W

eig

ht @

BC

S=

5

0.

024

2.3

580.

559.

30.

260.

1813

.513

.12.

20.

061

0.04

310

205

0.5

252.

561

0.61

10.8

0.32

0.21

15.4

15.4

2.7

0.08

20.

054

1.0

272.

665

0.66

12.1

0.38

0.24

17.4

17.8

3.3

0.10

20.

065

0.0

252.

358

0.56

9.0

0.25

0.18

14.6

14.2

2.3

0.06

40.

045

1120

60.

527

2.4

620.

6210

.40.

310.

2116

.616

.62.

80.

084

0.05

6

1.

029

2.6

650.

6611

.60.

360.

2318

.619

.13.

30.

103

0.06

6

0.

027

2.2

620.

629.

80.

280.

2016

.716

.72.

70.

077

0.05

312

207

0.5

292.

465

0.67

11.1

0.34

0.22

18.8

19.3

3.2

0.09

70.

064

1.0

302.

568

0.72

12.1

0.38

0.24

20.8

21.8

3.7

0.11

50.

074

8

Tab

le 4

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

gro

win

g s

teer

and

hei

fer

calv

es. D

iet

Nut

rien

t D

ensi

ty D

aily

Nut

rien

ts p

er A

nim

al

Bo

dy

AD

GD

MI

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

)(lb

/day

)(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(Mca

l/lb

)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1100

lb @

Fin

ishi

ng

0.5

7.9

540.

500.

249.

20.

300.

164.

33.

10.

420.

730.

020.

011.

08.

459

0.57

0.31

11.4

0.46

0.23

5.0

3.1

0.90

0.95

0.04

0.02

300

1.5

8.6

640.

640.

3713

.60.

620.

295.

53.

11.

401.

170.

050.

032.

08.

669

0.72

0.44

16.2

0.79

0.36

5.9

3.1

1.92

1.39

0.07

0.03

2.5

8.5

750.

810.

5218

.90.

960.

406.

43.

12.

461.

610.

080.

033.

08.

283

0.92

0.62

22.2

1.17

0.51

6.8

3.1

3.00

1.83

0.10

0.04

0.5

9.8

540.

500.

248.

70.

270.

155.

33.

80.

520.

850.

030.

021.

010

.459

0.57

0.31

10.4

0.39

0.20

6.1

3.8

1.12

1.08

0.04

0.02

400

1.5

10.7

640.

640.

3712

.10.

500.

246.

83.

81.

741.

300.

050.

032.

010

.769

0.72

0.44

14.1

0.62

0.29

7.4

3.8

2.39

1.51

0.07

0.03

2.5

10.6

750.

810.

5216

.30.

750.

348.

03.

83.

501.

720.

080.

043.

010

.283

0.92

0.62

19.0

0.90

0.41

8.5

3.8

3.72

1.94

0.09

0.04

0.5

11.6

540.

500.

248.

40.

250.

156.

34.

50.

620.

970.

030.

021.

012

.259

0.57

0.31

9.8

0.34

0.18

7.2

4.5

1.32

1.19

0.04

0.02

500

1.5

12.6

640.

640.

3711

.20.

420.

228.

14.

52.

061.

410.

050.

032.

012

.769

0.72

0.44

12.8

0.52

0.25

8.8

4.5

2.82

1.63

0.07

0.03

2.5

12.5

750.

810.

5214

.70.

620.

309.

44.

53.

601.

840.

080.

043.

012

.183

0.92

0.62

16.9

0.74

0.35

10.0

4.5

4.40

2.05

0.09

0.04

0.5

13.2

540.

500.

248.

20.

230.

147.

15.

20.

711.

080.

030.

021.

014

.059

0.57

0.31

9.4

0.30

0.17

8.3

5.2

1.51

1.31

0.04

0.02

600

1.5

14.4

640.

640.

3710

.60.

380.

209.

25.

22.

361.

530.

050.

032.

014

.669

0.72

0.44

11.9

0.44

0.22

10.1

5.2

3.23

1.74

0.07

0.03

2.5

14.4

750.

810.

5213

.60.

520.

2610

.85.

24.

131.

950.

080.

043.

013

.883

0.92

0.62

15.7

0.62

0.30

11.5

5.2

5.04

2.17

0.09

0.04

0.5

14.9

540.

500.

248.

00.

220.

148.

05.

80.

791.

190.

030.

021.

015

.859

0.57

0.31

9.0

0.28

0.16

9.3

5.8

1.70

1.42

0.04

0.03

700

1.5

16.2

640.

640.

3710

.10.

330.

1910

.45.

82.

651.

640.

050.

032.

016

.369

0.72

0.44

11.4

0.39

0.21

11.2

5.8

3.63

1.85

0.06

0.03

2.5

16.1

750.

810.

5212

.80.

460.

2412

.15.

84.

642.

060.

070.

043.

