nutrition of embryo and fetus
DESCRIPTION
Nutrition of embryo and fetus. Sperm ( Spermatozoon ). Ovum ( Ootidium ). +. =. Fertilization ( Fertilisatio ). usually within ampulla tubae uterinae sperm passes : corona radiata – hyaluronidase - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Nutrition of embryo and fetusNutrition of embryo and fetus
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Sperm Sperm ((SpermatozoonSpermatozoon))
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Ovum Ovum ((OotidiumOotidium))
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• +
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Fertilization (Fertilization (FertilisatioFertilisatio))• usually within ampulla tubae uterinae• sperm passes :
– corona radiata – hyaluronidase– zona pellucida – akrosin, neuraminidase, zonal
reaction• merging of membranes of ovum and sperm (St.1)• termination of ovum maturation + female pronucleus• male pronucleus• membranes of pronuclei disappear zygota
(zygotum)• (zygon = yoke)• St. 2
http://www.priznakytehotenstvi.eu/3-tyden-tehotenstvi/
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Cleavage of zygoteCleavage of zygote• 30 hodin after fertilization: zygote undergoes
repetitively rapid mitotic divisions („cleavage“) → blastomeres (equipotential cells)– (blastos = germ)
• thanks to zona pellucida blastomeres get smaller after each division
• close contact between blastomeres enables compactization (primitive intercellular interactions)
• 12-15 blastomeres = morula – (mulberry)
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Blastocyst (St. 3-5)Blastocyst (St. 3-5)• 4D after fertilization: morula enters uterine cavity
• formation of small cavities filled with fluid merge into blastocystic cavity = cavitas blastocystica (blastocoel)– blastocysta libera (St. 3)
– blastocysta adherens (St. 4)
– blastocysta implantata (St. 5)
• 6D: blastomeres divide into 2 parts:– trophoblast (outer cell mass) – base for embroynal
part of placenta– embryoblast (inner cell mass) – base for proper
embryo
• whole structure is called blastocysta (unilaminaris)
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Blastocyst formation (Blastulation)Blastocyst formation (Blastulation)
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Implantation (Implantation (ImplantatioImplantatio) = Nidation) = Nidation
• 4-6D: degeneration of zona pellucida – blastocyst continues to grow
• 6D: blastocyst adheres with its embryonic disc to endometrium = implantation (implantatio; nidation)– (nidus = nest)
– usually in the dorsocranial part of uterus
• extrauterine gravidity (graviditas extrauterina) – implantation within tuba uterina or cavitas peritonealis
– further growth endangers life of the mother – e.g. bleeding after rupture of tuba uterina
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Implantation (Implantation (ImplantatioImplantatio) = Nidation) = Nidation• conceptus villosus (St. 6)
• embryo (St. 7-23)
• trophoblast divides into 2 layers:– cytotrophoblast – internal layer with well
distinguishable cells– syncytiotrophoblast – external layer consists of
many fused cells originating from cytotrophoblast• produce enzymes, which penetrate and resorb endometrium• embryo submerges deeper and gets nutrition from disintegrated
tissue
• 7D: embryoblast produces a layer of cells called hypoblast → blastocysta (bilaminaris)
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Blastocysta bilaminarisBlastocysta bilaminaris• 8D: division of embryoblast into 2 unilayered plates
(= bilaminar blastoderm)• EPIBLAST – high cells on cytotrophoblastic side of
embryonal disc• HYPOBLAST – low cells on blastocystic side of
embryonal disc
• oval shape• at the same time a cavity appears between cells of
epiblast = amniotic cavity (cavitas amniotica)• some cells of epiblast → amnioblasts → surround
amniotic cavity
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Vznik bilaminárního blastodermuVznik bilaminárního blastodermu
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Yolk sac originYolk sac origin
• 9D: cells of hypoblast separate and line the cavitas blastocystica extraembryonal endoblast = exocoelom Heuser‘s membrane (Chester H. Heuser – U.S. embryologist 1885-1965)
exocoeloma = primary yolk sac (vesicula umbilicalis primaria)
• cells of yolk sac give rise to loose connective tissue which invades between amnion/yolk sac and cytotrophoblast = extraembryonal mesoblast (mesoderm)
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Implatantion – terminationImplatantion – termination• 9-10D: embryo is fully implanted within the
