ObjectivesObjectives

1.1. How should Gemini respond in How should Gemini respond in terms of terms of scientific effectivenessscientific effectiveness to to the the current competition from the the current competition from Subaru, ESO and perhaps even Subaru, ESO and perhaps even Keck?Keck?

2.2. What does the Gemini Science Staff What does the Gemini Science Staff want to see discussed and proposed want to see discussed and proposed at Aspen 2003at Aspen 2003

• What is our vision of the Future?What is our vision of the Future?

The Gemini telescopes are designed to The Gemini telescopes are designed to compete by exploiting D/compete by exploiting D/

For background or sky noise limited observations:

S Telescope Diameter (D)

N Delivered Image Diameter (

Speed =Time to given S/N D2 .

Where: is the product of the system throughput and detector QE

is the instantaneous background flux

.

Gemini South IR Performance and Gemini South IR Performance and some resultssome results

4.7m R=100,000Rogers et al (in prep.)

Flamingos / Gemini-S

Preliminary ResultsPreliminary Results

J,H,K Luminosity Functions show J,H,K Luminosity Functions show the expected peak near 0.3 the expected peak near 0.3 M(solar)M(solar)a slow decline or plateau in the a slow decline or plateau in the brown dwarf regime (J~14.5 - 17.5 brown dwarf regime (J~14.5 - 17.5 mag) for unreddened objectsmag) for unreddened objects

A more rapid decline below the A more rapid decline below the deuterium-burning limit and deuterium-burning limit and indications of a cut-off at a few indications of a cut-off at a few M(Jupiter)M(Jupiter)

Observations are complete to well Observations are complete to well below K=19mag.below K=19mag.

J Luminosity Function

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

8 13 18 23

J-mag

Nu

mb

er

H Luminosity Function

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

7 12 17 22

H-mag

Nu

mb

er

K Luminosity Function

05

1015

2025

30

6 11 16 21

K-mag

Nu

mb

er

Flamingos on Gemini-SFlamingos on Gemini-S

Deep J,H,K images in 1 Deep J,H,K images in 1 field field

south of the Orion Core south of the Orion Core

Total of 4hr integration Total of 4hr integration

- 0.4 arcsec images- 0.4 arcsec images

Lucas et al

IR Optimization works:IR Optimization works:Gemini-South IR (4 micron) Gemini-South IR (4 micron) Commissioning Images of Galactic Commissioning Images of Galactic CenterCenter

•Gemini South + ABU + fast tip/tiltGemini South + ABU + fast tip/tilt•Brackett Brackett •FWHM ~ 0.35”FWHM ~ 0.35”•1 minute integration1 minute integration

•Simons & Becklin 1992Simons & Becklin 1992•IRTF (3.6m) - L’IRTF (3.6m) - L’•16,000 images shift/add16,000 images shift/add•An entire night….An entire night….

Perlman, Sparks, et al.

Gemini North: M87 jet at 10 mm– Gemini North: M87 jet at 10 mm– Deepest image ever taken in the mid IRDeepest image ever taken in the mid IR

OSCIR, 10.8 m

HST/F300W, 0.3 m

Sensitivity (1, 1 h): 0.028 mJy/pix (pix scale = 0.089”) 0.1 mJy on point source

14 Jy/pixel after further IR Optimization

Relative through-put of “Gemini Silver” vs. Relative through-put of “Gemini Silver” vs. Aluminum Telescopes Aluminum Telescopes (450-1100nm)(450-1100nm)

• Ratio of System Transmission• Three Reflecting Surfaces

1.0

1.4

Gemini in the Optical – GMOS North comes Gemini in the Optical – GMOS North comes on-lineon-line

PMN2314+0201 Quasar at z=4.11 Gemini SV PI: Isobel Hook

60min – 60min – 140min 140min per filterper filter

Seeing Seeing (FWHM) (FWHM) 0.5 – 0.7 arcsec0.5 – 0.7 arcsec

5 sigma 5 sigma detection limits detection limits ::

g'=27.5 magg'=27.5 mag r'=27.2 magr'=27.2 mag i'=26.3 magi'=26.3 mag

GMOS on Gemini 5.5’ x 5.5’

GMOS Queue Observing 2002AGMOS Queue Observing 2002A

Summary of the completion rates as fraction of programs==========================================================

Band Completion rate >90% >50% <50% -----------------------------------------

1 10/14=0.71 11/14=0.79 3/14=0.21 2 2/8 =0.25 3/8 =0.38 5/8 =0.63 3 2/8 =0.25 4/8 =0.50 4/8 =0.50 4 1/11=0.09 2/11 =0.18 9/11=0.82

Many observations in band 3 and 4 were taken in poor observing conditions,and the programs in these bands with significant data were programs thatcould tolerate CC=70% or worse, and seeing of 1arcsec or worse.