015

.583

0.92

0.62

14.6

0.54

0.27

12.9

5.8

5.66

2.27

0.08

0.04

9

Tab

le 4

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

gro

win

g s

teer

and

hei

fer

calv

es (c

ont

inue

d).

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Bo

dy

AD

GD

MI

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

)(lb

/day

)(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(Mca

l/lb

)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1200

lb @

Fin

ishi

ng

0.5

7.8

540.

490.

249.

40.

310.

174.

23.

10.

390.

730.

030.

011.

08.

358

0.56

0.30

11.5

0.48

0.23

4.8

3.1

0.84

0.95

0.04

0.02

300

1.5

8.6

630.

630.

3613

.70.

630.

295.

43.

11.

311.

170.

050.

032.

08.

668

0.70

0.42

16.2

0.80

0.36

5.8

3.1

1.80

1.40

0.07

0.03

2.5

8.6

730.

780.

5018

.70.

960.

436.

33.

12.

301.

610.

080.

043.

08.

380

0.88

0.58

22.0

1.18

0.52

6.6

3.1

2.81

1.83

0.10

0.04

0.5

9.7

540.

490.

248.

80.

280.

165.

23.

80.

490.

850.

030.

021.

010

.358

0.56

0.30

10.4

0.39

0.20

6.0

3.8

1.04

1.07

0.04

0.02

400

1.5

10.6

630.

630.

3612

.20.

510.

256.

73.

81.

631.

300.

050.

032.

010

.768

0.70

0.42

14.1

0.63

0.30

7.3

3.8

2.23

1.51

0.07

0.03

2.5

10.7

730.

780.

5016

.10.

760.

357.

83.

82.

851.

720.

080.

043.

010

.480

0.88

0.58

18.7

0.90

0.41

8.3

3.8

3.49

1.94

0.09

0.04

0.5

11.5

540.

490.

248.

40.

250.

156.

24.

50.

580.

970.

030.

021.

012

.258

0.56

0.30

9.8

0.34

0.18

7.1

4.5

1.23

1.19

0.04

0.02

500

1.5

12.6

630.

630.

3611

.20.

430.

227.

94.

51.

931.

410.

060.

032.

012

.668

0.70

0.42

12.9

0.53

0.26

8.6

4.5

2.64

1.63

0.07

0.03

2.5

12.6

730.

780.

5014

.60.

630.

309.

24.

53.

371.

840.

080.

043.

012

.280

0.88

0.58

16.8

0.75

0.35

9.8

4.5

4.12

2.05

0.09

0.04

0.5

13.2

540.

490.

248.

20.

240.

157.

15.

20.

661.

080.

030.

021.

014

.058

0.56

0.30

9.3

0.31

0.17

8.1

5.2

1.42

1.31

0.04

0.02

600

1.5

14.4

630.

630.

3610

.60.

380.

209.

15.

22.

211.

520.

060.

032.

014

.468

0.70

0.42

12.1

0.46

0.23

9.8

5.2

3.03

1.74

0.07

0.03

2.5

14.4

730.

780.

5013

.50.

540.

2610

.55.

23.

871.

950.

080.

043.

014

.080

0.88

0.58

15.4

0.64

0.31

11.2

5.2

4.73

2.16

0.09

0.04

0.5

14.8

540.

490.

248.

00.

230.

148.

05.

80.

741.

180.

030.

021.

015

.758

0.56

0.30

9.0

0.29

0.17

9.1

5.8

1.59

1.42

0.05

0.03

700

1.5

16.2

630.

630.

3610

.10.

340.

1910

.25.

82.

481.

640.

060.

032.

016

.368

0.70

0.42

11.3

0.41

0.21

11.1

5.8

3.40

1.85

0.07

0.04

2.5

16.2

730.

780.

5012

.70.

470.

2411

.85.

84.

342.

050.

080.

043.

015

.880

0.88

0.58

14.4

0.55

0.27

12.6

5.8

5.30

2.27

0.09

0.04

10

Tab

le 5

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

gro

win

g y

earl

ing

s.

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Bo

dy

AD

GD

MI

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

)(lb

/day

)(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(Mca

l/lb

)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1000

lb @

Fin

ishi

ng

0.6

15.2

500.

450.

207.

10.

210.

137.

64.

80.

91.

10.

030.

021.

816

.160

0.61

0.35

9.8

0.36

0.19

9.7

4.8

2.9

1.6

0.06

0.03

550

2.7

15.7

700.

760.

4812

.40.

490.

2411

.04.

84.

52.

00.

080.

043.

314

.880

0.90

0.61

14.9

0.61

0.29

11.8

4.8

5.7

2.2

0.09

0.04

3.8

13.7

901.

040.

7217

.30.

730.

3412

.34.

86.

52.

40.

100.

05

0.6

16.2

500.

450.

207.

00.

210.

138.

15.

21.

01.

10.

030.

021.

