objectives

Section 17.1 Legal and Illegal Drugs

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Objectives

Define drug abuse and distinguish it from both appropriate use and misuse.

Describe how psychoactive drugs affect the brain.


Summarize the risks of drug abuse.


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Myth Medicines from a drugstore can’t harm you.

Fact Medicines can be just as dangerous as “street drugs” if they are used inappropriately.

What other myths do teens believe about drugs? Write down some statements you have heard from your peers. Which ones do you think are true? Which are false?


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• If drugs are not used as directed, serious health problems can result.

Facts About Drug Use

• Medicines are legal drugs that help the body fight injury, illness, or disease.

• Medicines can be classified into two groups: over-the-counter drugs and prescription drugs.


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• A medicine that is sold legally in pharmacies and other stores without a doctor’s prescription is called an over-the-counter drug.

Over-the-Counter Drugs

• Any over-the-counter drug can cause harm if the instructions on the label are not followed.


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• A drug that can be obtained only with a written order from a doctor and can be purchased only at a pharmacy is known as a prescription drug.

Prescription Drugs

• Prescription drugs require more government control than over-the-counter drugs because of their potential for harm.


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• An illegal drug is a chemical substance that people of any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy, or sell.

Illegal Drugs

• Illegal drugs are also called street drugs.


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• The improper use of medicines—either prescription or over-the-counter drugs—is called drug misuse.

Drug Misuse

• Examples of drug misuse include

• taking more than the prescribed amount of a drug

• taking drugs with the wrong foods or at the wrong time of day

• not taking a drug for the correct period of time


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• When a drug is intentionally used improperly or unsafely, it is known as drug abuse.

Drug Abuse

• Drug abuse occurs when people intentionally use any kind of drugs for nonmedical purposes.


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• A mood-altering drug, also called a psychoactive drug (sy koh AK tiv), is a chemical that affects brain activity.

Drug Abuse and the Brain

• Most abused drugs are psychoactive.


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• Many psychoactive drugs trigger activity along a pathway of cells in the brain called the “reward pathway.”

The “Reward Pathway”

• Brain cells along the activated reward pathway release a chemical called dopamine (DOH puh meen).

• The extra dopamine released during drug use can cause the user to ignore the harmful effects of the drug and want to continue using it.

• Flooding the reward pathway with dopamine may lead to intense cravings for the drug.

• After a time, drug abuse can dull the brain’s reactions to natural levels of dopamine.


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Area of the brain’s“reward pathway”

How Drugs Affect the Brain


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• Abuse of psychoactive drugs may result in addiction.

Addiction

• Addiction is the compulsive use of a drug, despite any cost to health, family, or social standing.

• Addiction is a disease that changes the structure and chemistry of the brain.


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• Drugs can produce powerful changes in the body.

Dangers of Drug Misuse and Abuse

• But when drugs are misused or abused, many serious health effects can result.


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• A side effect is an unwanted physical or mental effect caused by a drug.

Side Effects

• Side effects can include

• nausea

• dizziness

• drowsiness

• Side effects of a particular drug vary from person to person.


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• When a person uses a drug repeatedly, the body may develop tolerance to the drug.

Tolerance and Dependence

• Tolerance may lead to drug dependence—the body develops a chemical need for the drug and can’t function normally without it.


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• If a person who is dependent on a psychoactive drug stops taking the drug, that person will experience withdrawal symptoms.

Withdrawal

• Withdrawal symptoms include

• nausea or vomiting

• headaches or dizziness

• fever

• digestion problems

• paranoia or panic

• tremors, seizures, or death


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• When a person takes more than one drug at a time, the drugs may interact in different ways than when taken alone.

Drug Interactions

• Antagonism A drug antagonism (an TAG uh niz um) occurs when each drug’s effect is canceled out or reduced by the other.

• Synergism A drug synergism (SIN ur jiz um) occurs when drugs interact to produce effects greater than those that each drug would produce alone.


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Click above to go online.

For: Updates on drug interactions


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• Many illegal drugs are contaminated with chemicals that may themselves be harmful or cause dangerous drug interactions.

Impurities

• Illegal drugs may vary widely from batch to batch in the concentration of psychoactive chemicals they contain.


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• Hepatitis and HIV If drug users share needles to inject drugs, contaminated blood left in the needle can carry disease-causing viruses from user to user.

Other Health Risks

• Risks to Fetus and Newborn Drug abuse by a pregnant woman places her baby at risk for a broad range of developmental problems.


