objective 1 the student will demonstrate and understanding of the nature of science
TRANSCRIPT
Objective 1
The student will demonstrate and understanding of the nature of
science
1. Scientific Processes Biology and Integrated Physics
and Chemistry • The student, for at least 40% of
instructional time, conducts field and laboratory investigations using safe, environmentally appropriate and ethical practices. The student is expected to:
A) Demonstrate safe practices during field and laboratory investigations.
1A Bio
C 10-04
A science class is conducting an experiment that produces noxious fumes. Because of inadequate ventilation, some students begin to feel nauseated and dizzy. The first response should be to ---
A neutralize the acid that is reacting to produce the noxious fumes
B carry the reactants outside, away from other students
C leave the room and go to an area with fresh air
D spray the reaction with a fire extinguisher
1A Bio
D 10-03
Laboratory equipment is cleaned and properly stored after use primarily so that ---
A. Chemical products can be measured and recorded as data
B. Time is saved in setting up the next experiment
C. Toxic materials can be kept in the laboratory
D. The possibility of contamination in the laboratory is minimized
1A Bio
B 11/05
This picture indicates that the chemical represented is ---
A.pressurizedB.corrosiveC.flammableD.toxic
1A Bio
C 11/04
The diagram shows an experimental setup. Which of these questions was this experiment designed to answer?
A. Does water boil when exposed to air?B. Will fire turn a gas into a liquid?C.Does air expand when heated?D.Will heat turn a gas into a solid?
1A
Bio
A 11/04
Reactions that produce toxic gases should be performed in a ---
A. Laboratory fume hoodB. Beaker with a watch glass on topC. Well-ventilated area of the labD. Warm, airtight drying oven
1A Bio
C 10-03
The reason for wafting or fanning a small amount of chemical vapors toward the nose as a means to detect odors in a test tube is to ---
A. Avoid experimental error from excessive loss of mass of reactants or products
B. Avoid splashing chemicals into the face of any person
C. Protect the respiratory tract against potentially harmful vapors
D. Determine the relative strength of the odor before smelling directly
1A Bio
A 10-04
Powerful Plankton The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has created an experimental marine fuel cell that could produce enough electricity to power ocean-monitoring devices. This fuel cell runs on seawater and sediment, with the help of plankton. Some plankton on the surface of ocean sediments use dissolved oxygen to break down organic matter, releasing energy; this is an aerobic process. The plankton in the deeper sediments break down organic matter without using oxygen; this is an anaerobic process. These two processes create a difference in voltage between the surface of the sediment and the sediment farther down in the seabed, The voltage difference can be used to produce electricity – up to 5.0 x 10-2 watts of power. Energy supplied by this type of fuel cell can be obtained as long as there is organic matter in the sediment.
Which safety precaution should be observed while analyzing sediment from a marine aquarium?
A. Wear rubber glovesB. Use a fume hoodC.Avoid using glasswareD.Have a fire extinguisher nearby
1A Bio
D 10-04
A safety checklist for this activity should include the presence of a proper fire extinguisher and all of the following items except a ---
A. Fire blanketB. Receptacle for broken glassC.Laboratory apronD.Squeeze bottle
An activity is designed that allows a student to observe the temperature changes in a cup of water. A piece of metal taken from a beaker of boiling water is placed in a cup containing water at room temperature. A glass alcohol thermometer is used to measure temperature changes.
1A Bio
D 10/04
The ingredients described above are used to make a bonding agent. The most important safety precaution to take when applying this bonding agent is to ---
A. Dry it with a small flameB. Work in a well-ventilated areaC. Cover the work area with newspaperD. Wear a lab coat
May cause eye, skin, nose, and throat irritation. Inhaling or swallowing vapors may be harmful or fatal. Known to cause birth defects. Vapor may ignite explosively.
Potential Hazards of Petroleum, Naphtha, Hexane, Toluene, and Acetone
1A Bio C 10/06
In which part of this process should safety precautions be planned?
A. Q
B. R
C.S
D.T
1A Bio
B 11/05
When performing this activity, students must remember to ---
A. Label the equipment usedB. Keep hands away from face and mouthC. Sterilize the dissecting needle before useD. Disinfect the fur and feathers removed from the
pellet
Examining Owl Pellets1. Obtain owl pellet and place in a dissecting tray2. Carefully break open the owl pellet with forceps and dissecting needle3. Remove fur and feathers from the bones4. Group the recovered bones into mammal and bird skeletons
1A Bio
A 11/05
The anatomy of grasshoppers is being studied in a dissection lab. Working in groups of three, students make observations using a hand lens, forceps, and a scalpel. Two of the students in a group have finished their observations. These two students may do all of the following except ---
A. remove their goggles
B. review their notes
C. wash their hands
D. assist their lab partner
1A Bio
A 11/06
The label shown above contains information about some harmful effects of acetone. A group of students plans to use acetone to rinse out a glass container. A second group of students is working at the same lab table. Which of the following lab procedures should the second group of students avoid?
A. Heating water with an open flameB. Pouring hydrochloric acid into a beakerC. Filtering precipitates from a liquid solutionD. Collecting oxygen from plants in a test tube
1A Bio
C 11/04
A
D
C
B
Classification symbols for certain fire extinguishers are shown below. Which class of fire extinguisher should be used when a hot plate overheats and catches on fire?