817

.260

0.61

0.35

9.5

0.34

0.18

10.3

5.2

3.0

1.6

0.06

0.03

600

2.7

16.8

700.

760.

4811

.90.

450.

2311

.85.

24.

82.

00.

080.

043.

315

.880

0.90

0.61

14.3

0.56

0.27

12.6

5.2

6.1

2.3

0.09

0.04

3.8

14.6

901.

040.

7216

.50.

660.

3213

.15.

26.

92.

40.

100.

05

0.6

17.3

500.

450.

206.

90.

200.

128.

75.

51.

11.

20.

040.

021.

818

.260

0.61

0.35

9.2

0.32

0.17

10.9

5.5

3.2

1.7

0.06

0.03

650

2.7

17.8

700.

760.

4811

.50.

420.

2112

.55.

55.

12.

10.

080.

043.

316

.880

0.90

0.61

13.7

0.52

0.26

13.4

5.5

6.5

2.3

0.09

0.04

3.8

15.5

901.

040.

7215

.90.

610.

3014

.05.

57.

42.

50.

100.

05

0.6

18.2

500.

450.

206.

80.

190.

129.

15.

81.

11.

20.

040.

021.

819

.360

0.61

0.35

8.8

0.30

0.16

11.6

5.8

3.4

1.7

0.06

0.03

700

2.7

18.8

700.

760.

4810

.90.

390.

2013

.25.

85.

42.

10.

070.

043.

317

.880

0.90

0.61

13.0

0.48

0.24

14.2

5.8

6.8

2.3

0.09

0.04

3.8

16.4

901.

040.

7215

.00.

560.

2814

.85.

87.

82.

50.

090.

05

0.6

19.2

500.

450.

206.

70.

190.

129.

66.

11.

21.

30.

040.

021.

820

.360

0.61

0.35

8.5

0.28

0.16

12.2

6.1

3.6

1.7

0.06

0.03

750

2.7

19.8

700.

760.

4810

.30.

370.

1913

.96.

15.

72.

00.

070.

043.

318

.780

0.90

0.61

12.2

0.45

0.23

15.0

6.1

7.2

2.3

0.08

0.04

3.8

17.3

901.

040.

7214

.00.

520.

2615

.66.

18.

22.

40.

090.

05

0.6

20.2

500.

450.

206.

50.

190.

1210

.16.

41.

21.

30.

040.

021.

821

.360

0.61

0.35

8.1

0.27

0.15

12.8

6.4

3.8

1.7

0.06

0.03

800

2.7

20.8

700.

760.

489.

80.

340.

1814

.66.

45.

92.

00.

070.

043.

319

.680

0.90

0.61

11.5

0.42

0.22

15.7

6.4

7.6

2.3

0.08

0.04

3.8

18.1

901.

040.

7213

.20.

480.

2516

.36.

48.

62.

40.

090.

05

11

Tab

le 5

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

gro

win

g y

earl

ing

s (c

ont

inue

d).

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Bo

dy

AD

GD

MI

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

)(lb

/day

)(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(Mca

l/lb

)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1100

lb @

Fin

ishi

ng

0.7

16.3

500.

450.

207.

20.

220.

138.

25.

21.

01.

20.

040.

021.

917

.360

0.61

0.35

10.0

0.36

0.19

10.4

5.2

3.0

1.7

0.06

0.03

605

2.9

16.9

700.

760.

4812

.70.

490.

2411

.85.

24.

82.

20.

080.

043.

615

.980

0.90

0.61

15.3

0.61

0.29

12.7

5.2

6.1

2.4

0.10

0.05

4.0

14.7

901.

040.

7217

.80.

720.

3413

.25.

27.

02.

60.

110.

05

0.7

17.5

500.

450.

207.

10.

210.

138.

85.

51.

11.

20.

040.

021.

918

.460

0.61

0.35

9.7

0.34

0.18

11.0

5.5

3.2

1.8

0.06

0.03

660

2.9

18.0

700.

760.

4812

.30.

450.

2312

.65.

55.

12.

20.

080.

043.

617

.080

0.90

0.61

14.7

0.56

0.27

13.6

5.5

6.5

2.5

0.10

0.05

4.0

15.7

901.

040.

7217

.10.

660.

3214

.15.

57.

42.

70.

100.

05

0.7

18.5

500.

450.

206.

90.

200.

139.

35.

91.

11.

30.

040.

021.

919

.660

0.61

0.35

9.2

0.32

0.17

11.8

5.9

3.5

1.8

0.06

0.03

715

2.9

19.1

700.

760.

4811

.50.

420.

2113

.45.

95.

52.

20.

080.

043.

618

.180

0.90

0.61

13.7

0.52

0.26

14.5

5.9

6.9

2.5

0.09

0.05

4.0

16.7

901.

040.

7215

.90.

610.

3015

.05.

97.

92.

70.

100.

05

0.7

19.6

500.

450.

206.

80.

200.

129.

86.

