objectives 1-2. a chemical reaction is the process of rearranging ___________ to create new...
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Chemical Reactions
Objectives 1-2
A chemical reaction is the process of rearranging ___________ to create new compounds by breaking and forming chemical _________. During chemical reactions __________ is either stored or released.
A chemical equation uses symbols to show what occurs during a ________________. It can be thought of as the “recipe” for a compound.
Example: 2H2 + O2 2H2O
atoms
bondsenergy
chemical reaction
Example: 2H2 + O2 2H2OReactants – substances used in the
reaction; located on the left side of the equation.
Products – substances produced in the reaction; located on the right side of the equation.
What are the reactants in this equation?
What are the products in this reaction?
H2 O2
H2 O
If we wanted to make 4 molecules of H2O, how many O2 would we need?__________
If we used 8 molecules of O2, how many molecules of H2O would we make?_______
Example: 2H2 + O2 2H2O
2
16
Fe + CuCl2 FeCl2 + CuWhat are the products in this
equation?
What are the reactants in this equation?
Fe CuCl2
FeCl2 Cu
Chemical reactions must obey the Law of Conservation of Mass. The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed.
What does this mean for chemical reactions?
The reaction must start and end with the Same atoms and type of atoms
All chemical equations must obey the law of conservation of mass. When an equation obeys the law of conservation of mass we say the equation is BALANCED (these represent reactions that can happen). When an equation does NOT obey the law of conservation of mass we say it is UNBALANCED (an unbalanced equation represents something that will never happen).
Examples: 2H2 + O2 2H2OHow many atoms of hydrogen are in the
reactants? Product?
How many atoms of oxygen are in the reactants? Products?
Is this equation balanced? ___________ Why or why not?
Reactants: H = 4 Product: H = 4
Reactants: O = 2 Product: O = 2 Yes
The number of atoms on both side are equal
How
Examples: H2 + O2 H2OHow many atoms of hydrogen are in the
reactants? Product?
How many atoms of oxygen are in the reactants? Products?
Is this equation balanced? ___________ Why or why not?
Reactants: H = 2 Product: H = 2
Reactants: O = 2 Product: O = 1 No
The number of atoms on both side are NOT equal
Energy in Living Things
Objectives 3-5
What is Energy?The ability to do work; measured in
joules or calories
What do living things use energy for?Move
Digest
Pump
Make proteins
Transport molecules
Cells get most of their energy from _______. Cells must be able to _______ this energy. Why?A food source might not be available
when energy is needed.
FoodStore
Law of Conservation of Energy -
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can change forms
Living things must be able to covert energy from one form to another.
Four forms of energy Important to Life
1. Macromolecules – energy is stored in the _________ ________ of macromolecules.
Carbohydrates (Sugars)
Lipids (Fats)
Proteins
chemical
bonds
Carbohydrates (Sugars) –
Lipids (Fats) –
Proteins –
C, H, O – primary energy source – 4 cal/g
C, H, O – stored form of energy – 9 cal/g
C, H, O, N – 4 cal/g
H C C
C C H C C
HH
Bond between C & H have a lot of energy. It can be released by breaking bonds
2. Light – a ________ that has energy in the form of _________; this form is energy is used by __________ during _________________.
Four forms of energy Important to Life
wavephotons plant
sphotosynthesis(energy from light is stored in sugars)
3. ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate – the primary source of energy used by cells.
Four forms of energy Important to Life
ADENOSINE
3 PHOSPHATES
When the last phosphate is removed, ___________ is released.energ
y
ATP ADP + Phosphate
+ ℗ + Energy
Where does the energy in ATP come from?
Energy from __________ is stored in chemical bonds in ATP.
Food/light
ADP + ℗ + Energy ATP
4. Electrons – Electrons (and their energy can be moved from one _________ to another.
Electron Carriers – special compounds that easily gain and lose electrons and can transfer energy from one place to another.
Examples:
Four forms of energy Important to Life
Compound
NADP+ + ē NADPH(empty) (full)FAD
FADH2NAD+ NADH
H = + + ē
EnzymesObjectives 6-8
Enzymes -
Why are enzymes needed?
How do enzymes work?
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Activation Energy is the energy needed to ______ a chemical reaction.
So reactions happen fast enough to sustain life functions
A protein that acts as a catalyst (speeds up chemical reactions)
start
No enzyme
Start
With enzyme
Finish
Each enzyme has a specific ________ based on how the ________ is folded.
Substrate –
Each enzyme bind only to certain substrates. In order for the substrate to bind to the enzyme it must be the right ________.