1A Bio
D 11-04
All of these procedures must be followed when using the setup to the left except ---
A. Putting on safety goggles
B. Handling the beaker with tongs
C. Securing loose clothing
D. Wearing rubber gloves
The safest way to dilute concentrated sulfuric acid is to add ___
A. a series of small volumes of water to the acid while stirring
B. the acid to water slowly while stirring constantly
C. the acid to a small volume of water and then add more water
D. dilute sulfuric acid to a small volume of the concentrated acid
1A Bio 11-03
The safest way to dilute concentrated sulfuric acid is to add ___
A. a series of small volumes of water to the acid while stirring
B. the acid to water slowly while stirring constantly
C. the acid to a small volume of water and then add more water
D. dilute sulfuric acid to a small volume of the concentrated acid
2. Scientific ProcessesBiology and Integrated Physics and
Chemistry• The student uses scientific methods during field and
laboratory investigations. The student is expected to:
A) Plan and implement investigative procedures including asking questions, formulating testable hypothesis, and selecting equipment and technology;
B) Collect data and take measurements with precision;C) organize, analyze, evaluate, make inferences, and
predict trends from data; andD) Communicate valid conclusions.
2A BioA
The table shows times required for water to evaporate from identical containers. Which of these is the best question to ask before developing a reasonable hypothesis to explain the data?
A Why does a lower temperature slow the rate of evaporation?B What is the boiling point of the water after both samples are heated?C Why does water exist as a solid at -15oC and as a liquid at 25oC?D How does the rate of evaporation change when a different container is used?
Time Required for Water Evaporation
Container A B
Volume of Water
(mL)25 25
Temperature (oC)
-15 25
Time Required
(h)72 24
2A BioB
Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis?
A Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis?B Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide?C What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere?D Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been
validated?
A scientist has hypothesized that the existence of life on Mars is likely because Mar’s atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide.
2A BioD 11/06
Which of the following is the most likely hypothesis for the experiment described above?
A Vegetation that grows near roadways requires more water than vegetation in other areas.
B De-icing solution causes roadways to have more space for vegetation.C Vegetation near roadways changes the effectiveness of de-icing
solution.D De-icing solution affects some types of vegetation that grows near roadways.
A De-Icing Experiment
Some species of plants that commonly grow near roadways are used in an experiment. The plant species are divided into control groups and experimental groups. All groups are grown under identical conditions except that the experimental groups are given daily applications of a de-icing solution that is used on roadways in winter. At the end of one month, the growth of the control group and experimental groups is compared.
2A BioD
11/06
Beaker 1 Beaker 2 Beaker 3(10 cm from light) (50 cm from light) (90 cm from light)
The picture shows an experiment designed to investigate biochemical activity in a water plant in a dark room. Over time, bubbles can be easily observed and counted as they escape the funnel. The number of bubbles is an indicator of the rate of photosynthesis. Which of these data tables best reflects that expected results of this experiment?
Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute
1 0
2 15
3 20
A
Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute
1 10
2 0
3 20
Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute
1 15
2 15
3 15
Beakers Number of Bubbles/Minute
1 20
2 10
3 0
B
C
D
2A BioB 10-04
In experiments, a benefit of larger sample sizes would be more ---
A. variables
B. representative data
C. time per group
D. control groups
2A BIOC 10-04
An engineer has created a new engine for race cars. It is necessary to know which fuel mixture will allow the engine to run at its peak performance. Which experimental design is best for this investigation?
A. Use one fuel mixture on the engine and measure its performance
B. Use one fuel mixture on many types of engines and measure their performance
C. Use various fuel mixtures on the engine and measure its performance
D. Use various fuels on many types of engines and measure their performance
2A Bio
B 10-03The following boxes represent a field. Which pattern for collecting 10 samples would provide the best data for identifying the types of plants in a field?
X X X X X
A
X X X X X
X X X XB X X X X
X X
X X X
C X X X X X X X
X X X X X
D
X X X X X
2A BioH CTwo science students discovered that the mass of a
sample of acetone in an open beaker decreased within a few minutes. One student hypothesized that the acetone reacted with oxygen to form a gaseous compound that escaped. The other believed that the acetone evaporated into the air. What should the students do to test these hypotheses?
A. Combine the hypotheses so they give valid predictions of the acetone’s behavior
B. Conduct a study of original papers describing the experiments leading to acetone’s discovery
C. Perform an experiment that attempts to identify the gas above the open beaker
D. Ask a classmate’s opinion about the chemical and physical properties of acetone
2A BioA 11/05
Which study would most likely be used to investigate this hypothesis?
A Tracking dust clouds with satellite photos
B Determining the effects of iron on limestone
C Calculating erosion rates in African limestone mines
D Analyzing the content of comet dust clouds
The following hypothesis refers to iron in the topsoil on an island formed from limestone.
Hypothesis: Much of the iron found in the topsoil of the island was carried from Africa by huge dust clouds.
2A BioD11/05
According to these data, which question was most likely by this activity?
A How warm do materials get when placed in an electric circuit?B Will an electric current change a metal into a nonmetal?C Which material requires the greatest voltage in an electric circuit?D Can an electric current be used to distinguish metals from other
materials?
Material Conducts
No
Electricity
Yes
Copper X
Glass X
Chalk X
Silver X
Wood X
Sulfur X
Tin X
Zinc X
Experimental Results
2A BioC11/04
A ruler placed between one student’s fingers and thumb is released without warning. A second student catches the ruler. The distance the ruler falls is recorded. This experiment is most likely designed to determine the ---
A effects of stress on the first student’s heart rateB acceleration of the ruler during its fallC second student’s reaction time to a stimulusD force applied on a falling mass
2A BioD 10/03Objects of the same mass but of different sizes
and shape were dropped from a given height. Their rates of free fall were measured and recorded. Which of the following is most likely the question this experiment was designed to answer?
A How does height affect the force of gravity?B How does gravity affect objects of different
densities?C How do mass and weight affect falling objects?D How do size and shape affect an object’s rate
of free fall?
2A BioD 11/04
Which set of equipment would be best to use to test the effect of temperature on solution acidity?