21.

21.

30.

040.

021.

920

.760

0.61

0.35

8.8

0.30

0.16

12.4

6.2

3.6

1.8

0.06

0.03

770

2.9

20.2

700.

760.

4810

.90.

390.

2014

.16.

25.

82.

20.

080.

043.

619

.180

0.90

0.61

12.9

0.48

0.24

15.3

6.2

7.3

2.5

0.09

0.05

4.0

17.6

901.

040.

7214

.80.

560.

2815

.86.

28.

32.

60.

100.

05

0.7

20.6

500.

450.

206.

60.

190.

1210

.36.

61.

31.

40.

040.

031.

921

.860

0.61

0.35

8.4

0.28

0.16

13.1

6.6

3.8

1.8

0.06

0.04

825

2.9

21.3

700.

760.

4810

.30.

370.

1914

.96.

66.

12.

20.

080.

043.

620

.180

0.90

0.61

12.1

0.44

0.23

16.1

6.6

7.7

2.4

0.09

0.05

4.0

18.6

901.

040.

7213

.90.

520.

2616

.76.

68.

82.

60.

100.

05

0.7

21.7

500.

450.

206.

50.

190.

1210

.96.

91.

31.

40.

040.

031.

922

.960

0.61

0.35

8.1

0.27

0.15

13.7

6.9

4.0

1.9

0.06

0.03

880

2.9

22.4

700.

760.

489.

80.

340.

1815

.76.

96.

42.

20.

080.

043.

621

.180

0.90

0.61

11.4

0.42

0.22

16.9

6.9

8.1

2.4

0.09

0.05

4.0

19.5

901.

040.

7213

.10.

480.

2517

.66.

99.

22.

60.

090.

05

12

Tab

le 5

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

gro

win

g y

earl

ing

s (c

ont

inue

d).

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Bo

dy

AD

GD

MI

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

)(lb

/day

)(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(Mca

l/lb

)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1200

lb @

Fin

ishi

ng

0.7

17.5

500.

450.

207.

30.

220.

138.

85.

51.

11.

30.

040.

022.

018

.460

0.61

0.35

10.2

0.36

0.19

11.0

5.5

3.3

1.9

0.07

0.04

660

3.0

18.0

700.

760.

4813

.00.

490.

2412

.65.

55.

22.

30.

090.

043.

817

.080

0.90

0.61

15.8

0.61

0.29

13.6

5.5

6.5

2.7

0.10

0.05

4.2

15.7

901.

040.

7218

.40.

720.

3414

.15.

57.

42.

90.

110.

05

0.7

18.6

500.

450.

207.

10.

210.

139.

35.

91.

11.

30.

040.

022.

019

.760

0.61

0.35

9.7

0.34

0.18

11.8

5.9

3.5

1.9

0.07

0.04

720

3.0

19.2

700.

760.

4812

.20.

450.

2313

.45.

95.

52.

30.

090.

043.

818

.280

0.90

0.61

14.6

0.56

0.27

14.6

5.9

7.0

2.7

0.10

0.05

4.2

16.8

901.

040.

7217

.00.

660.

3215

.15.

97.

92.

90.

110.

05

0.7

19.8

500.

450.

206.

90.

200.

139.

96.

31.

21.

40.

040.

032.

020

.960

0.61

0.35

9.2

0.32

0.17

12.5

6.3

3.7

1.9

0.07

0.04

780

3.0

20.4

700.

760.

4811

.40.

420.

2114

.36.

35.

82.

30.

090.

043.

819

.380

0.90

0.61

13.6

0.52

0.26

15.4

6.3

7.4

2.6

0.10

0.05

4.2

17.8

901.

040.

7215

.80.

610.

3016

.06.

38.

42.

80.

110.

05

0.7

20.9

500.

450.

206.

80.

200.

1310

.56.

61.

31.

40.

040.

032.

022

.160

0.61

0.35

8.8

0.30

0.16

13.3

6.6

3.9

1.9

0.07

0.04

840

3.0

21.6

700.

760.

4810

.80.

390.

2015

.16.

66.

22.

30.

090.

043.

820

.480

0.90

0.61

12.8

0.48

0.24

16.3

6.6

7.8

2.6

0.10

0.05

4.2

18.8

901.

040.

7214

.70.

560.

2816

.96.

68.

92.

80.

120.

05

0.7

22.0

500.

450.

206.

60.

190.

1211

.07.

01.

31.

50.

040.

032.

023

.360

0.61

0.35

8.4

0.28

0.16

14.0

7.0

4.1

2.0

0.06

0.04

900

3.0

22.7

700.

760.

4810

.20.

370.

1915

.97.

06.

52.

30.

080.

043.

821

.580

0.90

0.61

12.0

0.44

0.23

17.2

7.0

8.3

2.6

0.10

0.05

4.2

19.8

901.

040.

7213

.80.

520.

2617

.87.

09.

42.