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Drug abusers risk

Legal Risks and Other Costs

• facing serious legal penalties

• damaging their relationships with family and friends

• causing significant costs to society


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• Penalties for individuals who produce, possess, transport, or sell illegal drugs include long prison terms and heavy fines.

Legal Risks

• A criminal record makes it difficult to get a job or to be admitted into schools and the military.

• Many drug abusers commit other crimes to support their drug addiction.


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• A drug abuser may

Effects on Family and Friends

• have unpredictable mood swings

• become violent

• withdraw from relationships and responsibilities

• The interests and activities that helped bind the person with family and friends may no longer exist.


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• The United States government has spent billions of dollars in efforts to stop illegal drug manufacture and sales.

Costs to Society

• Significant financial resources go toward drug abuse

• prevention

• education

• treatment

• rehabilitation programs


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• Consider a few of the other costs of drug abuse

Costs to Society

• the cost of incarcerating thousands of people for drug-related crimes

• medical costs for drug-related illnesses and injuries, including many of the nation’s cases of HIV/AIDS

• premature deaths from drug-related homicides and motor vehicle crashes

• lost work productivity because of drug dependency


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Vocabulary

medicine A legal drug that helps the body fight injury, illness, or disease.

over-the-counter drug

A medicine that is sold legally in pharmacies and other stores without a doctor’s prescription.

prescription drug A drug that can be obtained only with a written order from a doctor and can be purchased only at a pharmacy.

illegal drug A chemical substance that people of any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy, or sell.

drug misuse The improper use of medicines—either prescription or over-the-counter drugs.


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Vocabulary

drug abuse The intentional improper or unsafe use of a drug.

psychoactive drug

A chemical that affects brain activity; also known as a “mood-altering” drug.

side effect An unwanted physical or mental effect caused by a drug.

drug antagonism A condition that occurs when one drug’s effect is canceled out or reduced by another.

drug synergism A condition that occurs when drugs interact to produce effects greater than those that each drug would produce alone.


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End of Section 17.1

Click on this slide to end this presentation.


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Objective

Evaluate how family, friends, and personal factors can influence an individual’s decisions about drugs.

Section 17.2 Factors Affecting Drug Abuse


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Each question you answer “yes” to is a way you protect yourself from drug abuse. What other factors in your life help protect you from using drugs? Explain.

Quick Quiz See how many of these questions you can answer “yes” to.

Do you avoid situations where you think drugs might be used?

Have you practiced refusing an offer of drugs?

Are there adults in your life whom you trust and with whom you can talk about your problems?Do you manage stress in your life in healthy, constructive ways?

Switch to QuickTake version of the quiz.


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• A number of factors make it either more or less likely that a teen will abuse drugs.

Risk Factors

• They include family factors, social factors, and personal factors.


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• When family relationships are not close and supportive, teenagers may not get needed guidance.

Family Factors

• Alienation may make teens more vulnerable to the influence of peers who abuse drugs.

• If family members abuse drugs, a teen is at higher risk of using drugs, too.


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• Peer Group Many teens were first introduced to drugs by friends or by peers whose acceptance they wanted.

Social Factors

• Role Models Teens may see their role models using drugs in movie roles or in real life, without seeing the negative effects.

• Competitive Pressure For some teens, a strong desire to excel at athletics may be a risk factor for drug use.


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• Some teenagers might turn to drugs in an attempt to temporarily escape the negative feelings associated with stress.

Personal Factors

• Another personal factor that may influence drug use is low self-esteem.


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• A protective factor is a factor that reduces a person’s potential for harmful behavior.

Protective Factors

• Having strong protective factors in your life will help you stay drug free.


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Protective family factors include

Family Factors

• strong and positive family bonds

• parental awareness of a teen’s social activities and peer group

• clear rules that are consistently enforced


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Protective social factors include

Social Factors

• having strong bonds to school and other community institutions

• associating with peers who are drug free

• having friends who are supportive and accepting


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Protective personal factors include

Personal Factors

• a commitment to success in academics and extracurricular activities

• a personal belief that drug abuse is unacceptable


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Objectives

Compare the effects of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens on the body.

Describe the effects of marijuana.

Section 17.3 Commonly Abused Drugs

Name three classes of drugs of increasing concern in recent years.


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Health Stats The graph shows the number of new abusers of prescription pain relievers in each year since 1985.

What factors do you think are responsible for the increase in prescription drug abuse?


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• A psychoactive drug that slows brain and body reactions is called a depressant.