A A balance and a thermometerB A pH meter and a barometerC A balance and litmus paperD A thermometer and a pH meter
2A BioB 10/04
Which lab setup would be appropriate to use in heating 100 mL of water to the boiling point?
A A 10 mL test tube held above a Bunsen burnerB A 200 mL beaker placed on a hot plateC A thermal coil inside a 100 mL cylinderD A sealed 300 mL flask in a warm-water bath
2A BioC 11/06A medical researcher hypothesizes that a newly
developed medication can reduce high blood pressure. Which of these would most likely be the dependent variable in a study involving this medication?
A The number of participants in the studyB The ages of people treated for high blood pressure with other medicationC The blood pressure of the participants in the
studyD The number of people treated for high blood
pressure with other medications
2A BioD 11/06
Similar sprigs of elodea were placed in four test tubes. Each test tube contained water with a different concentration of salt ranging from 0 to 3 percent. The length of each sprig was measured after 10 days. Which of these questions can best be answered with this experimental setup?
A Can the amount of salt in the water help elodea avoid disease?B What happens to salt as elodea sues water?C Will elodea increase the amount of salt in the water?D Does the amount of salt in the water affect elodea growth?
2A BioA 11/06
The following hypothesis refers to iron in the topsoil found on an island formed from limestone.
Hypothesis: Much of the iron found in the topsoil of the island was carried from Africa by huge dust clouds.
Which study would most likely be used to investigate this hypothesis?
A Tracking dust clouds with satellite photosB Determining the effects of iron on limestoneC Calculating erosion rates in African limestone minesD Analyzing the content of comet dust clouds
2A BioA 11/05
A valid study would include a control group containing ---
A bean seed, tomato seed, sunflower seed, an waterB water and 2% root hormoneC water onlyD bean seed, tomato seed, sunflower seed, water, and 1% root hormone
2A BioA 11-04
Which of the following was probably the hypothesis for this experiment?
A The growth of bread mold increases as temperature increases.B The type of nutrient causes bread mold to grow faster at higher
temperatures.C The size of the plates determines the temperature of bread
mold.D The temperature of bread mold is determined by the mold’s
growth.
Students placed equal amounts of bread mold on 12 identical agar plates containing the same amounts and types of nutrients. Four plates were kept at 0oC, four were kept at 45oC, and four were kept at 22oC (room temperature). The plates were examined after five days.
2A BioC 11-04
Moon Chemistry Samples collected by Apollo astronauts have provided new data about the moon. Some of these samples consisted of lunar soil, a fine-grained, sand-like material produced as a result of the destruction of moon rocks. Traces of beryllium-10 were found in the samples. Beryllium-10 is carried by the solar wind, which transports elements from the sun’s surface and deposits them on the moon. The solar wind may also result in the formation of new substances. Tiny teardrops of iron and specks of molybdenum were found inside the particles of lunar soil. This is interesting because these elements have not been found in an uncombined state on Earth. The metal oxides they originally were part of were possibly changed when bombarded by the positively charged particles of the solar wind. Another interesting find was tiny (1 to 3 micrometers in length) crystals of silver sulfide. Because similar particles are found on Earth, it has been hypothesized that these crystals were created at a time when the moon had a molten core.
Which procedure is best to use when determining the density of a rock?
A. Place the rock in a water-filled beaker and find the height at which the rock floats above water.
B. Use a ruler to measure the rock’s dimensions and then find its mass using an analytical balance.
C. Measure the mass of the rock on a balance and then find the volume of water it displaces in a graduated cylinder.
D. Place the rock in three liquids with different densities and observe which liquid the rock floats in.
2A BioA 10/03
Which of these is a hypothesis that can be tested through experimentation?
A Bacterial growth increases exponentially as temperature increases.
B A fish’s ability to taste food is affected by the clarity of aquarium water.
C Tadpoles’ fear of carnivorous insect larvae increases as the tadpoles age.D The number of times a dog wags its tail indicates how content the dog is.
2A BioB 11/06
A student is working with four beakers that each contain a clear liquid. Which set of procedures would be best to use to determine whether one of the beakers contains only distilled water?
2A BioB 11/05Only 10% of the electrical energy operating a
lightbulb is changed into visible light. Which instrument helps identify the energy change occurring to most of the remaining 90%?
A Triple-beam balanceB ThermometerC Magnifying glassD Prism
2A BioD10/06Hypothesis: At the end of each summer, Texas
red oak (Quercus buckleyi) leaves turn red and fall off the trees. This is most likely caused by changes in air temperature and sunlight intensity.
Which equipment is most useful when measuring the two environmental changes
mentioned above?
A. Barometer and voltmeterB. Light meter and barometerC. Voltmeter and thermometerD. Thermometer and light meter
2A BioD 11/06
In an activity, a ball is dropped from a height of 100 cm onto five different materials. The rebound height of each drop is shown in the graph. Which of the following describes the hypothesis most likely being tested?
A The mass of the ball affects the rebound height.B The material the ball is made of affects the rebound height.C The height the ball is dropped from affects the rebound height.D The surface the ball is dropped onto affects the rebound height.
2A BioD 11/05
The diagram shows a classroom setup for an experiment. This experiment was probably designed to determine wood lice --
A social behaviorsB activity patternsC speedD habitat preferences
2A BioD 10/06
Which of the following is most useful in determining the kinetic energy of a 50 g battery-powered car traveling a distance of 10 m?
A BeakerB VoltmeterC ThermometerD Stopwatch
2A BioC 11/05
The picture above shows a compound microscope. What part of the microscope should be used to adjust the amount of light illuminating a prepared slide?
A EyepieceB Rotating nosepieceC DiaphragmD Coarse-focus knob
2A BioB 11/06
Which of these could be used to determine whether a substance is a base?
