nye driftsformer i kjernekraft: small modular reactors
TRANSCRIPT
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Øivind Berg Senior Adviser
Safety Man-Technology Organisation [email protected]
Nye driftsformer i kjernekraft:
Small Modular Reactors, Generation III+ and IV
HFC 2013
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The future of nuclear power?
Worldwide: 434 Nuclear Power Reactors in operation 11,3 % World electricity production 70 Reactors under construction 150 Reactors in planning stage
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Georgia Power - Southern Company, USA Vogtle1,2 in operation, 2 under construction, Vogtle 3,4 (2017)
Generation III+ AP-1000 from Westinghouse
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Emergency core cooling based on passive safety systems (Gravitation)
Generation III+ nuclear power plant Cooling water
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Traditional nuclear plants
May have multiple nuclear power plant units collocated at one site Units are operated independently from separate control rooms Most existing and planned plants are operated this way
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Modular plants
Multiple reactor units are operated from a central control room A few existing and planned plants are operated this way
CANDU multi-unit reactors Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)
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CANDU multi-unit reactors
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Industry visit to Canada, 2008
Plant Design Darlington plant & control room Ontario Power Generation
4 units operated from one control room
Pickering A plant & control room Ontario Power Generation
4 units operated from one control room
Pickering B plant & control room Ontario Power Generation
4 units operated from one control room
Bruce Power A plant & control room Bruce Power
4 units operated from one control room
Bruce Power B control room Bruce Power
4 units operated from one control room
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Canadian multi-unit stations Constructed between 1960s and 1980s Traditional analog control panels with some retrofitted digital indicators and computerized displays Most computerized displays were two-color CRTs in typical 1980s style - rather conventional Control room layout and staffing solutions were extremely different from what we find elsewhere in the world
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Operational characteristics #1 Four plant units operated from one main control room Electrical functions were common for all units and
The control area for each plant unit was originally designed to be handled by a single operator One shift supervisor manages the operation of all four units Additional people may be available in the control room to administer and manage work
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Operational characteristics #2 The staffing level in the control room has gradually increased over time
Pressure from the international nuclear community
Typical staffing solutions are currently 2 operators per unit during normal operation 3-4 operators available per unit in upset situations 2 or more additional licensed operators present to support plant units when needed
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Operational characteristics #3 When operators handle disturbances on a unit, they are not given specific roles with pre-defined functions; tasks are distributed dynamically depending on the needs In the case of a multi-unit disturbance (e.g. loss of grid on all units), the staffing level may be reduced to 1-3 operators per unit depending on where the resources are needed
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Main experiences Initial staffing benefits of multi-unit operation was gradually lost due to
International safety requirements and conventions Risk related to multi-unit disturbances
the control environment Up to 37 people in control area designed for 6-10 people
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Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)
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SMRs
Advanced modular plants are under development in the US Initiated pre-licensing process for several reactor designs
NuScale B&W mPower Westinghouse and NexStart SMR Alliance CAREM, Argentina
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Operational concept Multiple reactor units operated from a central control room
NuScale
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Claimed advantages of SMRs Simple reactor design Natural circulation Highly automated Each module produces significantly less power than current plants Multiple modules can be stacked together and operated by a single crew Safe and easy to operate
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Issues under investigation
How can operators transition smoothly between roles and tasks when they work on several units? Is it possible to maintain an overview of multiple units that are in different process states? May operators confuse plant units under high pressure? Can a small crew handle multi-unit disturbances (e.g., loss of grid on all units)? Collaboration between operators and automation
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HWR-938: Staffing Strategies in Highly Automated Future Plants
Maren H. Rø Eitrheim, Gyrd Skraaning Jr., Nathan Lau, Tommy Karlsson, Christer Nihlwing, Mario
Hoffmann, Jan Erik Farbrot OECD Halden Reactor Project
Presented by Øivind Berg
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Staffing needs
When computers do more of the work, the staffing needs should go down True impact of higher levels of automation on staffing requirements is uncertain
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What are the future staffing requirements?
What is the role of the human operator?
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Staffing needs in future NPP
Introducing advanced reactor designs and high levels of automation may change the roles, responsibilities, composition, and size of the crews Possible changes:
Smaller CR crews Crews responsible for a number of reactors Off-site operations of one or more reactors New staff positions requiring different qualifications
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Research goal
Explore staffing strategies that can support future operational concepts
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The 2009 HAMMLAB experiment: How will three operators manage to control
two nuclear processes?
