nutrition and resistance/resilience to parasitic infection
TRANSCRIPT
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Nutrition and resistance/resilience to
parasitic infection
Bert Tolkamp, Spiridoula Athanasiadou and Jos Houdijk
Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group
SAC, Edinburgh
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Resistance and resilience to parasitic
infection
• Cannot always be clearly distinguished but:
– Resistance relates primarily to ability of hosts to affect parasite establishment, development, fecundity, etc.
– Resilience relates to the degree the animal is able to maintain performance despite being infected
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Parasites cause damage
Disrupted stomach function
Gut damage in small intestine
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• Animals feel sick and may die
Parasites affect welfare and performance
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• Animals feel sick and may die
• Infections reduce performance
Parasites affect welfare and performance
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• Animals feel sick and may die
• Infections reduce performance
– reduced food intake
Parasites affect welfare and performance
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• Animals feel sick and may die
• Infections reduce performance
– reduced food intake
– impaired food digestion
– protein leakage (needs replenishment)
– gut damage (needs repair)
– immune system requires energy and nutrients
Parasites affect welfare and performance
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Higher infection rates, larger effects
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
weeks
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
lamb weight ga
in (kg)
No challenge
3000 larvae/day
5000 larvae/day
5000 larvae/day
Drenched every 3 weeks !
(Coop et al., 1982)
1000 larvae/day
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Reduce effects by de-worming
• Anthelmintics are usually effective
– (but too expensive for some systems)
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Reduce effects by de-worming
• Anthelmintics are usually effective
– (but too expensive for some systems)
• Negative consequences
– Emergence of resistant parasites
– Drug residues in animal products/environment
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Reduce effects by de-worming
• Anthelmintics are usually effective
– (but too expensive for some systems)
• Negative consequences
– Emergence of resistant parasites
– Drug residues in animal products/environment
• Other approaches are required
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Options for non-chemical control
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Options for non-chemical control
– nutrient supplementation
– bioactive forages
– vaccination
– biological control
– breeding
– grazing management
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Options for non-chemical worm control
– nutrient (protein) supplementation
– bioactive forages
– vaccination
– biological control
– breeding
– grazing management
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Ewe protein supplementation
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Ewe protein supplementation
• Periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI)– plays an important role in parasite epidemiology
– ewe is a major source of infection for lambs
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Ewe protein supplementation
• Periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI)– plays an important role in parasite epidemiology
– ewe is a major source of infection for lambs
• Magnitude of PPRI has a nutritional basis– protein scarcity during lactation increases PPRI
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Ewe protein supplementation
• Periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI)– plays an important role in parasite epidemiology
– ewe is a major source of infection for lambs
• Magnitude of PPRI has a nutritional basis– protein scarcity during lactation increases PPRI
• Protein scarcity is determined by supply as well as demand– increased protein supply and reduced protein demand
both decrease the degree of PPRI
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Worms and milk yield during protein
supplementation
200 250 300 350 400
protein supply (g MP/day)
0
10000
20000
30000 2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
worm burden
milk production (l/day)
• Protein supplementation can result in more milk
and reduced worm burdens
Houdijk et al 2003
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• A decrease in protein demand can rapidly reduce
worm egg output
-28 -21 -14 -7 0 7 14 21
days from parturition
0
100
200
300
400
worm egg
s pe
r g faece
s Low protein, twin-rearing
High protein, twin-rearing
Low protein, single-rearing
FEC and ewe protein supplementation
Houdijk et al 2006
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Kidane et al 2010
Breed effects and protein supplementation
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Protein improves immune responses
-28 -14 0 14 28 42
days from lambing
0
100
200
300
GL (nr/mm
2)
Globule leukocyteseffect of protein supply
Low
High
Houdijk et al 2005
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• A single lactating, under-fed susceptible ewe could be a source of infection for many lambs
Implication for epidemiology and lamb
production
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• A single lactating, under-fed susceptible ewe could be a source of infection for many lambs– Egg excretion over 14 days: 17,000,000 eggs
Implication for epidemiology and lamb
production
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• A single lactating, under-fed susceptible ewe could be a source of infection for many lambs– Egg excretion over 14 days: 17,000,000 eggs– If 25% successfully hatch: 4,300,000 larvae
Implication for epidemiology and lamb
production
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• A single lactating, under-fed susceptible ewe could be a source of infection for many lambs– Egg excretion over 14 days: 17,000,000 eggs– If 25% successfully hatch: 4,300,000 larvae
– If 25% migrate to leaf area: 1,125,000 larvae
Implication for epidemiology and lamb
production