A ThermometerB Litmus paperC BalanceD Bunsen burner
2A Bio11/06
Black-and-White Negatives Before digital cameras were available, photographs could be made only with cameras that used photographic film. These cameras are still in use today. Photographic film contains a light-sensitive layer of chemicals. These chemicals are silver halide granules. As light rays travel through a camera lens, they bend and are focused onto the photographic film. When exposed to light, the halide granules are activated in different amounts depending on the intensity of the light that strikes them. This forms a photographic image on the film. After the pictures are taken, the exposed film is processed in a laboratory. The film is placed in a solution that reacts chemically with the silver halide granules, forming black metallic silver. The black silver is thickest in the areas of the film exposed to the most intense light and thinnest in the areas exposed to the least intense light.After a roll of film is processed, it is called a negative. This is because it contains negative images of the pictures that were taken. When light is projected through the negatives onto photosensitive paper, the areas with the thickest silver become the lightest, and the areas with the thinnest silver become the darkest. The diagram shows both a negative image and a positive image of a tree. The negative image represents an image on the negative, and the positive image represents the same image on photo paper.
2A BioB 11/06
Black-and-White Negatives Before digital cameras were available, photographs could be made only with cameras that used photographic film. These cameras are still in use today. Photographic film contains a light-sensitive layer of chemicals. These chemicals are silver halide granules. As light rays travel through a camera lens, they bend and are focused onto the photographic film. When exposed to light, the halide granules are activated in different amounts depending on the intensity of the light that strikes them. This forms a photographic image on the film. After the pictures are taken, the exposed film is processed in a laboratory. The film is placed in a solution that reacts chemically with the silver halide granules, forming black metallic silver. The black silver is thickest in the areas of the film exposed to the most intense light and thinnest in the areas exposed to the least intense light.After a roll of film is processed, it is called a negative. This is because it contains negative images of the pictures that were taken. When light is projected through the negatives onto photosensitive paper, the areas with the thickest silver become the lightest, and the areas with the thinnest silver become the darkest. The diagram shows both a negative image and a positive image of a tree. The negative image represents an image on the negative, and the positive image represents the same image on photo paper.
Which of these tools is most useful in identifying the wavelengths of visible light?
A Convex lensB SpectroscopeC MicroscopeD Concave mirror
2A BioD 10/06
Hypothesis: At the end of each summer, Texas red oak (Quercus buckleyi) leaves turn red and fall off the trees. This is most likely caused by changes in air temperature and sunlight intensity.
Which equipment is most useful when measuring the two environmental changes
mentioned above?
A. Barometer and voltmeterB. Light meter and barometerC. Voltmeter and thermometerD. Thermometer and light meter
4B IPCD11/05Materials
125 mL cooking oil100 mL H2O10 g NaOHSafety gogglesApron500 mL beakerStirring rodProcedures:•Measure and add 100 mL of H2O to 125 mL of cooking oil and mix thoroughly.•Carefully and slowly add 10 g of NaOH while stirring constantly.•Stir until paste forms.•Pour the paste into a mold and let it sit for two days.•Remove the solid bar from the mold.
Caution:Keep this soap away from the face and eyes because traces ofNaOH may still be present on the soap bar. Use this soap for washing floors and tools only.
Soap-Making Project
Which two pieces of equipment should be added to the materials list for this activity?
A Graduated cylinder and metric ruler
B Metric ruler and stopwatchC Magnifying glass and
balanceD Graduated cylinder and
balance
2A BioH 11/04
Which is the best question to ask before developing a reasonable hypothesis for the phenomenon shown above?
A Why does water crystallize into a solid below 0oC instead of remaining a liquid?B How will the freezing time from 20oC to -15oC change if each container is covered?C Why does boiling the water cause it to freeze more quickly when cooled from 20oC
to -15oC?D What is the precise boiling point of the water in Sample A after it has been heated?
2A BioA 10-03
The diagram shows different setups of an experiment to determine how sharks find their prey. Which experimental setup is the control?
A QB RC SD T
2A BioB 11/04Habitat
Productivity (g/m2/yr)
Bird Diversity (average number of species/km2)
Marsh 2000 14
Grassland 500 12
Shrub land 600 8
Desert 70 3
Coniferous forest 800 17
Upland deciduous forest 1000 21
Floodplain deciduous forest 2000 24
Which question could be formed based on these data?
A What types of plants have increased productivity in different habitats?B Is there a relationship between productivity and bird diversity in a habitat?C How does the number of birds in a population affect habitats?D Do habitats display changes in productivity and bird diversity during different
seasons?
2A BioB 11/04
A catapult was designed to project a small metal ball at a target. The resulting data are shown in the table. Which of these might explain the difference between the calculated and actual distances?
A The ball landed short of the calculated distance because of an increase in momentum.
B Air resistance caused the ball to land short of the calculated distance.C Initial mass of the ball changed with each trial.D The metal ball was too small for accurate measurements to be made.
Initial Velocity of Ball
(m/s)
Calculated
Distance (m)
Actual Distance
(m)
2.0 0.52 0.51
4.0 2.07 2.01
8.0 8.30 7.90
Mass of metal ball: 0.066 kgVertical height off ground, h: 0.89 m
2B BioD 10-03
Which of the following shows the length of a rubber strip measured precisely to 2.22 centimeters?
2B Bio
B 10-03
Which of the following pieces of equipment would be most appropriate for measuring the volume of a marble?
2B Bio
C 11/05
Which piece of equipment would be used to precisely measure the volume of an acid?