The place where the substrate binds to the enzyme is called the _______ ______
Once the enzyme and substrate bind, a reaction occurs.
shapeprotein
Substance that the enzyme acts on
shape
active
site
Draw a picture explaining how an enzyme works in the space below.
- substrate
Activesite
ENZYME
products
Example: The reaction shown below helps convert CO2 into a form that is more easily carried through the bloodstream. Without enzymes this reaction wouldn’t happen fast enough and dangerous levels of CO2 would build up in the bloodstream. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase allows this reaction to happen 10 million times faster.
ENZYME
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Controlling EnzymesEnzymes don’t always need to be “ON.”
There are 2 ways to turn an enzyme “OFF.”
Competitive Inhibition –
Non- Competitive Inhibition –
A substance other than the substrate blocks the active site
A molecule binds to a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme
Inhibitor
Inhibitor
Substrate
Substrate
Overview of Photosynthesis
Objective 9, 10, 12, 13
Photosynthesis – the process in which plants use energy of ________ to convert ______ and ______ _______ into high-energy _____________________ and _________ a waste product. Equation:
6CO2 +12H2O C6H12O6 + 602 + 6H2O
sunlightwater carbo
ndioxide
Sugars (glucose) carbohydratesoxygen
Waste products
Purpose:
CO2 – carbondioxide C6H12O6 – glucose (carb)H2O – Water (soil) O2 – Oxygen
H2O - Water
To store energy from light in glucose
A side note: structure of carbohydrates – carbohydrates are molecules made of _______, _________, and ________.oxygen carbon hydroge
nMonosaccharide –
Polysaccharide -
Simple sugar (Glucose) quick energy
Complex sugar made of many simple sugar (ex. Starch)
Location: Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________ of plants cell
Grana –
Stroma –
Thylakoid –
Chlorophyll –
Pigment
Chloroplasts
Stack of thylakoids
Background material of chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll
Green, light absorbing pigments
Structures of Photosynthesis
Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Chloroplast
Grana
Thylakiod
Grana
ThylakiodChlorophyll
Details of Photosynthesis
Objectives 14, 16
Equation: 6CO2 +6H2O C6H12O6 + 602 + 6H2O
Purpose:To store energy from sunlight in glucose
Remember: Photosynthesis has 2 main stagesLight Dependent Reactions use
_________ and ________. Energy is temporarily stored in _______ and _________. ________ is given off as a waste product.
Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) uses _______ to convert the energy from _______ and _________ into ________. ________is given off as a waste product.
lightH2OATP NADP
HO2
H2ONADPH
ATPCO2
Glucose
Light
H2O CO2
O2 SUGARS
Choroplast
ATP
ATP +P
NADP+
NADPH
Calvin Cycle
Location: Thylakoid of Chloroplast
Materials Needed: Light, H2O, ADP, NADP+
Final Products: O2, H+, ATP, NADPH
Stage 1: Light Dependent Reactions: Capturing The sun’s energy1. Energy from light strikes a chlorophyll molecule
in the membrane of the thylakoid. This light energy excites an _electron_ and it passes through a chain of molecule called the electron transport chain. As it moves it loses energy.
2. Water in the plant is broken into, H+,_O and _electrons_.
3. The electrons replace the one lost from chlorophyll The O combine to form O2 and leave
as a waste product.
4. The movement of electrons causes more H+ to move into the thylakoid.
5. Light strikes a 2nd chlorophyll molecule and the Electron is reenergized . This high-energy electron is picked up by NADP+ (an electron carrier) to form NADPH.
6. As this happens over and over again protons (H+) build up in the thylakoid. They can only get across the membrane by going through a protein_ The energy from the H+ moving through the channel converts ADP to ATP.
Stage 2: The Calvin Cycle – Making Glucose
Location:
Materials needed:
Final products:
Main Idea: Energy stored in ____ and _____ from the light reaction is used in the Calvin cycle to convert ________ ________ into high-energy sugars (Glucose).
Stroma of chloroplasat
ATP, NADPH, H+, CO2
Glucose, H2O
ATP NADPH
Carbon
Dioxide
Intro to Respiration
Objectives 9, 12-15
Cellular Respiration (Obj. 9a) The process by which _______________ is burned
in the cell in order to produce __________.
Purpose: to store ________ from food in _____ so cells can carry out life processes Remember: for cells to function they need energy; the main form of energy used by cells is ____.
The equation :
Food MoleculesEnergy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Energy ATP
ATP
Cellular RespirationGlucose – Made by plants in
photosynthesis; has LOTS of ______, but it is not in a usable form.