endometrium– defect of endometrium is covered with fibrin at
first • 12D: defect recovered with new epithelium
(simple columnar epithelium) – operculum deciduale
• syncytiotrofoblast grows and erodes capillaries, sometimes causing mild bleeding into the uterus = corresponds to menstruation phase and can cause false estimation of the delivery term
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• produced by syncytiotrophoblast just after implantation (8D)
• until 6th month keeps corpus luteum in function
• 14D: can be detected in urine• pregnancy test – detection of hCG beta
subunit• its synthetic form used in assisted
reproduction• excluding pregnancy – hCG is a marker of
trophoblastic tumors
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Decidual reactionDecidual reaction• (deciduus = falling off)
• decidua – endometrium at the end of secretory phase of menstruation cycle and then during the whole pregnancy
• decidual cells (cellulae deciduales)– cells of endometrial connective tissue respond to the
presence of syncytiotrophoblast with decidual reaction– change of the shape (fusiform → polyhedric)– accumulation of lipids and glycogen
– cells in the immediate vicinity of syncytiotrophoblast are successively absorbed to feed the embryo
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DeciduaDecidua• decidua basalis – in depth of the implantation
site, forms maternal part of placenta
• decidua capsularis – covers conceptus
• decidua parietalis – other free part
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Begining of uteroplacental circulationBegining of uteroplacental circulation
• capillaries of endometrium enlarge and change into sinusoids
• sinusoids are eroded with progressive syncytiotrophoblast
• 9D: blood flows into trophoblastic lacunae• blood is conducted via aa. spirales into
lacunae • brought nutrients are accessible for conceptus,
metabolic waste can be flown away• lacunae fuse into lacunar networks and serve
as a base for future intervillous spaces of placenta
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Počátky uteroplacentární cirkulace II
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Chorionic cavity Chorionic cavity (Extraembryonal coelom)(Extraembryonal coelom)
• cavities arise inside extraembryonal mesoblast (mesoderm) → successively fuse → chorionic cavity (extraembryonal coelom; cavitas chorionica)
• in small area aroud amniotic cavity: no fusion → connecting stalk (pedunculus connectans) – embryo „hangs“ on it inside chorionic cavity
• part of primary yolk sac is separated by growing chorionic cavity and fuse with its wall
• the remaining part is smaller and called secondary yolk sac (vesicula umbilicalis secindaria)
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Chorionic cavity Chorionic cavity (Extraembryonal coelom)(Extraembryonal coelom)
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Chorionic sac (Chorionic sac (Saccus chorionicusSaccus chorionicus))
• extraembryonal mesoblast (mesoderm) does not disappear →– extraembryonal somatic mesoderm
• on internal surface of chorionic cavity and external surface of amniotic cavity
– extraembryonal splanchnic mesoderm• on external surface of secondary yolk sac
• 13-14D: induced by extraembryonal somatic mesoderm – gowth of primary chorionic villi
• by means of proliferation of cytotrophoblast cells into syncytiotrophoblast
• chorionic sac (saccus chorionicus) is lined: – internaly with extraembryonal somatic mesoderm– externally with trophoblast
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Prechordal platePrechordal plate ( (Lamina prechordalisLamina prechordalis))
• in cranial part of embryo: transformation of smaller population of cells of hypoblast
→ columnar cells → prechordal plate → formation of bases of head part of embryo
http://teleanatomy.com/alaqah-TrilaminarGermDisc.html
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Fetal membranesFetal membranesMembranae fetales (Adnexa fetalia)Membranae fetales (Adnexa fetalia)
Chorion
Amnion
Allantois
Vesicula umbilicalis
Protection
Nutrition
Respiration
Excretion
Hormones
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Fetal membranesFetal membranes((Membranae fetalesMembranae fetales))
• appear during 2nd week from zygote
• are not part of embryo• do not contribute to embryo formation!
– exception: parts of yolk sac and allantois
• in early phase of pregnacy: quicker growth than that of embryo
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Allantois (idis, f.)Allantois (idis, f.)