70.

100.

05

0.7

23.1

500.

450.

206.

50.

190.

1211

.67.

31.

41.

50.

040.

032.

024

.460

0.61

0.35

8.1

0.27

0.15

14.6

7.3

4.3

2.0

0.07

0.04

960

3.0

23.9

700.

760.

489.

70.

340.

1916

.77.

36.

82.

30.

080.

053.

822

.580

0.90

0.61

11.3

0.41

0.22

18.0

7.3

8.7

2.5

0.09

0.05

4.2

20.8

901.

040.

7213

.00.

480.

2518

.77.

39.

92.

70.

100.

05

13

Tab

le 5

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

gro

win

g y

earl

ing

s (c

ont

inue

d).

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Bo

dy

AD

GD

MI

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

)(lb

/day

)(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(Mca

l/lb

)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1300

lb @

Fin

ishi

ng

0.8

18.5

500.

450.

207.

30.

220.

139.

35.

91.

11.

40.

040.

022.

119

.660

0.61

0.35

10.2

0.36

0.19

11.8

5.9

3.5

2.0

0.07

0.04

715

3.2

19.1

700.

760.

4813

.00.

490.

2413

.45.

95.

52.

50.

090.

054.

018

.180

0.90

0.61

15.7

0.61

0.29

14.5

5.9

6.9

2.8

0.11

0.05

4.5

16.7

901.

040.

7218

.30.

720.

3415

.05.

97.

93.

10.

120.

06

0.8

19.8

500.

450.

207.

10.

210.

139.

96.

31.

21.

40.

040.

032.

120

.960

0.61

0.35

9.6

0.34

0.18

12.5

6.3

3.7

2.0

0.07

0.04

780

3.2

20.4

700.

760.

4812

.10.

450.

2314

.36.

35.

82.

50.

090.

054.

019

.380

0.90

0.61

14.5

0.56

0.27

15.4

6.3

7.4

2.8

0.11

0.05

4.5

17.8

901.

040.

7216

.90.

660.

3216

.06.

38.

43.

00.

120.

06

0.8

21.0

500.

450.

206.

90.

210.

1310

.56.

71.

31.

50.

040.

032.

122

.260

0.61

0.35

9.1

0.32

0.17

13.3

6.7

3.9

2.0

0.07

0.04

845

3.2

21.7

700.

760.

4811

.40.

420.

2215

.26.

76.

22.

50.

090.

054.

020

.580

0.90

0.61

13.6

0.51

0.26

16.4

6.7

7.9

2.8

0.11

0.05

4.5

18.9

901.

040.

7215

.70.

600.

3017

.06.

78.

93.

00.

110.

06

0.8

22.2

500.

450.

206.

70.

200.

1311

.17.

11.

41.

50.

040.

032.

123

.560

0.61

0.35

8.7

0.30

0.17

14.1

7.1

4.1

2.0

0.07

0.04

910

3.2

22.9

700.

760.

4810

.70.

390.

2016

.07.

16.

62.

50.

090.

054.

021

.680

0.90

0.61

12.7

0.48

0.24

17.3

7.1

8.3

2.7

0.10

0.05

4.5

20.0

901.

040.

7214

.60.

560.

2818

.07.

19.

43.

00.

110.

06

0.8

23.4

500.

450.

206.

60.

200.

1311

.77.

41.

41.

50.

050.

032.

124

.760

0.61

0.35

8.3

0.28

0.16

14.8

7.4

4.4

2.1

0.07

0.04

975

3.2

24.1

700.

760.

4810

.20.

370.

1916

.97.

46.

92.

50.

090.

054.

022

.880

0.90

0.61

11.9

0.44

0.23

18.2

7.4

8.8

2.7

0.10

0.05

4.5

21.0

901.

040.

7213

.70.

520.

2618

.97.

49.

92.

90.

110.

06

0.8

24.5

500.

450.

206.

50.

190.

1312

.37.

81.

51.

60.

050.

032.

125

.960

0.61

0.35

8.0

0.27

0.15

15.5

7.8

4.6

2.1

0.07

0.04

1040

3.2

25.3

700.

760.

489.

60.

340.

1917

.77.

87.

22.

40.

090.

054.

023

.980

0.90

0.61

11.3

0.41

0.22

19.1

7.8

9.2

2.7

0.10

0.05

4.5

22.1

901.

040.

7212

.90.

480.

2519

.97.

810

.42.

90.

110.

06

14

Tab

le 5

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

gro

win

g y

earl

ing

s (c

ont

inue

d).

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Bo

dy

AD

GD

MI

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

)(lb

/day

)(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(Mca

l/lb

)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1400

lb @

Fin

ishi

ng

0.8

19.6

500.

450.

207.

30.

220.

139.

86.

21.

21.

40.

040.

032.

220

.760

0.61

0.35

10.1

0.36

0.19

12.4

6.2

3.7

2.1

0.08

0.04

770

3.4

20.2

700.