Oxygen – produces by _______ during photosynthesis
ATP – the main source of ________ used by all Living things
Water – released into the air as waste
Location:Cytoplasm Mitochondria
Energy
Plants
Energy
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Function
Location
Used by
Reactants
Products
Equations
To make food Glucose Burn glucose for energy
Chloroplasts Mitochondria/Cytoplasm
Plants, Bacteria, Protists (Autotrophs)
All living things
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O + ATPC6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
6CO2 + 6H2O Light
C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
As _____ is used up it must be replaced. The energy to build more ____ comes from _____. It takes some energy to break down food molecules, BUT cells get ____________ from the food that they use to break it down.
What is the major source of energy for organisms? Where does it come from?
ATPATP
foodmore energy
Food (Glucose)
Plants (photosynthesis)
Details of Respiration
Objective 14, 18
RespirationEquation:
Purpose:
Summary of Energy Flow: Energy from _______ is transferred to electron carriers and then to ____.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
To get energy from glucose and store it in ATP
GlucoseATP
Who’s Who in RespirationGlucose – one of the most basic
carbohydrates; starting material for respiration
ATP – main energy source used by the cell
NAD+/NADH+H+ - an electron carrier
FAD/FADH2 – another electron carrier
The first step of all forms of respiration is ________. After that if no oxygen is present the cell goes through fermentation. If oxygen is present the cell proceeds to cellular respiration.
Glycolysis
The steps of cellular respiration are: The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport
Cytoplasm Mitochondrio
n
Glucose
Glycolysis
2 ATP
PyruvicAcid
Electrons carried in NADH
KrebsCycle
1
23
Electron Transport Chain
2 ATP
+ 6CO2
32 ATP
+6H2O
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
6O2
Step 1: Glycolysis: Getting things StartedLocation:
Materials Needed:
Final Products:
Main Idea: Glucose is broken down into smaller sugars. ____ ATP are used and ____ ATP are produced for a net gain of ____ ATP. Some energy is Stored in _________.
Cytoplasm
Glucose, NAD+, ADP
2 ATP, small sugars, NADH
2 42
NADH
Step 2: The Krebs Cycle: Storing energy in electron Carriers
Location:
Materials Needed:
Final Products:
Main Idea: The smaller sugars are broken down even further. The carbon atoms from the sugars combine with O2 to form______ which is given off as a waste product. The energy from the sugars is stored in _________ and _________.
Mitochondria
Small sugars, NAD+ FAD
CO2, NADH, FADH2
CO2
NADHFADH2
Step 3: Electron Transport: Getting Usable EnergyLocation:
Materials Needed:
Final Products:
Main Idea: Energy that has stored in _________ and ________ is converted to _______ as electrons are passed along the electron transport chain. At the end of the chain electrons combine with H+ and Oxygen to form ___________
Mitochondria
NADH, FADH2, O2
ATP, H2O, (NAD+, FAD)
NADH FADH2ATP
H2O
Totals:______ ATP can be produced from one
molecule of glucose. Six molecules of _____ and 6 molecules of _____ are given off as waste products.
36CO2
H2O
FermentationObjective 17
2 Types of Respiration:
1. With _________ - Aerobic Respiration. When respiration happens in the presence of oxygen a _______________ of ATP is produced.
2. Without ____________- Anaerobic Respiration. When respiration happens with NO oxygen, a _____________ of ATP is produced.
Oxygen
Large Amount
Oxygen
Small amount
The first step of both of these processes is the same
Step 1: Glycolysis – first used by _______ ________ to make ATP, it is now used by ALL living things. Glycolysis breaks down _______ into smaller molecules and produces ___ ATP molecules.
Where does glycolysis happen?
AncientBacteria
glucose
2
Cytoplasm
If no oxygen is present then step 2 is fermentation:Step 2: Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration) – happens in the ___________
Does not make any new ________, but recycles the materials needed for _____________ to continue. (If this didn’t happen the cell would be stuck and couldn’t make any more ____)
Cytoplasm
ATP
Glycolysis
ATP
Fermentation can happen 2 different ways:
1. Alcoholic Fermentation – happens in _____. The products of _________ break down into _______ ________ and ethyl alcohol.
How is this used in industry?
YeastGlycolysisCarbon Dioxid
e
To make alcoholic beverages
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation – happens in your ________ when you exercise because they are not supplied with enough ______. The products from _________ are broken down into lactic acid and ____. This can build up in your muscles and it causes them to _____. When _______ is present they will switch back to oxidative respiration and break it down.
muscles
oxygenglycolysis
CO2
burn oxygen
If OXYGEN IS PRESENT, then the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport will occur causing 36 ATP to be produced.
Glycolysis
FermentationAnaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
2 ATPLacticAcid
Alcohol