• (allas = sausage)• gemma alloenterica – common base of primitive
gut and allantois
• pouch of caudal part of yolk sac wall (pedunculus allantoicus)
• growth into the connecting stalk • canalisatio
– pars proximalis → murus ventralis mesenteri– pars distalis → diverticulum allantoicum
• later its opening moves to cloaca• fades out
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Allantois
• obrázek
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AllantoisAllantois
• 3-5T: hematopoiesis– vasa allantoica → vasa umbilicalia– to feed the conceptus from placenta
• intraembryonal part urachus + pars vesicalis sinus urogenitalis part of vesica urinaria
• urachus ligamentum umbilicale medianum (= chorda urachi) after birth
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Amnion (i, n.)Amnion (i, n.)
• (amnos = lamb in Greek; agnus in Latin)• membranous sac encompassing and protecting the
conceptus• 8D: cavities appear within the epiblast of
blastocystis bilaminaris• narrow slit between embryoblast a trophoblast• amniotic cavity (cavitas amniotica)• amniotic fluid (liquor amnioticus)• amnioblasts – simple cubic epithelium• extraembryonal ectoderm
– mesenchyma amnioticum– mesothelium amnioticum
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AmnionAmnion
• wall of amniotic cavity• floor = epiblast• inner walls = simple cuboidal epithelium
(amnioblasts)• outer walls = extraembryonal somatic
mesoderm (= extraembryonal somatopleura)• from 4W: enlarging with the growth of embryo• connection with embryo - amnioblasts covering
umbilical cord
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AmnionAmnion• cavity in
embryoblast
• fluid
• enlarges and compresses chorionic sac
• encompasses and covers umbilical cord
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AmnionAmnion
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Amniotic fluid (Amniotic fluid (Liquor amnioticus)Liquor amnioticus)content of amniotic cavity• at first produced by amnioblasts• then mainly by diffusion through amniochorion from
decidua parietalis• finally by diffusion from maternal blood (from spatia
intervillosa placentae)• flows into fetal respiratory and digestive tract
circulation inside the fetus:• from 11W: excretion of urine• swallowing (at the end of 3rd trimester – 400 ml per day)• composition: 99% water
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Function of amniotic fluidFunction of amniotic fluid
• symmetrical growth of conceptus• barrier against infection• development of lungs• mechanical protection („pillow“)• termoregulation• enables movements of conceptus
• amniocentesis
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AmniocentesisAmniocentesis
• week 16-20
• risk of spontaneous abortion < 0,5%
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AmniocentesisAmniocentesis• sex of conceptus• chromosomal abberation
• trisomia 21 = m. Down, trisomia 13,18
• fetal cells • DNA diagnostic of other hereditary diseases
• high level of AFP = alfa-fetoprotein• heavy defects of neural tube
• low level of AFP• hereditary disorders
• spina bifida• therapy of polyhydramnion
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Chorion (i, n.)Chorion (i, n.)
• vesicula chorionica – chorionic cavity = extraembryonal coelom
• chorionic sac (saccus chorionicus)– cavitas chorionica = coeloma
extraembryonicum
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ChorionChorion
• development from trophoblast during implantation• layers:
– syncytiotrophoblast– cytotrophoblast– extraembryonal somatic mesoderm
• fusin of cavities within extraembryonal mesoderm extraembryonal coelom = chorionic cavity (cavitas chorionica)• filled with fluid
• connecting stalk (pedunculus connectans) - on connection between embryo and trophoblast
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ChorionChorion
• syncytiotrofoblast
• cytotrofoblast
• extraembryona somatic mesoderm
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Development of chorionic villiDevelopment of chorionic villi
• mesenchyma chorionicum – wall of chorionic sac• mesothelium chorionicum – internal wall of