760.

4812

.90.

490.

2414

.16.

25.

82.

60.

100.

054.

219

.180

0.90

0.61

15.6

0.61

0.29

15.3

6.2

7.3

3.0

0.12

0.06

4.7

17.6

901.

040.

7218

.10.

720.

3415

.86.

28.

33.

20.

130.

06

0.8

20.9

500.

450.

207.

10.

210.

1310

.56.

61.

31.

50.

040.

032.

222

.160

0.61

0.35

9.6

0.34

0.18

13.3

6.6

3.9

2.1

0.08

0.04

840

3.4

21.6

700.

760.

4812

.10.

450.

2315

.16.

66.

22.

60.

100.

054.

220

.480

0.90

0.61

14.5

0.56

0.27

16.3

6.6

7.8

3.0

0.11

0.06

4.7

18.8

901.

040.

7216

.80.

650.

3216

.96.

68.

93.

20.

120.

06

0.8

22.2

500.

450.

206.

90.

210.

1311

.17.

11.

41.

50.

050.

032.

223

.560

0.61

0.35

9.1

0.32

0.17

14.1

7.1

4.1

2.1

0.08

0.04

910

3.4

22.9

700.

760.

4811

.30.

420.

2216

.07.

16.

62.

60.

100.

054.

221

.680

0.90

0.61

13.5

0.51

0.26

17.3

7.1

8.3

2.9

0.11

0.06

4.7

20.0

901.

040.

7215

.60.

600.

318

.07.

19.

53.

10.

120.

06

0.8

23.5

500.

450.

206.

70.

200.

1311

.87.

51.

41.

60.

050.

032.

224

.860

0.61

0.35

8.7

0.30

0.17

14.9

7.5

4.4

2.2

0.07

0.04

980

3.4

24.2

700.

760.

4810

.70.

390.

2016

.97.

56.

92.

60.

090.

054.

222

.980

0.90

0.61

12.6

0.47

0.24

18.3

7.5

8.8

2.9

0.11

0.06

4.7

21.1

901.

040.

7214

.50.

560.

2819

.07.

510

.03.

10.

120.

06

0.8

24.7

500.

450.

206.

60.

200.

1312

.47.

91.

51.

60.

050.

032.

226

.160

0.61

0.35

8.3

0.28

0.16

15.7

7.9

4.6

2.2

0.07

0.04

1050

3.4

25.5

700.

760.

4810

.10.

370.

2017

.97.

97.

32.

60.

090.

054.

224

.180

0.90

0.61

11.9

0.44

0.23

19.3

7.9

9.3

2.9

0.11

0.06

4.7

22.2

901.

040.

7213

.60.

510.

2620

.07.

910

.53.

00.

110.

06

0.8

25.9

500.

450.

206.

50.

190.

1313

.08.

21.

61.

70.

050.

032.

227

.460

0.61

0.35

8.0

0.27

0.16

16.4

8.2

4.8

2.2

0.07

0.04

1120

3.4

26.8

700.

760.

489.

60.

340.

1918

.88.

27.

72.

60.

090.

054.

225

.380

0.90

0.61

11.2

0.41

0.22

20.2

8.2

9.7

2.8

0.10

0.06

4.7

23.3

901.

040.

7212

.80.

480.

2521

.08.

211

.13.

00.

110.

06

15

Tab

le 6

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

gro

win

g a

nd m

atur

e b

ulls

.

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Bo

dy

AD

GD

MI

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

)(lb

/day

)(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(Mca

l/lb

)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

1,70

0 lb

Mat

ure

Wei

ght

0.

422

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1111

.08.

00.

91.

50.

040.

0390

01.

623

600.

610.

357.

30.

230.

1414

.08.

03.

51.

70.

050.

032.

523

700.

760.

488.

80.

300.

1615

.98.

05.

82.

00.

070.

043.

122

800.

900.

6110

.20.

360.

1917

.28.

07.

62.

20.

080.

04

0.4

2450

0.45

0.20

7.0

0.16

0.11

11.9

8.7

1.0

1.7

0.04

0.03

1,00

01.

625

600.

610.

357.

00.

220.

1315

.18.

73.

81.

80.

060.

032.

525

700.

760.

488.

10.

270.

1517

.28.

76.

32.

00.

070.

043.

123

800.

900.

619.

30.

320.

1818

.68.

78.

22.

20.

070.

04

0.4

2650

0.45

0.20

7.0

0.16

0.11

12.8

9.4

1.0

1.8

0.04

0.03

1,10

01.

627

600.

610.

357.

00.

200.

1316

.29.

44.

11.

90.

060.

032.

526

700.

760.

487.

50.

250.

1418

.59.

46.

82.

00.

070.

043.

125

800.

900.

618.

60.

290.

1619

.99.

48.

82.

10.

070.

