NYSS-AAPT meeting SUNY - Brockport

October 1, 2005

steven.manly@rochester.eduhttp://www.pas.rochester.edu/~manly/

Much ado about nothing:Much ado about nothing: the 30 minute the 30 minute guide to the universeguide to the universe

The intimate relationship between the very big and the

very small

Cosmology …

Inquiring minds want to know ...Inquiring minds want to know ...

Yo! What holds it together?Yo! What holds it together?

Fermi National Accelerator Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)Laboratory (near Chicago)

CDFCDF MinosMinos

Stanford Linear Stanford Linear Accelerator CenterAccelerator Center

Event display from the SLD Event display from the SLD experiment at SLACexperiment at SLAC

What forces exist in nature?

What is a force?

How do forces change with energy or temperature?

How has the universe evolved?

How do they interact?

Force Source Range StrengthGravitation mass infinite 10-39

Electromagnetism Electriccharge

infinite 10-2

Strong nuclear Colorcharge

10-15 m 1

Weak nuclear Weakcharge

10-18 m 10-5

qqqBaryons - proton,neutron

Mesons - pion, kaon

qq

Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101

Lesson 1:Lesson 1:

Size actually Size actually doesdoes matter. matter.

Determine the postion and velocity of a car … no problem

Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem

Problem!

Heisenberg uncertainty

principle

Cannot have perfect

knowledge of both the position

and velocity

Heisenberg

Dear Steve,

Party

relatively hard!

-Al

The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particlesThe fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles

Et h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein

e-

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Much ado about NOTHING:Much ado about NOTHING:

Nothing is somethingNothing is something

Nothing has energy Nothing has energy

Nothing interacts with somethingNothing interacts with something

-R. Kolb

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The essence of inertial mass at the quantum levelThe essence of inertial mass at the quantum level(quantum field theory)(quantum field theory)

On to the very big …

1 Mpc= 1 Megaparsec = 3x1022 m

1 light year = 9x1015 m

Light travels from NYC to San Francisco in 1/100 second …. and it travels 1 Mpc in 3 million years

Telescopes are Telescopes are time machinestime machines

Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) discovers a surprise in 1929

Galaxies that are further away appear redder

Apparent Doppler shift-From webphysics.davidson.edu

Type Ia SNe from Riess, Press and Kirshner (1996)

Welcome to the “expanding universe”!!

extrapolate back in time find the age of the universe 13 billion

years.

Light travels from NYC to San Francisco in 1/100 second …. and it travels 1 Mpc in 3 million years

-MSSL astrophysics group

Cosmic Microwave Background

Penzias and Wilson - 1964

Uniform and isotropic

– in as far as they could measure

BANG!

TIME

Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental particles

At 0.000001 second after bang, protons and neutrons form

At 3 minutes, light nuclei form

At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely

t=~13 billion years, Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez break up

Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe

Another form of time travel !

What were forces like at those temperatures?

What types of particles existed?

How can the universe be so isotropic?How can the universe be so isotropic?

How did the structure (galaxies, clusters of galaxies) arise??How did the structure (galaxies, clusters of galaxies) arise??

Do we know about all of the fundamental particles that exist? Do we know about all of the fundamental particles that exist?

Why 3 families?Why 3 families?

Why is the mass spectrum of fundamental particles as it is?Why is the mass spectrum of fundamental particles as it is?

Why is the universe matter instead of antimatter?Why is the universe matter instead of antimatter?

Many, many missing pieces …Many, many missing pieces …

Recent progress! But new puzzles…-R. Kolb

We seem to be missing most of the mass in the universe!

-P. Cushman

Very exciting development in last decade

Observed fluctuations in the CMB temp

WMap data on the temperature fluctuations in the CMB

why structure matters

Einstein’s field equations: the modern laws of Genesis

-R. Kolb

time12 billio

n years

17 billio

n years

100 billio

n years

1000 billio

n years

Millio

n- b

illion

years

Today

Sun burns out

Hell freezes over

Buffalo wins the Superbowl

End of universe

One possible future of the universeOne possible future of the universe

-R. Kolb

“Power spectrum” (size) of temperature fluctuations sensitive to different matter/energy components of the

universe

M + B + DM +

WMAP composition of the universe

-P. Cushman

~1/20

The elusive neutrinoThe elusive neutrino

ee + target + target e e-- + X + X

+ target + target -- + X + X

+ target + target -- + X + XFlavor eigenstates – relevant for Flavor eigenstates – relevant for weak interaction with other particlesweak interaction with other particles