2B Bio11-03
This experiment probably was set up to determine ---
A. how much mechanical energy the battery produces
B. the pH of water during electrolysis
C. the pressure created by an electric current
D. how much energy is converted to heat
This experiment probably was set up to determine ---
A. how much mechanical energy the battery produces
B. the pH of water during electrolysis
C. the pressure created by an electric current
D. how much energy is converted to heat
2B Bio
11-03The picture shows the position of a ball
every 0.25 second on a photogram. Using a ruler, determine the velocity of the ball
A.3.5 cm/s
B.10.5 cm/s
C.14.0 cm/s
D.28.0 cm/s
The picture shows the position of a ball every 0.25 second on a photogram. Using a ruler, determine the velocity of the ball
A.3.5 cm/s
B.10.5 cm/s
C.14.0 cm/s
D.28.0 cm/s
2B BioD 11-03
Four lab groups measured the volume of acid required to neutralize a standard solution of sodium hydroxide. Which of the groups measured the volume with the highest precision?
2B Bio
D 10/04
In the diagram above, one cell creates and releases chemicals that travel to a second cell and quickly induce that cell into action. This diagram represents part of the ---
A endocrine systemB skeletal systemC muscular systemD nervous system
2B Bio
A 11/06 11/05
Which of these is the most appropriate unit of measure for reporting the density of a solid?
A g/cm3
B g/cmC g/L2
D g/mm2
2B Bio
A 11/06
Louis Pasteur’s Experiment Like many other scientific breakthroughs, the discovery of immunization happened by accident. In 1880 Louis Pasteur was trying to protect chickens from cholera. To study the disease, Pasteur and his assistants gave injections of cholera bacteria to several groups of chickens. The chickens usually died from cholera after being injected with the bacteria. However, one group of chickens survived. Pasteur noticed that these chickens had been injected with a six-week old batch of cholera bacteria. Pasteur’s assistants prepared new colonies of cholera bacteria and injected these chickens a second time. They also injected a group of chickens that had not been previously injected. Pasteur was surprised that the chickens that had been injected previously with the old bacteria remained healthy, while all the chickens in the second group became sick and died. This is how Pasteur came to discover that exposure to weakened pathogens can provide immunity from disease. The idea was later used to protect animals from serious diseases. Today immunizations help protect people from many illnesses.
Which of these probably served as the most useful data after Pasteur injected a group of chickens with bacteria from the older culture?
A The health and behavior of the injected chickensB The total number of cholera cases observedC The changes in the shape and color of the bacterial coloniesD The recovery rate of chickens previously infected with cholera
2B Bio
C 11/06Which piece of equipment should be used to precisely measure
40.0 mL of a dilute sodium hydroxide solution?
2B Bio
G 11/06
The chart shows the results of a conservation-of-mass experiment. The most accurate trial for this experiment was ---
A Trial 1B Trial 2C Trial 3D Trial 4
Trial
Reactant 1
Mass
(g)
Reactant 2
Mass
(g)
Product
Mass
(g)
1 32 24 8
2 32 24 55
3 32 24 66
4 32 24 28
Masses of Reactants and Products
2B Bio
C 11/06
Three liquids were poured into a beaker and formed three layers. Which conclusion is best supported by the information above?
A The mass of Liquid 2 is greater than the mass of Liquid 3.
B The volume of liquid 1 is lass than the volume of Liquid 3.
C The density of Liquid 3 is greater than the density of Liquid 2.
D The buoyancy of Liquid 2 is greater that the buoyancy of Liquid 1.
2B Bio
A 11/05, 11/06
Two students measured the length of the same stick, each using a different 30 cm ruler. One student reported a length of 22 cm, and the other reported a length of 8 cm. The most likely explanation for the difference in the reported values is that one ---
A student improperly read the ruler
B ruler was metal and the other ruler was plastic
C student viewed the ruler from a different angle
D ruler was constructed with non-standard cm marks
2B Bio
J 11/04
These data were gathered by four groups of students. Each group performed four trials to determine the acceleration rate of a toy car. Which group had the most consistent data?
A Group QB Group RC Group SD Group T
2B Bio C 10/06
What volume should be reported for the solution in this graduated cylinder?
A.64.0 mL
B.56.2 mL
C.56.0 mL
D.50.6 mL
2B Bio B 10/06
The chart shows the density of seawater samples collected from the Gulf of Mexico by four different groups. Which group’s data are most precise?
A.Group 1
B.Group 2
C.Group 3
D.Group 4
Density (g/mL)
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Trial 1 0.998 1.052 1.008 1.019
Trial 2 1.020 1.054 0.986 1.018
Trial 3 1.051 1.053 1.039 1.029
Average 1.023 1.053 1.011 1.022
Density of Seawater from the Gulf of Mexico
2B Bio
D 11/04
The table shows four mass readings of one object as measured by four different balances. Which balance produced the most-consistent measurements?
A QB RC SD T
2B Bio
B 10/03
Which of the following will allow measurement of a liquid’s volume with the greatest precision?
A 50 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL increments
B 100 mL cylinder graduated in 0.5 mL increments
C 100 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL increments
D 200 mL cylinder graduated in 5 mL increments
2B Bio
2.4 11/05
The pictures above show two organisms. Measure their body lengths to the nearest tenth of a centimeter. What is the difference between the body lengths of the grasshopper and the cricket to the nearest tenth?
A 2.0 cmB 2.4 cmC 6.0 cmD 3.6 cm
2B Bio
H 11/04
F
G
H
J
Which of these will give the most precise measure of a 10-millimeter volume?
2B Bio
D 11/04
The illustration shows volume levels of a liquid in a graduated cylinder before and after a sample was removed. According to this information, what was the volume of the sample to the nearest millimeter?
A 38B 47C 11D 9
2B Bio
D 10-04
Which of the following procedures should be used in finding the mass of crystals?
A Pour the excess crystals back into the original
container
B Put the crystals on the outer part of the balance
pan for massing
C Pour wastes down the sink with plenty of water
D Use weighing paper on the balance pan
2B Bio
A 11/04
What is the volume reading for the solution in the pipette?