Gemini North reliability Gemini North reliability >90% >90% (<10% down time)(<10% down time)GMOS Observing efficiency GMOS Observing efficiency (shutter open/elapsed)(shutter open/elapsed) ~ 70% ~ 70%

GMOS: Evolution of ages and metalicity in GMOS: Evolution of ages and metalicity in Clusters from z= 1 to present epoch Clusters from z= 1 to present epoch

((JørgensenJørgensen 2002) 2002)The S/N needed for this type of work is 20-40 per Angstrom in the restframe of the cluster

GMOS can deliver this.

wavelength

5.5 hrs sky subtracted

I=23.8 z=1.07

Example object: N&S Example object: N&S subtractedsubtracted

[OII] 3727at 7700Å

The GDDS teamThe GDDS team

GDDS: ultra-super-preliminary GDDS: ultra-super-preliminary resultsresults These are just These are just

thethe‘easy’ ones so ‘easy’ ones so far!far!

Full 100,000 secswill pound on z=1.5old red galaxies

N&S works! Ultimate ‘sky null’ technique.

Could reach I=27 in 106 secs on 30m

The GDDS teamThe GDDS team

3C324 3-3C324 3-D data D data cubecube

at z = 1.2at z = 1.2

[OII]3727 structure has two velocity components at +/-400km/s

Wavelen

gth/velocity

Bunker et al (2002) Bunker et al (2002)

X (7 arcsec)

Y (

5 a

rcs

ec

)

CIRPASS early resultsCIRPASS early results – first use of a– first use of anear-IR IFU on an 8m-class telescope.near-IR IFU on an 8m-class telescope.

The example from the z=1.2 The example from the z=1.2 radio galaxy 3C324. radio galaxy 3C324. Dispersion runs horizontally, Dispersion runs horizontally, spatial direction is vertical; spatial direction is vertical; each of the 500 IFU lenslets each of the 500 IFU lenslets produces a spectrum 2 pixels produces a spectrum 2 pixels high.high.

The preliminary processing The preliminary processing (basic sky subtraction and (basic sky subtraction and cosmic ray rejection) of this cosmic ray rejection) of this single 20 minute exposure single 20 minute exposure shows a very clear detection of shows a very clear detection of the redshifted [OIII] 500.7nm the redshifted [OIII] 500.7nm emission line (centre of the emission line (centre of the frame).frame).

http://www.gemini.edu/sciops/instruments/cirpass/cirpassDemoScience.html

GMOS – IFU now available on Gemini NorthGMOS – IFU now available on Gemini North

CIRPASS – IR IFU will be available on Gemini SouthCIRPASS – IR IFU will be available on Gemini South in Service Mode in 2003A in Service Mode in 2003A

Exploring the Gemini contextExploring the Gemini context

2000 2010

NGST ALMA SIM VLA-upgrade

Keck-Inter. ESO-VLTI

Keck I&II

UT1,UT2,UT3,UT4 Magellan 1&2 HET LBT OWL

CELT and maybeGSMT…

LSST

The decade of adaptive optics The era of the “giants”

SOFIA

SIRTF

VISTA

SUBARU

2000 2010

2012 2015Gemini N

Gemini S ?

2000 2010

NGST ALMA SIM VLA-upgrade

Keck-Inter. ESO-VLTI

Keck I&II

UT1,UT2,UT3,UT4 Magellan 1&2 HET LBT OWL

CELT and maybeGSMT…

LSST

The decade of adaptive optics The era of the “giants”

SOFIA

SIRTF

2000 2010

2012 2015Gemini N ALTAIR + LGS

Michelle NIFS

GM

OS

GAOS -> MCAO

GNIRS NICI Flam. 2

Gemini S

T-RECS

VISTA

SUBARU

?

Exploring the Gemini contextExploring the Gemini context- and responding- and responding

Comparison: Slip Factor

1.101.191.191.241.281.281.311.391.421.441.45

1.631.711.751.78

2.002.042.11

2.332.92

3.534.11

7.50

Instrument 1,8Instrument 2,6Instrument 2,9Instrument 2,5Instrument 5,1Instrument 4,1Instrument 2,7Instrument 3,1Instrument 2,4Instrument 2,3

Instrument 2,11Instrument 2,10Instrument 2,8Instrument 1,7Instrument 2,2Instrument 1,6

Instrument 2,12Instrument 2,1Instrument 1,5Instrument 1,4Instrument 1,3Instrument 1,2Instrument 1,1

Our communities have struggled to Our communities have struggled to deliver instrumentsdeliver instruments

1.0

Slip Factor = original schedule + slip original schedule

Original Duration and Slip (Months)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Instrument 1,8

Instrument 2,9

Instrument 5,1

Instrument 2,7

Instrument 2,4

Instrument 2,11

Instrument 2,8

Instrument 2,2

Instrument 2,12

Instrument 1,5

Instrument 1,3

Instrument 1,1

Originalschedule

SlipData complied by

Adrian Russell

Sch

edu

le P

erf

orm

an

ceS

chedu

le P

erf

orm

ance

Gemini-North Time DistributionGemini-North Time Distribution

Gemini-North

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2002B 2003A 2003B 2004A 2004B 2005A 2005B 2006A

Semester

% o

f T

ota

l Tim

e

Telescope Eng.

