Nutritionfor Sport and Exercise, Third Edition

Marie Dunford

J. Andrew Doyle

© Cengage Learning 2015

1Introduction to Sports Nutrition – General Principles

Dr. Preston Mercer, FACNCollege of Public HealthCommunity and Family Healthpmercer@usf.edu

Integrative Aspects of NutritionFACTS?

GOODHEALTH?DEPROGRAMMING?

GOOD HEALTH IS A MULTIFACTORIAL CONTINUUM

HEALTH  AND QUALITY OF LIFE ‐ IS NUTRITION CRITICAL?

Some WHO Major Risk Factors Causing World Deaths in 2000

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

Diet-related diseases

Tobacco

Unsafe sex

Alcohol

Unsafe w ater, sanitation,hygiene

Occupational safety

Ris

k Fa

ctor

Number of Deaths (X1000)(World Health Report, 2002)

INDICATION THATNUTRITION IS CRITICAL

AtherosclerosisCancer

How do we improve quality of life while decreasing nutrition‐

related morbidity and mortality?

Boundary between food and medicine was blurred –(but normal nutrition is different from therapeutic nutrition)

1632 London Banana considered a powerful drug

1800 Samuel Hahnemann             Invents Law of Similia for Homeopathy

1830                        Emergence of modern medicine, “foodism” still prevalent.  Popularconditions were dyspepsia and poor digestion.

Sylvester Graham         Begins Presbyterian ministry.  Bible teaches vegetarianism. Therefore  food can not only save man’s life, but also his soul. 

“Must put BRAN back into bread to make it plainer and more natural.”

Also responsible for:Saturday night baths (water cleanses)

Hard BedsFood cold (or uncooked) like orangutans.

No liquid with meal.GRAHAM BREAD

Pasteur, 1857Germs, disease

Funk, 1912Vitamins

1828         Ellen G Harmon White

Foundation of Seventh Day Adventist Church. The faithful could only eat fruits, vegetables and GRAHAM BREAD.  Opening of the Western Health Reform Institute at Battle Creek, Michigan.

1870 Harvard Medical School doesn’t use written tests, most students cannot write.

1874 A.T. Still coverts naturopathy to Osteopathy

1876 Kellogg heads up WHRI in Battle Creek

1877 Institutes inner cleansing (enema)  (EverCleanse.com ColonCleansing Diet)

1878 Kellog Invents Toasted Wheat Flakes (eaten dry) and granola to exercise  teeth.

1886 Daniel Palmer invents Chiropractic. (Davenport, Iowa)

1891 C.W. Post comes to the “San”.  Likes what he sees. Joins Christian Science Church and invents Postum to make blood red and Grape‐nuts to tighten loose teeth and cure appendicitis, TB and malaria.

Kellogg declares that the only safe foods for man are nuts, fruit, grains, juicy root, eggs and milk.  Invents peanut butter.

1901 Metchnikov discovers phagocytosis.  Searches world for secret to long life.  Finds Bulgarians eat yogurt.  Reads Dr. Kellogs ideas on bowel purification and concludes; bacteria in yogurt overcomes bad bacteria in meat.  Ideas are not well know until –

1908 Metchnikov wins Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for phagocytosis (NOT for  yogurt theory  TCBY).

1960 Jerome Rodale says yogurts therapeutic effect due to reduction on putrefaction in bowel.  (founder of Prevention Magazine)

RESEARCH!

The Scientific Method Approach

Math!Statistics!

The Scientific Approach: Modern Research Designs – 4 typesProduces current standards and practices in medicine

Epidemiological study This country’s food supply has more olive oil and they have less heart disease.

Lab studyLet’s prove that a vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy in these rats.

Case study: This person eats too little iodine and has goiter

Intervention study:Let’s add foods with vitamin C to his diet and see if he gets fewer colds.

Research Designs – continued 

SUCCESSFUL APPROACH? CURRENT AGE ADJUSTED LIFE EXPECTANCYMen – 77.6 (2011) Women – 80.8 (2011)45 years in 1900 

Quality of life improved byNutrition/Medicine?

http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/your‐life‐expectancy‐by‐age

?Social security

Converting Information into Standards, Guidelines, Best Practices

Nutrient Standards

The Dietary Reference Intakes are nutrient intake standards set for people living in the United States and Canada.

The Daily Values are U.S. standards used on food labels.

Dietary Reference Intakes

Observed level of intake

UL 

Risk ofina

dequ

acy

Riskof excess0.5 0.5

RDAAI

EAR

Increase 196‐02

The DRI committee has set values for: Vitamins Minerals Carbohydrates Fiber Lipids Protein Water Energy

Separate recommendations for men, women, pregnant, lactating women, infants, children andspecific age ranges

Nutrient Recommendations

Understanding the DRI Intake Recommendations

The DRI in perspective The values are based on available scientific research and updated periodically in light of new knowledge.

The values are based on the concepts of probability and risk.   The values are recommendations for optimal intakes, not minimum requirements. Include a generous margin of safety.

The values are set in reference to specific indicators of nutrient adequacy, rather than prevention of deficiency symptoms alone.

The values reflect daily intakes to be achieved, on average, over time. The values are set high enough to ensure that body stores will meet nutrient needs during periods of inadequate intakes.

The recommendations apply to healthy persons only.

Understanding the DRI Intake Recommendations

It is set at a high value that covers 97 to 98 percent of the population’s needs.

Mean

2 s.d.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)

Recommended Dietary Allowances: of Sciences;10th ed., 1989

Nutrient units Adult Adult Children Infants Pregnant andMales Female

s7-10

Yearslactating

Protein g 63 50 28 14 65

Vitamin A RE* 1000 800 700 375 1300Vitamin D IU 200 200 400 400 400Vitamin E mg

alphaTE*10 8 7 4 12

Vitamin K mg 80 65 30 10 65Vitamin C mg 60 60 45 35 95Folate ug 200 180 100 35 400Thiamin(B1) mg 1.5 1.1 1 0.4 1.6Riboflavin (B2) mg 1.7 1.3 1.2 0.5 1.8Niacin mg 19 15 13 6 20Pyridoxine (B6) mg 2 1.6 1.4 0.6 2.2Cyanocobalamine (B12)

ug 2 2 1.4 0.5 2.6

Biotin mg 30-100

30-100 30 15 30-100

Pantothenic Acid mg 4-7 4-7 4-5 3 4-7Calcium (Ca) mg 800 800 800 600 1200Phosphorus (P) mg 800 800 800 500 1200Iodine (I) ug 150 150 120 50 200Iron (Fe) mg 10 15 10 10 30Magnesium (Mg) mg 350 280 170 60 355

FACT vs FICTION

1. No Such Thing as an Ideal Diet2. Requirements for Individuals Not Known (2/3) 

Excess nutrients

Example:

Health Food Store Recommends:

(1) 500 IU Vitamin E after each meal3 X 500 = 1500 IU/DayRDA – 10 IU/DAY1500/10 = 150 RDA/DAY

Is that “NATURAL”?

How about 150 RDA from food?

1. 1 Gallon Wesson Oil2. 18 Pounds Almonds3. 27 Pounds Wheat Germ (46000 CAL)

NO POSSIBLE DIET PROVIDES THIS MUCH VITAMIN E!

Goals of the DRI Committee

COMPLIANCE WITH DRI

(Map from USAID)

Global Micronutrient Deficiencies

> 3 billion people afflictedMalnutrition around the world

© Cengage Learning 2015

REVIEW

• Food contains NUTRIENTS and ENERGY• Guidelines have been developed for their ingestion

and utilization• EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE leads to BEST

PRACTICES. Critical for professionals in health care.