Objective: CSP at US$50MWh by2025. Challengues for Thermal

Energy Storage

Dr. Angel G. FernándezEmail: angel.fernandez@uantof.cl

www.cdeaua.cl

1.1c$1.8c$

1.3c$0.8c$

CHILE5c$

Cost reduction objective by 2025

www.cdeaua.cl

MineralName ChemicalFormulation

MineralName Chemical Formulation

Anhydrite CaSO4 Kernite Na2B4O7*4H2OAragonite CaCO3 Langbeinite K2SO4*2MgSO4Arcanite K2SO4 Leonite K2SO4*MgSO4*4H2OBischofite MgCl2*6H2O Loweite K2SO4*MgSO4*2.5H2OBloedite Na2SO4*MgSO4*4H2O Magnesite MgCO3

Borax Na2B4O7*10H2O Glauberite Na3SO4*10H2OBurkeite Na2CO3*Na2SO4 Nahcolite NaHCO3Calcite CaCO3 Niter KNO3

Carnallite MgCl2*KCl*6H2O Polyhalite K2SO4*MgSO4*2CaSO4*2H2OColemanite Ca2BeO11*5H2O Pinsonite Na2CO3*CaCO3*2H2ODolomite CaMg(CO3)2 Schoenite K2SO4*MgSO4*6H2OEpsomite MgSO4*7H2O Sylvinite KCl+NaClGaylusite Na2CO3*CaCO3*5H2O Sylvite KClGlaserite 3K2SO4*Na2SO4 Syngenite K2SO4*CaSO4*H2OGypsum CaSO4*2H2O Tachyhdrite CaCl2*2MgCl2*12H2OHalite NaCl Thenardite Na2SO4

Hexahydrate MgSO4*6H2O Trona Na2CO3*NaHCO3*2H2OHydrophilite CaCl2 Ulexite NaCaB5O9*8H2O

Kainite 4KCl*4MgSO4*11H2O Vanthoffite 3Na2SO4*MgSO4Kaiserite MgSO4*H2O

SalineMineralsintheChileanNitrateDepositsHalides

Halides NaClNitrates

Nitratine NaNO3Niter KNO3

Darapskite Na3(SO4)(NO3)*H2OHumberstonite K3Na7Mg2(SO4)6(NO3)2*6H2O

SulfatesThenardite Na2SO4Astrakanite Na2SO4*MgSO4*4H2OMirabilite Na2SO4*10H2OGlauberite Na2Ca(SO4)2Blodite Na2Mg(SO4)2*4H2OKieserite MgSO4*H2OEpsomite MgSO4*7H2OGypsum CaSO4*2H2OAnhydrite CaSO4

IodatesandChromatesLautarite Ca(IO3)2Bruggenite Ca(IO3)2*H2O

Hectorfloresite Na9(IO3)(SO4)4Dietzeite Ca2(IO3)(CrO4)

Tarapacaite K2CrO4Lopezite K2Cr2O7

BoratesUlexite NaCaB5O6(OH)6*5H2O

Probertite NaCaB5O7(OH)4*3H2OGinorite Ca2B14O23*8H2O

Hydroboracite CaMgB6O8(OH)6*3H2OKaliborite KHMg2B12O16(OH)10*4H2OIquiqueite Na4K3Mg(CrO4)B24O39(OH)*12H2O

Raw Materials for TES present in North Chile

The North of Chile contains the world'slargest commercially exploited nitrate,carbonates, sulphates and iodinedeposits, and is the source of naturalnitrates like caliche ore.

www.cdeaua.cl

Li based salt potential on TES for CSP

Ø LiNO3 asthermal energy storage materialfor CSPplants

ØProperties:

ØMelting point reductionØ Thermal stability improvementØHigher heat capacityà increase the energy densityØCorrosion potential is also reduced

ØHandicaps:ØViscosityØCost

ØNewgeneration CSPplants athigher temperatures:

ØCarbonates:Li2CO3ØChlorides: LiCl

www.cdeaua.cl

[1] Fernandez A.G. et al. MoltenSaltCorrosionofStainlessSteelsandLow-CrSteelinCSPPlants.OxidationofMetals:Volume78,Issue5(2012),Page329-348[2] Fernandez A.G. et al. DevelopmentofnewmoltensaltswithLiNO3 andCa(NO3)2 forenergystorageinCSPplants.Applied EnergyVol 119(2014)Pag.131-140[3] Cabeza L.F. et al. Lithiuminthermalenergystorage:Astate-of-the-artreview”,Renewable&SustainableEnergyReviews.2015.Vol42,1106-1112.[4] Fernandez A.G. et al. Thermophysical properties andcorrosion characterizationoflow cost lithium containing nitrate salts produced innorthern Chilefor thermal energy storage.AIPConference Proceedings,2016,1734,pag 500141-500146

MoltenSalt(wt.%)

Worktemperaturerange (°C )

Viscosity at 250°C (cP)

Corrosion in A516 at 390°C

(mm/year)

Energy density

(MJ/m3)Ref

60 NaNO3 ‒ 40 KNO3

221‒589 5.51 0.097 550 [1]

30 LiNO3 ‒ 10 Ca(NO3)2 ‒ 60

KNO3

134‒567 5.72 0.027 607 [2]

10 LiNO3 ‒ 10 Ca(NO3)2 ‒ 60

KNO3 ‒ 20 NaNO3

132‒580 5.78 0.013 680 [3,4]

30 LiNO3 ‒ 57 KNO3 ‒ 13

NaNO3

120-596 5.65 0.021 835 Submitted

Ternary/quaternary Li based salts proposed

www.cdeaua.cl

Antofagasta Molten Salt Loop

www.cdeaua.cl

Ø Handicaps?

Ø HighcostØ There arenot industrial companies able toproduceLiNO3 inalarge amount

Melting process in pilot plant

www.cdeaua.cl

Natural Resources

LiNO3 extraction proposal

www.cdeaua.cl

Ø LCOEfor CSPplants on the Atacamadesertcould be30%lower

Ø Exceptional DNIinnorth ofChileaswell asthe inorganic salt deposits arethe keyfactors for asucessful development ofCSPtechnology

EconomicevaluationusingLiNO3as TES material

www.cdeaua.cl

Ø 0.8c$/kWht costs for TEScould beobtained usingLibased solarsalts(only storage cost involved)

Ø LiNO3 increase the work temperature range for CSPplants.Excellent energy density is the key factorfor these developments

Ø Optimizationofwork temperature range have been confirmed inlarge scale pilot plant

Ø Low cost industrialLiNO3production is necessary

Ø Energy comsuption reduction:Ø Lower security temperature toavoid solidificationØ Inexpensive materials could beproposed due tothe lower

corrosion potential inLibased salts

Ø Moreaccurate studies inthe power blockconversionmust beperformed interms ofelectricity generation cost andperformance

Conclusions

FINALTHANKSFORYOURATTENTION

Email:angel.fernandez@uantof.cl