H-L S/W

Instrument

Science

ALTAIR

MIC

HELLE

Hoku

pa’a

-SNIFS

ALTA

IR L

GS New Instrument Mode Tests

ALTA

IR (

con

t.)

Queue ObservingQueue Observing

Gem

ini’

s q

ueu

e s

up

port

thre

sh

old

Ab

ove

50

%C

lass

ical

tim

e a

llocate

d

Gemini-South Time DistributionGemini-South Time Distribution

Gemini-South

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2002B 2003A 2003B 2004A 2004B 2005A 2005B 2006A

Semester

% o

f T

ota

l Tim

e

Telescope Eng.

H-L S/W

Instrument

Science

T-ReCS

GM

OS

-S

bH

RO

S

GN

IRS

NICI

GS

AO

I

SC

AO

FLA

MIN

GO

S-2GNIRS (cont)

New Modes

MC

AO

T-R

eC

S (

con

t)

Queue ObservingQueue Observing

Gem

ini’

s q

ueu

e s

up

port

thre

sh

old

Ab

ove

50

%C

lass

ical

tim

e a

llocate

d

ChallengesChallenges

• Instruments, instruments, instruments……• Gemini South will be without facility

instruments until mid 2003 from the user perspective

• And instrument delivery schedules constrain science availability of Gemini Telescopes

• How do we maximize our science effectiveness?• Should we commission everything we get?

Responding to the FutureResponding to the Future

•MCAOMCAO Building a system

•Aspen 2003 Aspen 2003 Instrumentation Instrumentation WorkshopWorkshop Planning Gemini instruments Planning Gemini instruments

for 2007+for 2007+

•The competition in the The competition in the next decade (post 2012)next decade (post 2012)Exploring our “market place”Exploring our “market place”

Exploring the Gemini contextExploring the Gemini contextSpace verses the GroundSpace verses the Ground

Takamiya (2001)

Defining the role of Gemini in the era Defining the role of Gemini in the era of a 6.5m NGSTof a 6.5m NGST

Assuming a detected S/N of 10 for NGST on a point source, with 4x1000s integration

GE

MIN

I a

dv

an

tag

eN

GS

T a

dva

nta

ge

R = 30,000 R = 5,000 R = 1,000 R = 5

Timegain

102

104

1

Redefining “wide field” in the 8 – Redefining “wide field” in the 8 – 10m era10m era

NICMOS HDF 49”x49”

235 Objects down to AB mag 28.8 at 1.6 m

GMOS on Gemini 5.5’ x 5.5’ PMN2314+0201 Quasar at z=4.11

5 sigma detection

limits :

g'=27.5 mag r'=27.2 mag i'=26.3 mag

>1000 objects

The Future and Exploiting our The Future and Exploiting our strengthsstrengths

But let’s look a little further ahead……

Image qualityImage quality• Diffraction limited, near IR AO, thermal Diffraction limited, near IR AO, thermal IRIR• Optical – exploiting queue schedulingOptical – exploiting queue scheduling -- AO enhanced seeing -- AO enhanced seeing

EfficiencyEfficiency• Minimizing emissivity -- Maximizing Minimizing emissivity -- Maximizing through-put through-put • Highly multiplexed spectroscopy Highly multiplexed spectroscopy • The “automated queue”The “automated queue”

InnovationInnovation• How do we sustain innovation is such a How do we sustain innovation is such a competitive environment? competitive environment?