04

0.4

2750

0.45

0.20

7.0

0.16

0.11

13.7

10.0

1.1

1.9

0.04

0.03

1,20

01.

629

600.

610.

357.

00.

190.

1217

.310

.04.

42.

00.

060.

042.

528

700.

760.

487.

10.

230.

1419

.710

.07.

22.

00.

060.

043.

127

800.

900.

617.

90.

260.

1521

.310

.09.

42.

10.

070.

04

1,30

00.

429

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1114

.510

.61.

22.

00.

050.

031.

631

600.

610.

357.

00.

190.

1218

.410

.64.

62.

20.

060.

04

1,40

00.

431

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1115

.411

.21.

22.

20.

050.

041.

632

600.

610.

357.

00.

180.

1219

.411

.24.

92.

30.

060.

04

1,50

00.

432

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1116

.211

.81.

32.

30.

050.

041.

634

600.

610.

357.

00.

170.

1220

.511

.85.

12.

40.

060.

04

1,60

00.

434

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1217

.012

.41.

42.

40.

050.

041.

636

600.

610.

357.

00.

160.

1121

.512

.45.

42.

50.

060.

04

1,70

00.

033

460.

390.

007.

00.

160.

1215

.113

.00.

02.

30.

050.

040.

436

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1217

.813

.01.

42.

50.

060.

04

16

Tab

le 6

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

gro

win

g a

nd m

atur

e b

ulls

(co

ntin

ued

).

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Bo

dy

AD

GD

MI

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

)(lb

/day

)(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(Mca

l/lb

)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

2,00

0 lb

Mat

ure

Wei

ght

0.5

2450

0.45

0.20

7.0

0.17

0.12

11.9

8.7

1.0

1.7

0.04

0.03

1,00

01.

725

600.

610.

357.

50.

250.

1415

.18.

73.

81.

90.

060.

042.

825

700.

760.

489.

10.

320.

1717

.28.

76.

32.

20.

080.

043.

523

800.

900.

6110

.50.

380.

2018

.68.

78.

22.

40.

090.

05

0.5

2650

0.45

0.20

7.0

0.17

0.12

12.8

9.4

1.0

1.8

0.04

0.03

1,10

01.

727

600.

610.

357.

10.

230.

1416

.29.

44.

11.

90.

060.

042.

826

700.

760.

488.

40.

290.

1618

.59.

46.

82.

20.

080.

043.

525

800.

900.

619.

80.

350.

1919

.99.

48.

82.

40.

090.

05

0.5

2750

0.45

0.20

7.0

0.17

0.12

13.7

10.0

1.1

1.9

0.05

0.03

1,20

01.

729

600.

610.

357.

00.

220.

1317

.310

.04.

32.

00.

060.

042.

828

700.

760.

487.

90.

270.

1619

.710

.07.

22.

20.

080.

043.

527

800.

900.

619.

00.

320.

1821

.310

.09.

42.

40.

080.

05

0.5

2950

0.45

0.20

7.0

0.17

0.12

14.5

10.6

1.2

2.0

0.05

0.03

1,30

01.

731

600.

610.

357.

00.

210.

1318

.410

.64.

62.

20.

060.

042.

830

700.

760.

487.

40.

250.

1521

.010

.67.

72.

20.

070.

043.

528

800.

900.

618.

40.

290.

1722

.610

.610

.02.

40.

080.

05

1,40

00.

531

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1215

.411

.21.

22.

20.

050.

041.

732

600.

610.

357.

00.

200.

1319

.411

.24.

92.

30.

060.

04

1,50

00.

532

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1216

.211

.81.

32.

30.

050.

041.

734

600.

610.

357.

00.

190.

1320

.511

.85.

12.

40.

070.

04

1,60

00.

534

500.

450.

207.

00.

170.

1217

.012

.41.

42.

40.

060.

041.

736

600.

610.

357.

00.

180.

1221

.512

.45.

42.

50.

070.

04

1,70

00.

536

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1217

.813

.01.

42.

50.

060.

041.

738

600.

610.

357.

00.

180.

1222

.513

.05.

62.

60.

070.

05

1,80

00.

537

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1218

.513

.51.

52.

60.

060.

041.

739

600.

610.

357.

00.

170.

1223

.513

.55.

92.

70.

070.

05

1,90

00.

539

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1219

.314

.11.

52.

70.

060.

051.

741

600.

610.

357.

00.

170.

1224

.514

.16.

12.

90.

070.

05

2,00

00.

037

460.

390.

007.

00.

170.

1317

.114

.60.

02.

60.

060.

050.

540

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1220

.114

.61.

62.

80.

070.

05

17

Tab

le 6

. Nut

rien

t re

qui

rem

ents

of

gro

win

g a

nd m

atur

e b

ulls

(co

ntin

ued

).

