o.b presentation(2)

8/7/2019 o.b Presentation(2)

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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR


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TOPIC:- PERCEPTION


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WHAT IS PERCEPTION?


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What is the situation of water in the glass?

Half full or

Half empty?


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Are the circles really rotating or not?


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WHAT IS PERCEPTION?DEFENITION:-

PERCEPTION is a process by which individuals

organize and interpret their sensory impression in order to give

meaning to their environment.

Society in which we live in creates our perceptions, but in general

perceptions are just few inches away from facts or they are created due

to ignorance of facts or they are created as we do not want to accept the

truth or the fact as it is.

Peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on

reality itself.

The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important.


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FACTORS THAT

INFLUENCE

PERCEPTION:-


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When an individual looks at target and attempts to interpret what he or she sees, the

interpretation is heavily influenced by the personal characteristics of the individual

perceiver.

Personal characteristics that affect the perception are:-

Personality

Motives

Interests

Past experience etc.

Characteristics of the target affect the perception

e.g.:- Loud people are more likely to be noticed in group than quite ones.

The context in which we see objects or events also has an impact on perception.

The time at which we see an object can influence attention, as can location, light, heat

or any number of situational factors.


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PERSON PERCEPTION: MAKING JUDGMENTS ABOUT

OTHERS

Attribution Theory

When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to

determine whether it is internally or externally caused.

Distinctiveness: shows different behaviors in different

situations.

Consensus: response is the same as others to same

situation.

Consistency: responds in the same way over time.


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Attribution Theory:-


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Errors and Biases in Attributions

Fundamental Attribution Error:-

The tendency to underestimate the influence of

external factors and overestimate the influence ofinternal factors when making judgments about thebehavior of others.


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Errors and Biases in Attributions (contd)

Self-Serving Bias:-

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own

successes to internal factors while putting the blame

for failures on external factors.


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Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others

Selective Perception:-

People selectively interpret

what they see on the basisof their interests,background, experience,and attitudes.


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Halo Effect:-

Drawing a general impression about an individual on the

basis of a single characteristice.g.:- Halo effect may take place when a consumer has a

favorable experience with i-pods leads to him purchasing i-

macs simple because it manufacture by apple.


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Contrast Effects:-

Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are

affected by comparisons with other people recently

encountered who rank higher or lower on the same

characteristics.

e.g.:- A simple physical way of illustrating

perceptual contrast is to put one hand into hot

water and other into cold water then move them

both to lukewarm water. The cold hand will feel

hot and the hot hand will feel cold.


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Projection:-

Attributing ones own

characteristics to other people.

Stereotyping:-

Judging someone on the basisof ones perception of the

group to which that person

belongs.


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Specific Applications in Organizations

Employment Interview:-Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of

interviewers judgments of applicants.

Performance Expectations:-

Self-fulfilling prophecy (pygmalion effect): The lower orhigher performance of employees reflects preconceived

leader expectations about employee capabilities.

Ethnic Profiling:-A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is

singled outtypically on the basis of race or ethnicityfor

intensive inquiry, scrutinizing, or investigation.


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Specific Applications in Organizations (contd)

Performance Evaluations:-

Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental) perceptions

of appraisers of another employees job performance.

Employee Effort:-

Assessment of individual effort is a subjective judgment

subject to perceptual distortion and bias.


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Top manager

They determine theirorganizations goals,what

products or services to

offer,how best finance

operations ,where to locate

a new manufacturing plant.

The link between Perceptions and Individual Decision Making


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Middle and Lower

level manager

Middle and Lower level

managers determine

production schedules,select a

new employees,and decide

how pay raises are to beallocated.



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Nonmanagerial

employee

Nonmanagerial employees

also make decisions that

affect their jobs and the

organizations for which they

work.They decide whether

to come to work on anygiven day,how much effort

to put forth at work,and

whether to comply with a

request made by the boss.



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The Link Between Perceptions and Individual Decision

Making

ProblemA perceiveddiscrepancy

between the current state

of affairs and a desired

state.

Decisions

Choices made from

among alternativesdeveloped from data

perceivedas relevant.

Perception of

the decisionMaker

Outcomes

Finally ,Throughout the entire decision making process,perceptual

distortions often surface that can bias analysis and conclusions.


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FOR EXAMPLE:-

The Controversy around the Indian

cricket teams tour of Australia illustrates

how perception leads to dicision making.

During the tour,Indian cricketerHarbhajan Singh supposedly

used the word monkey for Andrew

Symonds, an australian cricketer,in

response to a provoking remark from

Symonds.

Singhs remark was seen by the

Australian side as a racist term.


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Cricket Australia,Team

members,Australian media and

people of australia thought from

andrew symonds point of view.

According to their perception they

just took in mind Harbhajan singhs

statement calling andrew symond a

monkey.

While on other hand in our country

india,We all supported Harbhajan

singh and supported him from all

sense of mind.

This is only because of different

perception of indian and australian

state of mind.

This perception,believed by many

to be a perceptual error, worsened

the already strained relations

between the players and fans of the

countries.


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Thank You

Submitted by-

DIPAK PRAJAPATI

PRANAY UPADHYAY

JINAL PATEL

JAY PATEL

PINAKIN PATEL

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