chorionic cavity• end of 2W: syncytiotrofoblast (lacunar stage)
- lacunae separated with trabeculae- fuse into labyrinth = future intervillous space→ a column of cytotrophoblast invades inside the
trabeculae = primary chorionic villus (villus primarius)(induction of adjacent extraembryonal somatic
mesoderm)
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Development of chorionic villiDevelopment of chorionic villi
• from 3W: further development of primary chorionic villi
ingrowth of mesenchyme = secondary chorionic villi
• secondary villi cover whole surface of chorionic sac
• whole chorion is covered with secondary villi as late as 8W
development of vessels inside the mesenchyme of villi = tertiary chorionic villi
vessels of tertiary villi are connected with fetal circulation = nutrition and waste cleaning
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Development of chorionic villiDevelopment of chorionic villi
intensive proliferation of cytotrophoblast, which penetrates syncytiotrophoblast = cytotrophoblastic shell
- fixes chorionic sac to the endometrium
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Villus secundarius x Villus tertius Villus secundarius x Villus tertius
• syncytiotrophoblast• cytotrophoblast• extraembryonal
mesoderm
• syncytiotrophoblast
• (only islets of cytotrophoblast)
• extraembryonal mesoderm
• vessels
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Development of chorionic villiDevelopment of chorionic villi
• towards the end of pregnancy: syncytiotrophoblast degenerates in some spots → fibrin storage (from maternal blood) → fibrinoid
3 structural types of villi:• anchoring villus (villus ancorans) – connected to
decidua basalis• ramified villus (villus ramosus) – ramifying inside
intervillous spaces• free villus (villus liber) projects into intervillous
spaces• separation of maternal and fetal connective tissue
– cytotrophoblastic shell
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Development of chorionic villiDevelopment of chorionic villi
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ChorionChorion• decidua capsularis compresses villi in its vicinity
they degenerate chorion laeve (smooth chorion)
• in area of decidua basalis: the villi multiply chorion frondosum (villous chorion)
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/gallicano/deck/1056160
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Vesicula umbilicalis (Saccus vitellinus)Vesicula umbilicalis (Saccus vitellinus) = Yolk sac= Yolk sac
• blastocystic cavity exocoelom = vesicula umbilicalis primaria (primary yolk sac)– cavity connected with primitive gut– by growth of chorionic cavity: yolk sac separated
and fades out
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Vesicula umbilicalis (Saccus vitellinus)Vesicula umbilicalis (Saccus vitellinus) = Yolk sac= Yolk sac
• endoderma extraembryonicum vesiculae umbilicalis– 13D: cellulae germinales precursoriae
(primordial germ cells)• migrated here from caudal part of epiblast
• mesenchyma extraembryonicum vesiculae umbilicalis– 3-6T: hematopoiesis
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Vesicula umbilicalis (Saccus vitellinus)Vesicula umbilicalis (Saccus vitellinus) = Yolk sac= Yolk sac
vesicula umbilicalis secundaria (secondary/definitive yolk sac)
• formed by cells of extraembryonal endoderm (from hypoblast)
• pedunculus vesiculae umbilicalis– vasa omphaloenterica (vitellina)– ductus omphaloentericus (vitellinus)
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Vesicula umbilicalis (Saccus vitellinus)Vesicula umbilicalis (Saccus vitellinus) = Yolk sac = Yolk sac
• primary = blastocystic cavity exocoelom• definitive = wall form cells derived from hypoblast from
exocoelom membrane• temporary structure, fades out with folding of embryo• part is used for gut development (4W)• part can survive as: diverticulum ilei Meckeli (2 %)
function:• 2-3W: selectiveí transport of fluids and nutrients to
embryo• 13D: primordial germ cells• vasa omphaloenterica veins form some of hepatic
circulation and v. portae• 3-6T: first hematopoiesis ever !