Die

t N

utri

ent

Den

sity

Dai

ly N

utri

ents

per

Ani

mal

Bo

dy

AD

GD

MI

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

TD

NN

Em

NE

gC

PC

aP

Wei

ght

(lb

)(lb

)(lb

/day

)(%

DM

)(M

cal/

lb)

(Mca

l/lb

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(%

DM

)(lb

)(M

cal)

(Mca

l/lb

)(lb

)(lb

)(lb

)

2300

lb M

atur

e W

eig

ht

0.

527

500.

450.

207.

00.

180.

1213

.710

.01.

11.

90.

050.

031,

200

1.9

2960

0.61

0.35

7.3

0.24

0.14

17.3

10.0

4.4

2.1

0.07

0.04

3.0

2870

0.76

0.48

8.7

0.30

0.17

19.7

10.0

7.2

2.5

0.09

0.05

3.8

2780

0.90

0.61

10.1

0.36

0.20

21.3

10.0

9.4

2.7

0.10

0.05

0.5

2950

0.45

0.20

7.0

0.17

0.12

14.5

10.6

1.2

2.0

0.05

0.04

1,30

01.

931

600.

610.

357.

00.

230.

1418

.410

.64.

62.

20.

070.

043.

030

700.

760.

488.

20.

280.

1621

.010

.67.

72.

50.

090.

053.

828

800.

900.

619.

40.

340.

1922

.610

.610

.02.

70.

100.

05

0.5

3150

0.45

0.20

7.0

0.17

0.12

15.4

11.2

1.2

2.2

0.05

0.04

1,40

01.

932

600.

610.

357.

00.

220.

1419

.411

.24.

92.

30.

070.

043.

032

700.

760.

487.

70.

260.

1522

.211

.28.

12.

40.

080.

053.

830

800.

900.

618.

80.

310.

1823

.911

.212

.52.

60.

090.

05

1,50

00.

532

500.

450.

207.

00.

170.

1216

.211

.81.

32.

30.

060.

041.

934

600.

610.

357.

00.

210.

1320

.511

.85.

22.

40.

070.

05

1,60

00.

534

500.

450.

207.

00.

170.

1217

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42.

40.

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936

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610.

357.

00.

200.

1321

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50.

070.

05

1,70

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536

500.

450.

207.

00.

170.

1217

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42.

50.

060.

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938

600.

610.

357.

00.

190.

1322

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.05.

72.

60.

070.

05

1,80

00.

537

500.

450.

207.

00.

170.

1218

.513

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52.

60.

060.

051.

939

600.

610.

357.

00.

190.

1323

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.55.

92.

70.

070.

05

1,90

00.

539

500.

450.

207.

00.

170.

1219

.314

.11.

52.

70.

070.

051.

941

600.

610.

357.

00.

180.

1324

.514

.16.

22.

90.

080.

05

2,00

00.

540

500.

450.

207.

00.

170.

1220

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.61.

62.

80.

070.

051.

942

600.

610.

357.

00.

180.

1325

.414

.66.

43.

00.

080.

05

2,10

00.

542

500.

450.

207.

00.

170.

1320

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.21.

72.

90.

070.

051.

944

600.

610.

357.

00.

170.

1226

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.26.

63.

10.

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2,20

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543

500.

450.

207.

00.

170.

1321

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73.

00.

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051.

946

600.

610.

357.

00.

170.

1227

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.76.

93.

20.

080.

06

2,30

00.

045

460.

390.

007.

00.

160.

1220

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.30.

03.

10.

070.

050.

547

500.

450.

207.

00.

160.

1223

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.31.

83.

30.

080.

06

18

Tab

le 7

. Min

eral

req

uire

men

ts a

nd m

axim

um t

ole

rab

le c

onc

entr

atio

n an

d v

itam

in r

equi

rem

ents

.

Co

ws

Min

eral

/Vit

amin

Uni

tG

row

ing

and

Fin

ishi

nga

Ges

tati

on

Ear

ly L

acta

tio

nM

axim

um T

ole

rab

le L

evel

Mag

nesi

um%

0.10

0.12

0.20

0.40

Pot

assi

um%

0.60

0.60

0.70

3.00

Sod

ium

%0.

06-0

.08

0.06

-0.0

80.

10--

Sul

fur

%0.

150.

150.

150.

40C

obal

tp

pm

0.10

0.10

0.10

10.0

0C

opp

erp

pm

10.0

010

.00

10.0

010

0.00

Iod

ine

pp

m0.

500.

500.

5050

.00

Iron

pp

m50

.00

50.0

050

.00

1000

.00

Man

gane

sep

pm

20.0

040

.00

40.0

010

00.0

0S

elen

ium

pp

m0.

100.

100.

102.

00Z

inc

pp

m30

.00

30.0

030

.00

500.

00V

itam

in A

IU/lb

1000

.00

1300

.00

1800

.00

--V

itam

in D

IU/lb

125.

0012

5.00

125.

00--

Sou

rce:

NR

C, 2

000.

aA

lso

for

bre

edin

g b

ulls

.

19