Mass eigenstates Mass eigenstates (3 or more)(3 or more)

33

22

11massmass

44

The elusive neutrinoThe elusive neutrinoQuantum mechanical mixing of states:Quantum mechanical mixing of states:

||> = > = ΣΣiiUU**ii||ii>>

Weak flavor eigenstateWeak flavor eigenstate Mass eigenstateMass eigenstate

Unitary leptonic mixing matrixUnitary leptonic mixing matrix

Analogous to CKM matrix for quarksAnalogous to CKM matrix for quarks

Neutrino with momentum p evolves with time:Neutrino with momentum p evolves with time:

||(t)> = (t)> = ΣΣiiUU**ii||ii>e>e-iE-iE

ii(p)t/h(p)t/h

Neutrino of definite flavor is a superposition of several mass eigenstates Neutrino of definite flavor is a superposition of several mass eigenstates whose different masses cause them to propagate differently changing whose different masses cause them to propagate differently changing the mixture of the mass eigenstates, i.e. neutrino oscillations in vacuumthe mixture of the mass eigenstates, i.e. neutrino oscillations in vacuum

Solar neutrino puzzleSolar neutrino puzzleSolar neutrinos (only Solar neutrinos (only ee produced in core of sun) produced in core of sun)

Homestake Mine, Davis et al.Homestake Mine, Davis et al.

100,000 Gal tetrachloroethylene100,000 Gal tetrachloroethylene

3737Cl Cl 3737ArAr

ee(Homestake)/(Homestake)/ee(theory) ~ 0.34+-0.06(theory) ~ 0.34+-0.06

Homestake only sensitive to high E tail Homestake only sensitive to high E tail of of ee flux flux

Fisher, Kayser, McFarland, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 49, (1999) 481.

Neutrinos physics in the last decadeNeutrinos physics in the last decadeSudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)

1000 metric tons of D1000 metric tons of D22O in 12 m acrylic vessel O in 12 m acrylic vessel

esun

esun

esun

d

e

d

15.0

SNO: SNO: ee++=5.44+-0.99x10=5.44+-0.99x1066 cm cm-2-2ss-1-1

Bahcall: Bahcall: totaltotal ~ 5.05x10 ~ 5.05x1066 cm cm-2-2ss-1-1

SNO: SNO: ee/(/(totaltotal ) ~ 0.34 ) ~ 0.34

Neutrinos oscillate and have mass Neutrinos oscillate and have mass … solar puzzle solved!… solar puzzle solved!

Neutrinos physics in the last decadeNeutrinos physics in the last decade

SuperKamiodande SuperKamiodande

50,000 tons of pure H50,000 tons of pure H22OO

Atmospheric neutrinosAtmospheric neutrinosCosmic rays interact in atmosphere and produce e and neutrinos

Accelerator neutrinosAccelerator neutrinosK2K experiment

M.H. Ahn et al., PRL 90 (2003) 041801

Reactor neutrinosReactor neutrinosKamLAND experiment

D. Eguchi et al., PRL 90 (2003) 021802

Evidence for a sterile neutrino? Evidence for a sterile neutrino? MiniBooNE results in late summer or MiniBooNE results in late summer or

early fall …early fall …

The The future future

Long baselineLong baseline

Two detectors – one near, one farTwo detectors – one near, one far

High statistics – challenge for accelerator and detectorHigh statistics – challenge for accelerator and detector

On and off axisOn and off axis

Need to minimize systematic errorsNeed to minimize systematic errors

Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Videos from ATLAS Collaboration website

SuperNova Acceleration Probe

Thanks to:

Priscilla Cushman, CDMS, G-2, Univ. of Minnesota

Rocky Kolb, Fermilab and University of Chicago

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

CERN, European Center for Particle Physics

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Davidson University webphysics project

WMAP project

Hubble Space Telescope project

Ned Wright, UCLA

MSSL astrophysics group

Newton, Einstein, Heisenberg, Plank, etc.

And whoever else I forgot to mention …

We live in exciting times!