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Vesicula umbilicalisVesicula umbilicalis ((Saccus vitellinusSaccus vitellinus) )
Yolk sacYolk sac
• 20T: malinký
32D: velký
10T: menší – ductus omphaloentericus
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Funiculus umbilicalis = Umbilical cord• amniochorion (epithelium on its surface)• aa. + vv. umbilicales
– anastomosis interarterialis transversa Hyrtli– right vein fades out v. umbilicalis impar
• 6-10W: ansa umbilicalis intestini (physiological herniation of intestine)
• 3M: ductus omphaloentericus (vitellointestinalis) – fades out
• vesicula umbilicalis – fades out• diverticulum allantoicum – fades out• (coeloma umbilicale – fades out by growth of
amnion around umbilical cord)• Wharton‘s jelly (Thomas Wharton – English anatomist 1614-1673)
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Funiculus umbilicalis = Umbilical cord
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Aa. et v. umbilicalesAa. et v. umbilicales
2 aa. umbilicales
CO2 from fetus to placenta1 v. umbilicalis
O2 from placenta to fetus
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Funiculus umbilicalisFuniculus umbilicalisamnioblasts on outer surface
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Funiculus umbilicalisFuniculus umbilicalisWharton‘ jelly
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EndometriumEndometrium• simple columnar epithelium
– epitheliocytus ciliatus + exocrinocytus uterinus• stratum basale
– DOES NOT undergo changes and is NOT sloughed off during menstruation, ensures regeneration of mucosa
– more rich in cells and reticular fibers, vessels• stratum functionale / spongiosum
– cyclic changes, periodically sloughed off• stratum superficiale / compactum• glandulae uterinae – simple tubular glands• lamina propria mucosae = stroma endometriale
– cellula stromalis– cellula granularis
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Corpus uteri - HE
CSBM
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Maternal parts of fetal membranes Maternal parts of fetal membranes Partes maternae membranarumPartes maternae membranarum
• endometrium basale– decidual reaction (reactio decidualis)
• margo syncytiodecidualis• oedema + tooth-like arrangement of glands in stratum
spongiosum
– transformation of stromal cells (fibroblasts) into decidual cells (higher content of glycogene and lipids) + transformation of vascular supply
• cellulae deciduales• under progesterone influence
• decidua– transformation of zona functionalis only
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DeciduaDecidua decidua basalis
cryptae endometrii glandulae endometrii septa placentae + insulae cellularum placentae (mixed
origin from both mother and embryo) zona limitans decidualis (in contact with
cytotrophoblast shell) substantia fibrinoidea (at the end of pregnancy – marks
of degeneration) decidua capsularis
operculum deciduale decidua parietalis
obsolete term: „decidua vera“
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DeciduaDecidua
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PlacentaPlacentafibrinoid = result of immune reaction
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Definitive fetal membranes Definitive fetal membranes Membranae fetales definitivaeMembranae fetales definitivae
• amnion
• chorion
• amniochorion
• decidua
• placenta
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Definitive fetal membranes Definitive fetal membranes Membranae fetales definitivaeMembranae fetales definitivae
• 8T: growth of embryo in amniotic cavity chorionic cavity fades out amniochorion
• amniotic epithelium inside• chorionic villi outside• further growth: cavitas
uteri fades out + fusion of decidua capsularis et parietalis
• further growth: amniochorion fuses with decidua fetal sac
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Definitive fetal membranes Definitive fetal membranes Membranae fetales definitivaeMembranae fetales definitivae
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PlacentaPlacenta• (plaukos)Insignia placentae humanae = features of
human plcenta• placenta deciduata• placenta discoidea• vascularisatio chorioallantoica• membrana haemochorialis • gradus formationis placentae
– gradus villosus initialis labyrintheus villosus definitivus
• insertio centralis funiculi umbilicalis
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PlacentaPlacenta
• site of gas and nutrients exchange
• size: 15-20 cm
• thickness: 2,5 cm
• weight: approximately 500 g
• composed of 2 parts:o fetal part = chorion frondosumo maternal part = decidua basalis (changed
endometrium)
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PlacentaPlacenta
Maternal part endometrium –
decidual reaction decidua basalis
(basal plate) contains maternal
vessels = uteroplacentar circulation
decidua capsularis, parietalis
Fetal part chorionic plate chorionic villi
chorion frondosum
chorion laeve
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Fetal surfaceFetal surface
• amnion• funiculus umbilicalis• vasa umbilicalia
– ramify into vessels of chorion
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Maternal surfaceMaternal surface