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Traditional staffing solution
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Untraditional staffing solution
Plant B
AO
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Untraditional operator roles Main Operator (MO)
responsible for reactor and turbine side of Plant A monitors the automatic system
Assistant Operator (AO) controls the turbine side of Plant B supports turbine side of Plant A when needed (as judged by the WM)
Work Manager (WM)
responsible for Plant A and Plant B makes decisions of operator allocation between plants administrative tasks
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Data collection
RO TO SS
4 scenarios
TRADITIONAL
9 crews
MO WM AO
4 scenarios
UNTRADITIONAL
+
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Scenarios
time
Stop Break Start Easy Difficult
- Complex failures - dependent failures
- masking of root causes - high time pressure
- Automation may be unreliable - Accumulated effect of failures
- Simple failures - independent failures
- symptoms are causes - low time pressure
- Automation always reliable
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Human performance data Before first scenario run
Demographic questionnaire
During scenario runs
Operator task performance Situation awareness Self-rated performance Workload
After last scenario run Debriefing (semi-structured interview with the crew)
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Task performance The untraditional staffing solution degraded operator task performance
Staffing solutionCurrent effect: F(1,8)=15.199, p=.005, =.655
Traditional UntraditionalStaffing
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
Task
per
form
ance
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Situation awareness (SA) Higher SA in the untraditional staffing solution with the transparent automation interface
Staffing solution*Automation interfaceCurrent effect: F(1,64)=3.958, p=.051, =.058
Automation interface Non-transparent Transparent
Traditional UntraditionalStaffing
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
Situ
atio
n aw
aren
ess
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Automation interface How information about the automation is shown to
the operators
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Transparent Automation Overview Screen
Automation overview (circles): Status and planned
activities for reaching planned operational goal.
Current action: Details concerning status of steps of
automation activities, including alarms & some
interactivity.
Interactivity: Main communication with plant
automation.
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Situation awareness (SA) Higher SA in the untraditional staffing solution with the transparent automation interface A similar finding in a previous staffing study (HAMMLAB 1995) Innovative staffing strategies may improve situation awareness with new tools
Hallbert, Sebok & Morisseau, 2000 (NUREG/IA-0137)
Staffing solution*Automation interfaceCurrent effect: F(1,64)=3.958, p=.051, =.058
Automation interface Non-transparent Transparent
Traditional UntraditionalStaffing
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
Situ
atio
n aw
aren
ess
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Workload Main Operators and Work Managers reported higher workload in the untraditional staffing solution
Reactor Operator / Main OperatorCurrent effect: F(1, 8)=55.011, p=.000, =.873
Traditional (RO) Untraditional (MO)Staffing solution
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,6
3,7
3,8
3,9
4,0
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
Wor
kloa
d: s
ubje
ctiv
e ta
sk c
ompl
exity
Shift Supervisor / Work ManagerCurrent effect: F(1, 8)=22.128, p=.002, =.734
Traditional (SS) Untraditional (WM)Staffing solution
4,0
4,2
4,4
4,6
4,8
5,0
5,2
5,4
5,6
5,8
Wor
kloa
d: N
ASA-
TLX
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Conclusion
How well did three operators manage to control two nuclear processes?
Though with degraded task performance, operators managed a considerable number of prescribed tasks The new operator roles are beneficial for
Utilising new tools Simplifying communication between the operators in the control room
Controlling more than one nuclear process may be feasible, but more operators may be needed during disturbances
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Extra slides -
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Thorium Thorium - en stor miljøvennlig energikilde for framtida.
Regiongeologen Buskerud Telemark Vestfold
Fylkeskommuner
Institutt for energiteknikk
Øivind Berg Institutt for energiteknikk, Halden
Thorium En framtidsressurs i Oslofjordregionen?
Sluttrapport til Oslofjordfondet
fra "Thorium Think Tank"
Oslo 26. November 2012
http://www.ife.no/no/ife/filer/Nyhets-fil/thorium-en-framtidsressurs-i-oslofjordregionen
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Regiongeologen Buskerud Telemark Vestfold
Fylkeskommuner Institutt for energiteknikk
Thorium Think Tank
Hva om vi sammenlikner denne energien med energien i Thorium fra Fensfeltet?
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Energi i Thorium fra Fensfeltet
Mer energi enn i ALL samlet Olje og Gass fra norsk sokkel ! Fen thoriumenergi: trolig minst 10, muligens over 100 ganger mer !
Regiongeologen Buskerud Telemark Vestfold
Fylkeskommuner Institutt for energiteknikk
Thorium Think Tank
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DET EUROPEISKE PERSPEKTIV: FENSFELTET EN STRATEGISK FRAMTIDSRESSURS
Regiongeologen Buskerud Telemark Vestfold
Fylkeskommuner Institutt for energiteknikk
Thorium Think Tank
Norge er det eneste landet i Europa med betydelige kjente thoriumressurser Andre kjente, store thoriumressurser er i BRIKS-‐landene og Nord-‐Amerika