A 19.4 mLB 19.6 mLC 20.4 mLD 20.6 mL
2B
BIO
B 10-04
The cloud conditions above are typical of locations near a warm front. According to these data, what are the most likely sky conditions for waco?
A Cirrus cloudsB Altostratus cloudsC Stratus cloudsD Clear skies
2C BioD
Which graph best shows the comparison of the elements to the total composition of the copper ore?
2C
BIO
A 10/04
The graph shows this distance traveled by a vehicle over a certain period of time. Which segment of the graph shows the vehicle moving with the greatest speed?
A LB MC ND O
2C
BIO
200 11/06
The graph shows how the momentum of a given mass change during a period of motion. According to the information, what is the momentum in kg m/s at 2.75 seconds?
A 230B 200C 150D 100
2C
BIO
D 11/06
The graph shows how the voltage needed to maintain a constant current of 1.5 amps through a wire conductor varies with the length of the wire. If the trend continues, what is the most likely voltage needed to maintain a 1.5-amp current through 80 meters of the wire?
A 10 voltsB 18 voltsC 250 voltsD 400 volts
2C
BIO
D 11/05
According to the periodic table and the information above, which element has this electron configuration?
A SodiumB NeonC MagnesiumD Argon
2C
BIO
A 11/06
The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis produce protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive system of insects. How can these bacteria be used to control insects in crops?
A Apply the bacteria to growing plants.B Expose the bacteria to low levels of light.C Remove plants from areas containing the bacteriaD Treat the bacteria with a solution of the protein crystals.
2C
BIO
B 11/05
A researcher determined the percentage of electrical energy transformed into different forms of energy by a toaster. The best way to communicate these results is to display the data using a ---
A histogramB circle graphC line graphD box-whisker graph
2C IPC11/06
Gas Sylvestre Early alchemists were able to produce various kinds of gases by mixing different substances together. However, it was not until the early 1600s that a Belgian physician, J.B. van Helmont, first used the term gas. Van Helmont concentrated his study on a gas he obtained from burning wood. He called this substance gas sylvestre, which means “gas from wood.” He demonstrated that gas sylvestre also formed when limestone reacted with an acid solution. Van Helmont determined that the gas was denser than air and occurred naturally in the lower chambers of the Grotto del Cane, a cave in Italy. He noticed that the atmosphere in the lower cave did not support animal life. He also observed that the process of fermentation produced gas sylvestre. Today gas sylvestre is known by a more familiar name – carbon dioxide.
Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Creightion UniversityOmaha, Nebraska 68178. http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/vanHelmont.html
Use the information below and your knowledge of science to answer the next question
2C IPCB11/06
Which of these statements is best supported by the information in the table?
A. Carbon dioxide an oxygen have similar chemical properties.B. The density of the gases increases as their molecular mass
increases.C. Chlorine and hydrogen boil at the same temperature.D. The solubility of the gases decreases as their density
increases.
Gas Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Chlorine
Molecular Mass (amu)
2 32 44 71
Density
(g/L, at 0C)
0.09 1.43 1.98 3.21
Boiling Point
(C)
-253 -183 -78* -35
Solubility in Water
(L/L H2O; at 20C)
0.02 0.03 0.88 2.30
Properties of Some Gases
*sublimes (changes directly from solid into gas)
2C
BIO
C 11/04
2C
BIO
C 11/04
2C
BIO
A 10/04
2C
BIO
D 11/04
A
B
CD
2C BIO
D 10/04
2C BIO
B 10/04 Enzyme X Enzyme Y Enzyme Z Pathway inNeurospora Precursor Ornithine Citrulline Arginine
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Supplement to Minimal Medium
No supplement added
Ornithine added Citrulline added Arginie added
Growth to Mutant Neurospora
No growth No growth Growth present Growth present
The diagram above shows the biochemical pathway that produces arginine, an amino acid required by an organism called Neurospora. The table shows the response of a mutant strain of Neurospora to supplements in its food supply. This mutant strain must lack the enzyme that acts on ---
A the precursorB ornithineC citrullineD arginine
2C BIO
H 10/04
Observing an approaching thunderstorm and using a stopwatch, a student finds that it takes 8.40 seconds for thunder to be heard after a lightning bolt strikes. The student has learned that it takes 3.0 seconds for sound to travel 1000 m. How far away is the storm?
A 119 mB 185 mC 2800 mD 8400 mwww.weatherstreet.com
www.weatherquestions.com/what_causes_lightning.htm
2C BIO
B
10/06
The graph shows mercury levels found in sediments, prey animals, and
adult shorebirds in a bay along the Gulf Coast. Which inference can
best be drawn from these data?
A. Mercury levels are elevated by the presence of shorebirds.
B. Mercury concentrations are highest in shorebirds.
C. Mercury is produced by sediments.
D. Mercury assures the survival of prey animals.
2C BIO C 10/06
The data table shows how the thickness of tree trunks in a certain forest is related to tree age. Use these data to plot points on a graph. Draw a straight line to show a linear relationship for the data. According to these data, what is the most likely average radius of 4-year-old trees in this forest?
A. 3.0 cm
B. 3.3 cm
C. 3.6 cm
D. 3.9 cm
Age of trees (years
Average Radius (cm)
1 2.2
2 2.6
3
4
5
6 4.4
Average Radius of Trees in a Forest
2C BIO
B 11/04
According to this information, what is the best prediction for the boiling point of the seven-carbon alcohol?
A 169oCB 178oCC 186oCD 192oC
2C BIO
B 11/04
According to the graph, what is the approximate half-life of carbon-14?