• rough, spongy decidua basalis is
replaced with cotyledons (end of 4M)
• cotyledons separated with grooves (sooner filled with placentar septa)
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Cytotrophoblastic shellCytotrophoblastic shell• outer layer of trophoblast cells line the maternal
surface of placenta• slits in its surface: aa. spirales open into
intervillous space
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Spatium intervillosumSpatium intervillosum Intervillous spaceIntervillous space
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Spatium intervillosumSpatium intervillosum Intervillous space Intervillous space
• space derived from lacunae (2nd week)
• contains maternal blood – from aa. spirales
• separation with placentar septa – incomplete – septa do not reach chorionic plate
• villi are in immediate contact with maternal blood
• exchange of gases and nutrients
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Placental membranePlacental membrane
• claustrum placentae• selective permeabile membrane
• endothelium of fetal capillaries• extraembryonal mesoderm• lamina basalis subepithelialis• cyto- + syncytiotrophoblast• successively reduced: mesoderm and
cytotrophoblast fade out
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CotyledoCotyledo• (kotyle = cup, disc)
• cotyledo /-onis, f.,/ = lobulus• functional unit of placenta
• cotyledo maternalis (10-30) = cotyledon• cotyledo fetalis (40-60) = main stem villus
– has 1 main stem villus (villus peduncularis major = truncus chorii) and 1 a. spiralis
– ramified in more smaller villi (villus peduncularis) with one artery/arteriole and vein/venule
– ramified in more intermediate villi (villus intermedius)– ramified in plenty of villi terminales (with capillary loops)
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CotyledonsCotyledons• functional unit of placenta• separated with placentar septa• each maternal cotyledon has 2-4 stem villi
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Placental Placental circulationcirculation
2 separated and independent systems:
• uteroplacental
• fetoplacental
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Uteroplacental Uteroplacental circulationcirculation
• 2 aa. uterinae 120-200 aa. spirales opening into intervillous space vv. spirales plexus uterinus vv. uterinae
• volume of blood within intervillous space – 150 ml
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FetoplacentalFetoplacental circulation circulation
• aa. iliacae internae 2 aa. umbilicales chorionic arteries capillaries in villi 1 v. umbilicalis ductus venosus v. cava inferior
• O2 saturation of blood:– aa. umbilicales: 50-60%– v. umbilicalis: 70-80%
• blood flow: 400 ml/min
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ParaplacentaParaplacenta
• chorion laeve
• decidua capsularis
• possible little feto-maternal exchange
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Functions of placentsFunctions of placents
• metabolic• synthesis of glycogene, cholesterol, fatty acids
• placental transport
• barrier between maternal and fetal blood
• passive immunity: IgG
• endocrine function• hCG, hPL, hCT, hCACTH + progesterone a estrogene
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Substance passing placentaSubstance passing placenta
• hormones• thyroxin (T4) + T3• testosterone• synthetic progestines
• drugs• fetal alcohol syndrome• mental retardation, lower height, facial deformities
• not passing: heparin, IGM…
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InfeInfection passing placenta ction passing placenta
• CMV (Cytomegalovirus)
• Rubella virus
• Coxsackie virus• Varicella zoster virus (virus of chickenpox and
herpes zoster)
• Poliomyelitis (Poliovirus)
• Spirochetes – bacteria (e.g. syphilis – Treponema pallidum)
• Toxoplasma gondii (parasitic protozoan)
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Developmental defectsDevelopmental defectsAnomaliae membranarum fetaliumAnomaliae membranarum fetalium
• varieties of placental site
• varieties of placental form
• varieties of umbilical cord insertion
• umbilical cord anomalies
• amniotic fluid anomalies
• placental separation anomalies
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Varieties of placental siteVarietates situs placentae
• situs dorsalis placentae• situs lateralis placentae• situs ventralis placentae• situs fundalis placentae• situs cornualis placentae
• placenta praevia• placenta praevia centralis • placenta praevia lateralis • placenta praevia marginalis• situs cervicalis placentae
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Varieties of placental form Varieties of placental form Formae placentaeFormae placentae
• placenta discoidea• placenta accessoria; placenta succenturiata
• placenta anularis• placenta lobata• placenta bilobata; placenta bipartita• placenta trilobata• placenta multilobata • placenta membranacea• placenta vallata; placenta circumvallata
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Varieties of umbilical cord insertionVarieties of umbilical cord insertionVarietates insertionis funiculi umbilicalisVarietates insertionis funiculi umbilicalis