Depressants

• Depressants slow body functions by decreasing heart and breathing rates and lowering blood pressure.


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• One class of depressants is the barbiturates (bahr BICH ur its) —also called sedative-hypnotics.

Barbiturates

• In small doses, barbiturates are sedatives—they relax a person.

• In high doses, barbiturates are hypnotics—they induce sleep.


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• A CNS depressant is a sedative that slows the activity of the central nervous system (CNS).

CNS Depressants

• CNS depressants

• slow nerve activity

• relax muscle tension

• lower alertness

• cause drowsiness


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• An opiate (OH pee it) is any drug made from psychoactive compounds contained in the seed pods of poppy plants.

Opiates

• In small doses, opiates act to dull the senses, relieve pain, and induce sleep.

• Heroin is an illegal opiate made from morphine in a laboratory.

• Heroin is highly addictive.


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• A stimulant is a drug that speeds up activities of the central nervous system.

Stimulants

• Stimulants increase

• Physicians sometimes prescribe certain stimulants to treat sleep disorders and behavioral disorders.

• heart rate

• blood pressure

• breathing rate

• alertness


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• Amphetamines (am FET uh meenz) are prescription drugs that are sometimes sold illegally as “speed” or “uppers.”

Amphetamines

• Amphetamine abuse produces feelings of well-being and high energy.

• The effects wear off quickly and the abuser is often left feeling depressed.


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• A stimulant that is related to amphetamines, but is even more powerful, is methamphetamine.

Methamphetamine

• Methamphetamine initially produces a rush, or “high.”

• But, after the rush wears off, the user may become

• confused

• shaky

• anxious

• irritable

• violent


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• Cocaine is a powerful but short-acting stimulant.

Cocaine

• Cocaine is highly addictive.

• When cocaine’s effects wear off, abusers often experience depression, which can be severe.

• Crack is the strongest form of cocaine.


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• A hallucinogen (huh LOO sih nuh jun) is a drug that distorts perception, thought, and mood.

Hallucinogens

• Hallucinogens overload the brain with sensory information, causing a distorted sense of reality.

• Abusers

• cannot tell what is real

• may experience memory loss and personality changes

• may be unable to perform normal activities

• may lose track of time and their surroundings


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• The strongest known hallucinogen is lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD.

LSD

• LSD’s effects are unpredictable—it can either stimulate or depress the central nervous system.

• Abusers experience hallucinations in which they may see colorful visions and mistakenly feel they have superhuman powers.


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• Another hallucinogen is psilocybin (sil uh sy bin)—sometimes called “shrooms.”

Psilocybin

• Psilocybin is a chemical found in a certain type of mushroom.

• The effects of psilocybin are much like those of LSD, but not as strong.


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• One of the most dangerous of all drugs is PCP, short for phencyclidine.

PCP

• Because the drug eliminates the sensation of pain, abusers may unintentionally injure or even kill themselves.

• Some PCP abusers develop signs of schizophrenia.


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Marijuana (mar uh WAH nuh) is the leaves, stems, and flowering tops of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa.

Marijuana


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• Marijuana is one of the most frequently abused psychoactive drugs.

Effects of Marijuana

• Its main ingredient changes the way information reaches and is acted upon by the brain.

• Side effects of marijuana use include

• distorted perceptions

• difficulties with thinking and problem solving

• loss of motor coordination

• increased heart rate

• feelings of anxiety or paranoia


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• Users often feel sleepy or drowsy.

Marijuana and Driving

• Marijuana use can make it difficult to judge distances and react quickly to signals and sounds on the road.


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• Marijuana use is often a gateway to using other “harder” drugs, such as cocaine.

A Gateway to Other Drugs

• As marijuana users build up tolerance, they may seek out other drugs to experience the “high” they first got from marijuana.


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For: More on commonly abused drugs


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• Three classes of drugs that are of growing concern in recent years are club drugs, inhalants, and anabolic steroids.

Club Drugs, Inhalants, and Steroids

• The effects of club drugs and inhalants are extremely unpredictable and dangerous.

• Abuse of steroids causes lifelong damage to the body and brain.


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• Club drugs got their name from the fact that they first gained popularity at dance clubs and raves.

Club Drugs

• Their effects are different from person to person and very dangerous.

• While under the effects of rohypnol (roh HYP nawl), a person may be hurt or raped and not even be able to recall the event later on.


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A breathable chemical vapor that produces mind-altering effects is called an inhalant (in HAYL unt).

Inhalants


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• Anabolic steroids are synthetic drugs that are similar to the hormone testosterone.