A 5.7 yearsB 5,700 yearsC 23,000 yearsD 1,000,000 years
Time(thousands of years)
Decay of a 10-Gram Sample of Carbon-14M
ass
of R
emai
ning
Car
bon-
14(g
ram
s)
2C
BIO
D 11/04
This diagram shows the biochemical pathway that produces arginine in Neurospora, a mold. Neurospora is easily grown on a simple jelly-like medium. Different substances can be added to the medium. A mutant Neurospora lacking Enzyme Y would have to have which of these added to its medium in order to survive?
A Enzyme X
B Ornithine
C Enzyme Z
D Citrulline
Enzyme X Enzyme Y Enzyme ZBase Substance Ornithine Citrulline Arginine
2C BIO
C 11-04
According to the data in the table, about how far can a spring be expected to stretch when a force of 3.92 N is applied?
A 10.5 cm
B 13.6 cm
C 14.0 cm
D 17.3 cm
Spring Stretch
Force
(N)
ΔL
(cm)
0.98 3.5
1.96 7.0
2.94 10.5
2C BIO
C 11-05
2C BIO
A 10-03
2C BIO
C 10-04
2C BioF10-04
2C Bio
B 10/04
2C Bio D 10/06
Watersheds
The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin, shown in the map below, consists mainly of flatland. The soil in the area is mostly sandy and porous. Rainfall that collects in this area drains into the Gulf of Mexico by a series of waterways.
The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin is one of more than 20 major watersheds in Texas. A watershed is a geographic area that drains water collected on its surface. Watersheds provide a way for water to move from areas of higher elevation to areas of lower elevation. Sediment and dissolved materials are also moved to lower elevations.
Rivers and streams form a general pattern within a watershed. The map shows this general pattern within the San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin. This type of pattern is called a dendritic pattern and can be observed in many natural structures, including the network of nerves in the human nervous system and branching patterns in trees.
Watersheds can change as the geography and other features of an area change. Some of the causes of change are more obvious than others. For example, the clearing of wooded areas for the construction of buildings may change the way rainfall collects and drains from an area.
In which general direction do rivers flow in this watershed?
A. North
B. West
C. Northwest
D. Southeast
2C Bio
C 11/05
2C Bio
G 11/06
2C Bio
A 11/05
2C Bio
A 11/06
2C Bio
D 11/05
2C Bio
B 11/04
2C BioB
2D BioF 10-04
2D BioJ 10/03
2D BioA 11/06
2D BioA 10/06
A Student prepared this graph of tornadoes reported over a 50-year period in a mid-western state. Which statement is supported by these data?
A. Tornadoes are less frequent in the morning.B. Darkness increases the strength of tornadoes.C. Tornadoes occurring at night are brief.D. The probability of a tornado is the same throughout the day.
2D BioA/F 11/06
2D BioA 11/06
2D BioF 10/05
2D BioH 11/06
2D BioG 11/06
2D BioF 10/05
2D BioF 11/05
2D BioJ 11/05
2D BioJ 11/05
2D BioD 10/06
These data show how the mass of an undisturbed beaker of alcohol varied during a class period. Which of the following is the best conclusion that can be made about the investigation?
A. The beaker absorbed moisture from the air.
B. A chemical change occurred in the beaker.
C. The beaker experienced a change of state.
D. Some material evaporated from the beaker.
Time(min)
Mass of Alcohol and beaker
(g)
0 73.97
5 73.46
10 72.94
20 71.91
30 70.88
40 69.85
Mass of beaker = 59.02 g
2D BioC 11/05
2D BioC 11/05
2D BioA 11/04
2D BioG 11/05
2D BioF 11/04
2D BioB 11/04
A certain commercial product used for cleaning ovens must be handled with rubber gloves. The product is slippery and turns litmus paper blue. It probably contains ---
A an acidB a baseC a saltD an isotope
2D BioC 11-04
2D BioH 10-03
2D BioJ 10-03
2D BioC
2D BioH
2D BioB 10-03
3. Scientific ProcessesIntegrated Physics and Chemistry
• The student uses critical thinking and scientific problem solving to make informed decisions. The student is expected to:
A) analyze, review, [and critique] scientific explanations, including hypotheses and theories, as to their strengths and weaknesses using scientific evidence and information
B) draw inferences based on data related to [promotional materials for] products and services
3A IPCB 10/04
3A IPCA 11/05
3A IPCH 11/05
3A IPCC 11/06
4B IPC 11/05
The ancient Greeks developed a set of assumptions, based on observations to explain how the universe works. These observations led the Greeks to believe that the universe was composed of four elements: earth, water, fire, and air. The “theory of natural place” was based on their observations of those four elements. The theory stated that anything not in its natural place would move toward its natural place as soon as an opportunity arose. The theory of natural place was the foundation for the modern understanding of the elements. The following chart describes some observations and assumptions made by the ancient Greeks.
Ancient Greeks and Science
4B IPCD 11/05
Object Observation Assumption
Rock Found in or on the ground; if not on the ground, rocks move toward it at first opportunity
Rocks are made of earth and seek the ground, their natural place.
Water Flows over land Water has its natural place on the ground.
Fire Flames flicker upward; the greater the fire, the higher the flames
Fire’s natural place is in the heavens, above the atmosphere.
Air Blows across the land; if trapped in water, escapes at first opportunity
Air’s natural place is in the space above the ground.
Burning wood
Gives off smoke, heat and ash Tree limbs are made of fire, earth, and air.
Smoke Found in fires; if not confined, rises or moves across the land
Smoke is made of fire and air.
Feather Floats to the ground Feathers are made of air and earth.
Which of these fails to support the idea that water’s natural place is on the ground?
A hailstonesB rainC waterfallsD clouds
3A IPCA 10-03
3A IPC
F 10-04
3A IPC
D 11/06
3A IPC D 10/06
Watersheds
The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin, shown in the map below, consists mainly of flatland. The soil in the area is mostly sandy and porous. Rainfall that collects in this area drains into the Gulf of Mexico by a series of waterways.