• insertio centralis
• insertio marginalis
• insertio velamentosa
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Umbilical cord anomaliesUmbilical cord anomalies Anomaliae funiculi umbilicalisAnomaliae funiculi umbilicalis
• a. umbilicalis singularis• looped umbilical cord (funiculus umbilicalis
glomeratus)• strangulatio• amputatio• false node (nodus spurius funiculi umbilicalis)• true node (nodus verus funiculi umbilicalis)
• vesicula allantoica
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Amniotic and amniotic fluid anomaliesAmniotic and amniotic fluid anomaliesAnomaliae amnii et liquoris amnioticAnomaliae amnii et liquoris amnioticii
• oligohydroamnion• premature rupture of amniochorionic membrane
• agenesis of kidneys no urine excretion
• polyhydramnion• atresia oesophagei insufficient resorption
• grave developmental defects of neural tube
• adhaesio amnii• taenia amniotica
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Developmental defects of placental separation
Anomaliae placentae• placenta adhaerens• placenta accreta• placenta increta• placenta percreta
• placenta extrachorialis• placenta fenestrata• placenta incarcerata• placenta panduriformis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta_accreta
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First birth (labour) First birth (labour) stagestage
DilationDilation• begins when contractions are more
frequent than 10 minutes
• ends with total dilation of cervix uteri
• longest stage
• length depends on number of deliveries (nullipara / multipara)
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Second birth (labour) Second birth (labour) stagestage
Fetal expulsionFetal expulsion• begins with total dilation of cervix
uteri
• ends with expulsion of child
• multipara - 20 min
• nullipara - 50 min
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Third birth (labour) Third birth (labour) stagestage
Delivery of placentaDelivery of placenta• begins with expulsion of child
• duration: approximately 15 min
• ends with expulsion of placenta and fetal membranes
• separation is maintained with compression of abdomen
• placenta + membranes = secundinae
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Fourth birth (labour) stageFourth birth (labour) stage
• begins with expulsion of placenta and membranes
• duration: approximately 2 hours
• ends with constriction of aa. spirales uteri
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Multiple birthMultiple birth
twins 1 % (0,85 %)
triplets 0,01 % (100x less)
IVF – different !
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Multiple birthMultiple birth• Dizygotic twins
• 2/3 of all twins• fertilization from 2 male and 2 female gametes• 2 zygotes develop• 2 amnia and 2 choria• different phenotype, possibly different sex
• Monozygotic twins• fertilization of 1 ovum• always identical sex and phenotype• depending on time of twins separation →
different stage of membranes separation
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Twins (Twins (GeminiGemini))
• dichorional x monochorional
• diamniotic x monoamniotic
• siam twins
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OriginOrigin
• from 2 zygote = dizygotic twins
• always 2 amnia + 2 choria
• from 1 zygote = monozygotic twins)
• always identical sex and genom
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DizygotDizygoticictwinstwins
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MonozygotMonozygoticic twinstwins
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Monozygotic twinsMonozygotic twins
duplication:• during 2-8-cell stage
– each has its own amnion, chorion, placenta
= biamniati, bichoriati
• during blastocystogenesis– each has its own amnion, but they share chorion and placenta =
biamniati, monochoriati– danger of restriction of growth of one twin owing to preferred twin in
blood supply!
• during notogenesis– shared amnion, chorion, placenta= monoamniati, monochoriati– danger of conjoined twins
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MonoamniatiMonoamniati
danger of incomplete division of embryoblast → conjoined twins
• symmetricalthoracopaguscraniopagusdicephalusdipygus
• asymmetrical (parasitic twin)– thoracopagus parasiticus, …
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SymSymmmetricetric conjoined twins conjoined twins„siam„siameseese““
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Clinical consequences of wrong placentationClinical consequences of wrong placentation
• defects in fetus growth
• pre-ecclampsia (= EPH gestosis)
– 4-8% pregnancies
– EPH (oedema, proteinuria, hypertension)
– hypertension (>140/90)
– proteinuria (0.5 g / 24 hours)
– oedema
• ecclampsia → cramps
• premature separation of placenta (abruption) → silent death of fetus
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Signs of maturity of newbornSigns of maturity of newborn
• weight – approximately 3000 g• length – approximately 50 cm• skin – pink• nails extend beyond finger tips • in male: testis are in scrotum• in female: labia majora cover labia minora • sucking reflex present• bones of skull are hard• grooves of skin in palm and sole