ob perception

7/31/2019 OB Perception

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Perception is the process through which people select,receive, organize and interpret information from theirenvironment.

Through perception, people process information

inputs into decisions and actions. It is a way of formingimpressions about you, other people and day to day lifeexperiences.

Process of perception involves receiving raw data from

the senses and then filtering, modifying ortransforming the data completely through the processof cognition.


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1)Receiving Stimuli : starts with the reception ofstimuli. Stimuli is receiving from the various sources. 5Senses we hear sounds, smell, we see things, tasteand touch things. Stimuli can also be internal likeenergy generation by muscles.

2)Selection of Stimuli : We observe or receive stimuli

from the environment at a time daily. We select somestimuli for further processing to attach meanings tothem while the rest are screened out.


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3)Organization of Stimuli : is the process of

organizing stimuli into groups and perceives them asunified wholes. Individuals organize their selectedstimuli or data in some form so as to assign somemeaning to them. According to the principles of

Gestalt Psychology every person organize theirperception into unified whole:


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i) Figure Ground Principle : The meaningful bitsand pieces of stimuli are called figure and the

meaningless ones are called as ground. Moreattention to Figure and less to ground.


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ii) Grouping : It is based on the similarity of variousstimuli perceived. Individual tends to group stimuli ie:

people or things that appears similar in certain ways sothat they form a unified picture of impression.


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iii) Closure: when people face incompleteinformation, they tend to fill the gaps themselves to

make it more meaningful. They may do it on the basisof their experience, hunches, guess or past data. Thus,the tendency to form a complete message from anincomplete one is known as Closure.


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4) Interpretation: The data collected and organizedremains meaningless for the perceiver till these are

assigned meanings. Assigning meanings to data iscalled interpretation. This based on what individualexpects to see in the light of previous experience, onmotives and interests at the time of perception an on

the clarity of stimulus itself.


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1) Characteristics of Object:

a) Contrast : If an object, some way, contrasts with itssurrounding, it is more noticeable. For eg: a manager whointerviews twenty women and one man for a job will tend to

remember the man first simply because he posed such acontrast.

b) Intensity: Object may also vary in term of their intensity infeatures such as brightness, color, depth or sound. For instance,

we tend to listen carefully to someone who is shouting or

whispering because of the intensity of sound is un unusual.c) Movement : we also tend to focus our attention first on objects

that are moving or changing . For eg: we easily notice a personwalking through a group of standing people.


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d) Repetition: can also increase our awareness of objects,For eg : If one of the executives repeat a request again and

again, manager is more likely to remember the requestthan if it had only been made only once.

2) Characteristics of the person:

a) Need and desire: Perception varies depending uponvariations in his/her needs and desires from time to time.

b) Personality: Personality of the perceiver also affectswhat is to be perceived. Researchers have reported that

secure individuals tend to perceive others as warm not coldand indifferent and persons accepting themselves andhaving faith in their individuality perceive thingsfavourable.


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c) Experience: Experience and knowledge serve asbasis for perception. Successful experience enhances

his/her perceptive ability; failure erodes his/her self-confidence.

3) Situational characteristics:

The physical, social and organizational settings of thesituation or event also influence perceptions.


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Halo effect : Drawing a general impression about anindividual based in a single characteristics or trait is calledhalo effect.

Attribution : Explaining human behavior in terms of

cause and effect is called attribution.Behaviour of others can be examined on the basis of:Distinctiveness the degree to which a person behavessimilarly in different situations

Consistency the degree to which a person engages in the

same behaviour at different timesConsensus the degree to which other people are engagedin the same behaviour


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Stereotyping : When individuals are judged on thebasis of the characteristics of the group they belong, it

is called Sterotyping.


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Definition: Any relatively permanent change inbehavior that occurs as a result of experience.

Components involved:

1) Learning involves change. Change may be good orbad

2) The change must be relatively permanent

3) Some form of experience is necessary for learning

4) Learning is a life long process


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Classical Conditioning: first demonstrated byRussian Psychologist, Ivan Pavlov. He conductedexperiment on dog to know how a dog response tovarious conditional and unconditional stimulus.


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Operant Conditioning: This argues that behavior is thefunction of its consequences. People learn to behave to getsomething they want or to avoid something they dont

want. Operant conditioning is generally associated withthe work of B.F.Skinner did for operant conditioning.Skinners operant conditioning is based in the notion thatbehavior is a function of its consequences, which may

either be positive or negative. Thus, behavior that results inpleasant consequences is more likely to be repeated andthe behavior that results in unpleasant consequences is lesslikely to be repeated. Skinner argued that creating pleasingconsequences to follow specific forms of behavior would

increase the frequency of that behavior. Rewards are mosteffective if they immediately follow the desired response.In addition, behavior that is not rewarded or is punished isless likely to be repeated.


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Social Learning :

Individuals can also learn by observing what happens

to other people and just by being told aboutsomething, as well as by direct experiences. So, Forexample, much of what we have learned comes fromwatching models parents, teachers, peers, motion

pictures and television performs bosses and so forth.This view that we can learn through both observationand direct experience has been called social-learningtheory.


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