The San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin is one of more than 20 major watersheds in Texas. A watershed is a geographic area that drains water collected on its surface. Watersheds provide a way for water to move from areas of higher elevation to areas of lower elevation. Sediment and dissolved materials are also moved to lower elevations.
Rivers and streams form a general pattern within a watershed. The map shows this general pattern within the San Antonio-Nueces Coastal Basin. This type of pattern is called a dendritic pattern and can be observed in many natural structures, including the network of nerves in the human nervous system and branching patterns in trees.
Watersheds can change as the geography and other features of an area change. Some of the causes of change are more obvious than others. For example, the clearing of wooded areas for the construction of buildings may change the way rainfall collects and drains from an area.
The information above could be used most effectively in arguing against which of these proposals?
A. Adding chemicals to a local water supply
B. Permitting a water well to be drilled in a state park
C. Limiting the use of waterways for recreation
D. Paving a meadow to create a parking area
Results of a Scientific Study
In natural areas such as forests, about 50% of the rain seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater. In some large cities only about 30% of the rain becomes groundwater.
3A IPC
G 10-03
3A IPC
The smell of an ammonia solution used to clean a floor can quickly be detected throughout a house. Scientists explain this phenomenon by theorizing that gas molecules from the ammonia are in continuous random high-speed motion, drifting rapidly and permeating the air. Which statement best demonstrates the strength of this theory?
A. Scientists have observed tiny smoke particles moved by unseen particles in a rapid, irregular fashion.
B. Scientists have unanimously agreed on this theory since Thomas Graham’s experiments in the 1820s.
C.The possibility of another theory being formed to explain the phenomenon as well is very remote.
D.Reason, as opposed to experimentation, is superior to any explanation found through chemical testing.
3A IPC
The smell of an ammonia solution used to clean a floor can quickly be detected throughout a house. Scientists explain this phenomenon by theorizing that gas molecules from the ammonia are in continuous random high-speed motion, drifting rapidly and permeating the air. Which statement best demonstrates the strength of this theory?
A.Scientists have observed tiny smoke particles moved by unseen particles in a rapid, irregular fashion.
B. Scientists have unanimously agreed on this theory since Thomas Graham’s experiments in the 1820s.
C.The possibility of another theory being formed to explain the phenomenon as well is very remote.
D.Reason, as opposed to experimentation, is superior to any explanation found through chemical testing.
3A IPCC 03
3A IPCJ 11/06
3A IPCD 10/06
Conclusion: Food poisoning by botulism is increasing in the United States.
The graph shows data for botulism, a form of blood poisoning. The conclusion in the box is based on these data. Which of the following is the best reason this conclusion may be unreliable?
A. The greatest number of reported cases was 50.
B. The number of reported botulism cases remained relatively constant from 1988 to 1995.
C. More botulism cases were reported in the 1980s than in the 1990s.
D. The number of reported botulism cases decreased after 1994.
3A IPCG 11/06
3B IPCG
3B IPCD 10/06
3B IPCF 10/06
3B IPCB10/06
3B IPCD11/06
3B IPCB10/06
According to the information above, which of these is responsible for the decrease in the black-footed ferret population?
A.Competition with prairie dogs for resources
B.Reduced numbers of prairie dogsC.Activity of research institutesD.Development of managed wildlife areas
Save Our Species Poster: Black-Footed Ferret
This slender animal depends mainly on prairie dogs for food and shelter. The ferret
lives in prairie dogs’ underground tunnels and
hunts them at night. When prairie dogs
became scarce, so did black-footed ferrets.
In 1986 the 18 ferrets known to be alive were
moved to a Wyoming research institute. The
number of ferrets has increased, and recently
a few were released into managed wildlife areas.
3B IPCC10/06
Which statement above makes the most valid argument in favor of receiving the flu vaccine?
A.Statement 1B.Statement 2C.Statement 3D.Statement 4
PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT: Facts About the Flu Vaccine1. The vaccine may be administered either as a nasal spray or as an
injection.2. Prior to administration, nasal-spray vaccines must be stored at 15oC
or lower.3. In an experiment, vaccine recipients had 85% fewer flu episodes
than non-recipients.4. The vaccine virus is heat sensitive and fails to replicate at
temperatures of 38oC – 39oC.
3B IPCC 11/06
3B IPCJ11/05
3B IPCD11/06
3B IPCA11/06
3B IPCA11/04
3B IPCG11/05
3B IPCC 11/04
3B IPCF 10-03
3B IPCH 10-03
Many doctors recommend 800 µg of vitamin B12, and 50 mg of vitamin B6 per day to improve cardiovascular health. Based on this information and the nutrition label, the cardiovascular health benefit of a 1-ounce serving of this cereal is ---
A. Doubtful because it provides insufficient folate and vitamin B6 and lacks vitamin B12
B. Superb because it contains only 22 g of carbohydrates and 75 mg of sodium
C. Excellent because it provides all needed vitamins and is low in fat and cholesterol
D. Poor because it raises blood cholesterol levels with its high fat and cholesterol content
3B IPC
Many doctors recommend 800 µg of vitamin B12, and 50 mg of vitamin B6 per day to improve cardiovascular health. Based on this information and the nutrition label, the cardiovascular health benefit of a 1-ounce serving of this cereal is ---
A. Doubtful because it provides insufficient folate and vitamin B6 and lacks vitamin B12
B. Superb because it contains only 22 g of carbohydrates and 75 mg of sodium
C. Excellent because it provides all needed vitamins and is low in fat and cholesterol
D. Poor because it raises blood cholesterol levels with its high fat and cholesterol content
3B IPC