Entering the Entering the Era of GiantsEra of Giants- the Challengers in the post 2012 World- the Challengers in the post 2012 World

ALMA

Entering the Entering the Era of GiantsEra of Giants- the Challengers in the post 2012 World- the Challengers in the post 2012 World

CELT

GSMT

The 30m challengersThe 30m challengers The ~6-8m challengerThe ~6-8m challenger

OWL

The 100m challengerThe 100m challenger

NGST

Looking Forward to 2012 Looking Forward to 2012 Space verses the GroundSpace verses the Ground

Takamiya (2001)

NGST territoryNGST territoryGround basedGround basedterritoryterritory

Comparative performance of a Comparative performance of a 30m GSMT with a 6.5m NGST30m GSMT with a 6.5m NGST

1 101E-3

0.01

0.1

1

10

Comparative performance of a 30m GSTM with a 6.5m NGST

S/N

Ga

in (

GS

MT

/ N

GS

T)

Wavelength (microns)

R=5 R=1,000 R=10,000

Assuming a detected S/N of 10 for NGST on a point source, with 4x1000s integration

GS

MT

a

dv

an

tag

eN

GS

T a

dva

nta

ge

R = 10,000 R = 1,000 R = 5

GSMT: Galaxy EvolutionGSMT: Galaxy Evolution

Courtesy of M. Bolte

Resolved Stellar PopulationsResolved Stellar Populations- results from MCAO - results from MCAO

simulationsimulation

NGST

GSMT/CELT

(Simulations 120 sec x 15 coadds)

Search for exo-biospheres:Solar system @30 light years

(Gilmozzi et al 2002)

Jupiter Earth

OWL 100mJ Band80% Strehl104 sec0.4’’ seeing

O.1’’

?

2000 2010

NGST ALMA SIM VLA-upgrade

Keck-Inter. ESO-VLTI

Keck I&II

UT1,UT2,UT3,UT4 Magellan 1&2 HET LBT OWL

CELT and maybeGSMT…

LSST

The era of the “giants”

SOFIA

SIRTF

ALTAIR + LGS

Michelle NIFS

GM

OS

GAOS -> MCAO

GNIRS NICI Flam. 2T-RECS

VISTA

SUBARU

2000 2010

2012 2015Gemini N

Gemini S

Multi-IFU & MCAO++?

Extreme AO?

Mid-IR opportunity?

Seeing enhancedR=1,000,000

spectroscopy?

AspenAspen20032003

Gemini’s Environment,“Aspen Gemini’s Environment,“Aspen 2003”2003”

& our window of opportunity& our window of opportunity

The decade of adaptive optics

?

2000 2010

NGST ALMA SIM VLA-upgrade

Keck-Inter. ESO-VLTI

Keck I&II

UT1,UT2,UT3,UT4 Magellan 1&2 HET LBT OWL

CELT and maybeGSMT…

LSST

SOFIA

SIRTF

ALTAIR + LGS

Michelle NIFS

GM

OS

GAOS -> MCAO

GNIRS NICI Flam. 2T-RECS

VISTA

SUBARU

2000 2010

2012 2015Gemini N

Gemini S

Multi-IFU & MCAO++?

Extreme AO?

Mid-IR opportunity?

AspenAspen20032003

Gemini’s Environment,“Aspen Gemini’s Environment,“Aspen 2003”2003”

& our window of opportunity& our window of opportunity

In this evolving environment, timingas well as performance is key

The decade of adaptive optics The era of the “giants”

Seeing enhancedR=1,000,000

spectroscopy?

Conclusions and thoughtsConclusions and thoughts

• Staying competitive in the 2010 decade is going Staying competitive in the 2010 decade is going to be challenging:to be challenging:• We will have to [very thoughtfully] play to our strengthsWe will have to [very thoughtfully] play to our strengths• Gemini:Gemini: IR performance, image qualityIR performance, image quality

Mauna Kea and Cerro PachonMauna Kea and Cerro Pachon• SUBARU:SUBARU: Extremely versatile high-performance Extremely versatile high-performance

telescope,telescope, unprecedented wide field performance, unprecedented wide field performance, Mauna KeaMauna Kea

• ESO…….. ?????ESO…….. ?????

• By 2012, in the era of, ALMA, By 2012, in the era of, ALMA, NGSTNGST and “ and “the emerging the emerging GiantsGiants” we must be globally acknowledged, world-class ” we must be globally acknowledged, world-class science machinesscience machines But probably quite specialized ‘queue based’ machinesBut probably quite specialized ‘queue based’ machines And ‘classical’ time will be allocated to Project Teams (and And ‘classical’ time will be allocated to Project Teams (and

their instruments), not individuals…..their instruments), not individuals….. optimum use of “remote observing” to create “virtual teams”optimum use of “remote observing” to create “virtual teams”

ChallengesChallenges

• Instruments, instruments, instruments……• Gemini South will be without facility

instruments until mid 2003 from the user perspective

• And instrument delivery schedules constrain science availability of Gemini Telescopes

• Should we commission everything we get?

Conclusions and thoughtsConclusions and thoughts

• We must understand our respective “market We must understand our respective “market places” – starting todayplaces” – starting today

• Can we continue to duplicate facility Can we continue to duplicate facility instruments at $7M - $15M each?instruments at $7M - $15M each?

• Should we begin to explore time exchange Should we begin to explore time exchange models?models?