o robert koch- “father of disease” o research focused on anthrax o koch’s postulates
TRANSCRIPT
Disease Transmission
o Robert Koch- “father of disease”o research focused on anthraxo Koch’s Postulates
NonSpecific Defenses
Initial reaction of body to ALL pathogens Pathogen-any agent that causes disease▪ Ex: bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites
Come into contact with the body by: Air Food Water Person-to-person contact Animal bites
NonSpecific Defenses:First Line of Defense
Skin – prevents entry Oil – traps and kills invaders Sweat-have toxins that can kill bacteria Mucous Membranes – epithelial tissue that protect the interior
surfaces of the body.▪ Mucous-sticky fluid that traps pathogens
Hair/Cilia▪ Respiratory tract into digestive tract
Tears Saliva Ear wax
NonSpecific Defenses:Second Line of Defense
If a pathogen penetrates the first line of defense... Inflammatory Response: series of reactions that suppress infection and speed
up recovery.1. Cells are damaged. Ex: cut, pathogen invasion2. Damaged cells release histamineo Causes increased blood flow and permeability of blood vessels around
injured areao Histamine causes redness, swelling, warmth, paino Sends signal to white blood cells to come
3. White blood cells (Phagocytes) arriveo Phagocytes ingest and destroy pathogens o 2 Types of Phagocytes: Neutrophils & Macrophages
4. Platelets arrive-seal off surrounding tissues and stop pathogens from entering the rest of the body
NonSpecific Defenses:Second Line of Defense
Natural Killer Cells-large white blood cells that attack pathogen-infected cells Can kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells Pierces cell membrane to kill the cell
Fever Increase in body temperature Slows growth of bacteria and viruses Promotes WBC activity
Complement System Proteins circulate in blood and become active when they encounter certain
pathogens Some puncture infected cell membranes to kill the cell
Interferon Protein released by virus-infected cells Causes nearby cells to make proteins that help them resist the virus infection
Specific DefensesThe Immune System
When pathogens get past the NonSpecific Defense…Aimed at SPECIFIC pathogens
o Immune System-cells and tissues that recognize and attack foreign substanceso Tissues:
o Bone marrow-makes lymphocyteso Thymus-gland where T cells matureo Lymph nodes-contain lymphocytes, filter lympho Spleen-stores healthy blood cells, breaks down old blood cells, helps develop
lymphocytes and other WBC, collects pathogens o Tonsils & Adenoids- masses of lymph tissue found in nose and throat that
contain lymphocytes which produce antibodieso Cells:
o Lymphocytes (WBC of the immune system)o 2 Types:o B Cells-made in bone marrow and mature thereo T Cells-made in bone marrow, but mature in thymus
Recognizing Pathogens
Lymphocytes react to presence of antigens Antigens-proteins on the surface of pathogens
Lymphocytes have unique receptors on surface that match specific antigens
Matching lymphocytes bind to antigen to start attack
Immune Response-reaction of the body against pathogens
Immune Response
An immune response begins with: 1) Macrophage engulfs a pathogen 2) Macrophage displays fragments of the
pathogen’s antigens on its surface 3) Helper T cell (lymphocyte) with matching
receptors to the antigens binds to the macrophage 4) Macrophage releases proteins that activate
more helper T cells
Immune Response-Part 1
The immune response occurs in 2 parts, which happen simultaneously
Part 1- Cell-Mediated Immune Response Increase in Helper T cells and their division rates Cytotoxic T cells are produced▪ Recognize and destroy pathogen-infected cells▪ Cytotoxic T cells have receptors that match antigens▪ Puncture the cell membrane to kill it
Immune Response-Part 2
Part 2- Humoral Immune Response B cells that have matching receptors to the antigen
divide Change into plasma cells and memory cells▪ Plasma cells-make antibodies
Antibodies-defensive proteins that are released into blood
▪ Antibodies bind to specific antigen ▪ They do not destroy the pathogens directly
Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
o Some B cells turn into memory cellso Lymphocytes that will not respond the 1st time they meet an
antigen, but will recognize and attack with later infectionso Explains why you get most diseases only once
o Primary Immune Responseo First time the body encounters an antigeno Memory cells produced for that specific antigen
o Secondary Immune Responseo Later infection by the same pathogeno Memory cells respond faster and stronger
o Exception: Cold and Flu viruses
Immunity and Vaccinations
Immunity-the ability to resist an infectious disease Memory cells Vaccinations
Vaccine-solution that contains a dead or weakened pathogen Body produces primary immune response▪ Memory cells
Booster shots
Immune System Problems
Can react to harmless antigens in ways that can be harmful Allergies, Asthma, Autoimmune
Diseases
Allergy-a physical response to an antigen Many symptoms due to histamine▪ Antihistamines-drugs that counteract
effects of histamines and relieve symptoms of allergies
Immune System Problems
Allergies can trigger Asthma Respiratory disorder ▪ Bronchioles narrow▪ Swelling and inflammation ▪ Difficulty breathing
Autoimmune Diseases Disease where the immune system attacks the organism’s own
cells Ex: Multiple sclerosis
▪ Nervous system▪ T cells attack insulating material in nerve cells in the brain, spinal cord,
and nerves in eye▪ Cause weakness, tingling, blurred vision
Severe cases can cause paralysis, blindness, death
HIV and AIDS AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
The immune system loses its ability to fight off pathogens and cancers AIDS results from infection by HIV
HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus▪ Destroys Helper T cellscripples the immune systemleads to AIDS
Opportunistic Infections-illnesses caused by pathogens that produce disease in people with weakened immune systems Usually these pathogens don’t create problems in healthy people
HIV does NOT cause death, but AIDS is fatal Death caused by weakened immune system’s inability to fight
opportunistic infections and cancers HIV is transmitted by body fluids and contaminated needles
*PLAY DISCOVERYEDUCATION VIDEO*
Summary of Cell Types
Type of Cell Function
Macrophage Engulfs and kills pathogensHelps initiate immune response
Neutrophil Engulfs and kills pathogens
Natural Killer Cell Punctures infected cells
Helper T Cell Activates cytotoxic T cells Helps B cells multiply to form antibodies
Cytotoxic T Cell Puncture labeled infected cells
B Cell Labels invaders for destruction by macrophage
Plasma Cell Releases antibodies
Memory Cell Stores information about a pathogen