Anabolic Steroids

• Steroids are abused primarily by people who want bigger muscles.

• Steroids can make a user’s personality very aggressive.

• Some steroid users become severely depressed.


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Vocabulary

depressant A drug that slows brain and body reactions.

barbiturates A class of depressant drugs; also called sedative-hypnotics.

opiate Any drug made from psychoactive compounds contained in the seed pods of poppy plants.

heroin An illegal opiate made from morphine in a laboratory.

stimulant A type of drug that increases the activity of the nervous system.

amphetamines Prescription drugs that are sometimes sold illegally as “speed” or “uppers.”


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Vocabulary

methamphetamine A stimulant that is related to amphetamines, but is even more powerful.

cocaine A drug that is a powerful but short-acting stimulant.

hallucinogen A drug that distorts perception, thought, and mood.

marijuana A drug made from the leaves, stems, and flowering tops of the hemp plant.

club drugs Drugs that first gained popularity at dance clubs and raves.

inhalant A breathable chemical vapor that produces mind-altering effects.


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Objectives

Identify three treatment options for people who abuse drugs.

Name three steps you can take to stay drug free.

Section 17.4 Choosing to Be Drug Free


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Dear Advice Line,

My friend Greg tried methamphetamine at a party a few months ago. Soon he started doing it regularly. He gets defensive and aggressive when I ask him if he needs help. I’m scared to talk to him anymore, but I want to help.

What advice would you give Greg’s friend? How can she help Greg?


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• Before a person can be helped, the person needs to acknowledge that he or she has a drug problem.

Treating Drug Abuse

• The next step would be for the person to explore possible treatment options.


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Many abusers deny their behavior; others deny the underlying problems that led them to drug abuse.

Acknowledge the Problem

Signs of Possible Drug Abuse


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• Treatment options for drug abusers include

Explore Treatment Options

• detoxification

• therapeutic communities

• supervised medication

• Programs exist for family members trying to understand their loved one’s drug problem.

• Some drug treatment programs are available at little or no cost.


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• A person who enters a detoxification program undergoes gradual but complete withdrawal from the abused drug under medical supervision.

Detoxification

• Detoxification programs include counseling to help people deal with their abuse and cope with the underlying problems.


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• A therapeutic community (thehr uh PYOO tik) is a residential treatment center where former drug abusers live together and learn to adjust to drug-free lives.

Therapeutic Community

• Therapeutic communities provide both medical care and counseling.


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• A third treatment option involves replacing the abused drug with a drug that produces some of the same effects, without the “high.”

Supervised Medication

• Because methadone and other drug replacements can cause dependency, a trained professional must carefully monitor treatment and slowly lower the dosage.


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For: Updates on treating drug abuse


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Practicing refusal skills, seeking help when you need it, and getting involved in drug-free activities can help you stay away from drugs.

Staying Drug Free


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Resisting Peer Pressure

bag of jelly beansset of five role-playing cards per group

Materials


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Do not discuss your role with other group members

Imagine that you are at a party with friends. Spend five minutes thinking about your assigned role and how you will act during the imagined party.

At your teacher’s signal, begin acting out your role with the other members of your group.

Your teacher will distribute a different role-playing card to each group member.

Form a group with four other students. Try This


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How might player 3 have felt about eventually giving in?

How do you think player 1 felt about pressuring all the other players?

What refusal skills will you use to resist pressure from friends to use drugs?

How do you think player 4 felt being pressured to eat the jelly beans?

Explain how you felt playing your role during the imagined party.

Think and Discuss


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• To be effective, be sure to clearly state your personal reasons for not wanting to take drugs.

Refusing Drugs

• “No thanks — I want to keep a clear head.”

• “I don’t want to become addicted.”

• “I don’t do drugs.”

• If the person offering you drugs continues to pressure you, take a definite action and remove yourself from the situation.


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• If you decide that the stresses and problems in your life are too much to manage, find someone to talk to.

Seeking Help

• parents• teachers• friends• siblings• school counselors• school nurses• members of the clergy

• A second option is to call a national drug-abuse hotline.


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• Engage in physical activity. Physical activity boosts your mood and relieves the negative effects of stress.

Alternatives to Drugs

• Volunteer. Helping other people can give you a good feeling about yourself, too.

• Join a youth group. Participating in a youth group can give you a sense of belonging and a connection to others.


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Vocabularytherapeutic community

A residential treatment center where former drug abusers live together and learn to adjust to drug-free lives.

objectives

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