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• A single lactating, under-fed susceptible ewe could be a source of infection for many lambs– Egg excretion over 14 days: 17,000,000 eggs– If 25% successfully hatch: 4,300,000 larvae
– If 25% migrate to leaf area: 1,125,000 larvae– Sub-clinical larvae exposure: 5,000 larvae/day
Implication for epidemiology and lamb
production
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• A single lactating, under-fed susceptible ewe could be a source of infection for many lambs– Egg excretion over 14 days: 17,000,000 eggs– If 25% successfully hatch: 4,300,000 larvae
– If 25% migrate to leaf area: 1,125,000 larvae– Sub-clinical larvae exposure: 5,000 larvae/day
– One ewe could infect 16 lambs for 14 days
Implication for epidemiology and lamb
production
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• A single lactating, underfed susceptible ewe could be a source of infection for many lambs– Egg excretion over 14 days: 17,000,000 eggs– If 25% successfully hatch: 4,300,000 larvae
– If 25% migrate to leaf area: 1,125,000 larvae– Sub-clinical larvae exposure: 5,000 larvae/day
– One ewe could infect 16 lambs for 14 days
• Optimal MP supply to ewes can reduce the negative effects of exposure to parasites
Implication for epidemiology and lamb
production
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Ewe FEC during ewe protein
supplementation (clean fields)
Kidane et al 2008
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Lamb weight during ewe protein
supplementation (clean fields)
Kidane et al 2008
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Drench need during ewe protein
supplementation (dirty fields)
Kidane et al 2009
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Lamb weight during ewe protein
supplementation (dirty fields)
Kidane et al 2009
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• Protein scarcity may be a reason for elevated FEC in periparturient ewes
Conclusions -1-
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• Protein scarcity may be a reason for elevated FEC in periparturient ewes
• Protein supplementation:– reduced worm burdens and worm egg output– reduced drench use– increased lamb performance
Conclusions -1-
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• Protein scarcity may be a reason for elevated FEC in periparturient ewes
• Protein supplementation:– reduced worm burdens and worm egg output– reduce drench use– increased lamb performance
• Target most susceptible ewes:– thin, multiple rearing (especially gimmers)– single-rearing ewes may not benefit from protein
Conclusions -1-
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Bioactive forages
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Bioactive forage: a definition
• Plants are referred to as bioactive forages if their
consumption results in anti-parasitic activity
• Examples of bioactive forages
chicory sainfoin lotus
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Chicory
• Highly palatable
• Good nutritional value– Dry matter
– Macro-nutrients
– Micro-nutrients
• Readily grown in Scotland
• Anti-parasitic properties
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Worm burdens following short term grazing on new chicory
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FEC during long term grazing on new chicory (pre-weaning)
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Gain during long term grazing on new chicory (pre-weaning)
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FEC during long term grazing on new chicory (post weaning)
Kidane et al 2009
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Pasture larval counts
Kidane et al 2009
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Drench need during long term grazing on dirty chicory
Kidane et al 2009
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• Anti-parasitic plant secondary metabolites– direct anti-parasitic properties
Mode of action
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• Anti-parasitic plant secondary metabolites– direct anti-parasitic properties
• Immunonutrition
– improved host immune responses towards incoming and established worms
Mode of action
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• Anti-parasitic plant secondary metabolites– direct anti-parasitic properties
• Immunonutrition
– improved host immune responses towards incoming and established worms
• Plant structure
– broad-leaved structure reduces larval migration and hence larval uptake during grazing
Mode of action
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• Bioactive forage like chicory can assist to reduce the degree of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism
Conclusions -2-
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• Bioactive forage like chicory can assist to reduce the degree of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism
• Potential benefits from chicory arise from:– reduced worm burdens and worm egg output– reduce drench use– increased lamb performance
Conclusions -2-
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• Bioactive forage like chicory can assist to reduce the degree of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism
• Potential benefits from chicory arise from:– reduced worm burdens and worm egg output– reduce drench use– increased lamb performance
• We need to know more to understand why it works frequently but not always
Conclusions -2-
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• Nutritional approaches have the potential to reduce parasitism
• The use of bioactive forages has the potential to reduce parasitism
• How can they be optimally combined?
Using different approaches at the same time
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• How can they be optimally combined?
– With each other?
– With chemical control (drenches)?
– With other measures, such as:
• COWP
• Breeding
• Vaccination
Using different approaches at the same time
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• There is an urgent need to develop alternatives to chemical (anthelmintic) control of gastro-intestinal parasites
• It is likely that combinations of approaches can be useful in different circumstances
• Supplementation with nutrients (protein) and the use of bio-active forages (PSM) are promising parts of strategies for parasite control in future sustainable systems
Conclusions -3-
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Thank you for your attention
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