Objectives:

1- List the functions of blood.

Blood Lab # 2

2- Describe each component of blood.

3- Distinguish each type of blood cell on a blood-smear slide. 4- Describe the antigen-antibody reactions of the ABO and Rh blood groups.

The Circulatory System

Heart

Blood vessels

-Blood

It transports substances from place to place in the body.

It is the liquid medium in which these substance travel.

The plumbing that ensure the proper routing of blood to its destination.

-Cardiovascular System

The muscular pump that makes blood to circulate through the blood vessels.

Centrifugation

FORMED ELEMENTS

P L A S M AWater 92%Plasma proteins 7%Other solutes 1%

Red blood cells 99.9%White blood

cellsPlatelets

0.1%

1- Composition of Whole Blood

P L A S M A

Plasma is 92% water in which are dissolved proteins and a mixture of other materials (hormones, nutrients, wastes and

electrolytes).Albumins (60%)

Fibrinogen (4%)

Globulins (35%)

They are made in the liver.Functions: Transport lipids and steroids hormones.

It is also made in the liver.Functions: Essential component of clotting system

They are produce by white blood cells (lymphocytes) and by the liver.Functions: Antibodies. Transport ions, hormones and lipids.

Regulatory proteins (< 1%)Enzymes, proenzymes and hormones.

Proteins of the plasma

Neutrophil

Erythrocyte

Eosinophil

Monocyte

NeutrophilBasophil

Neutrophil

Platelets

Monocyte

Smalllymphocyte

Smalllymphocyte

Largelymphocyte

Formed Elements of Blood

Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes- They constitute 99.9% of all the formed cell in blood.

They contain the hemoglobin, which transport O2 and CO2

- They are biconcave discs, thick in the outer edges and thin in the center. - They lack of nucleus and other organelles and live only an average of 120 days.Function:

1- Granulocytes

2- Agranulocytes

They contains granules, which contain lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds.

They have few or any granules

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Monocytes Lymphocytes

White Blood Cells or Leukocytes

1- Neutrophils

FunctionsThey phagocyte bacteria, which have been market by antibodies and complement proteins.

- Their nucleus has 2 to 5 lobes- Granules are chemically neutral

Neutrophils Bacterial infection

- They form 50% to 70% of the circulating white blood cells (WBC). Normal value: 7,000 to 8,000/mm 3

Granulocytes

(Neutrophilia)

2- Eosinophils

-They form 2% to 4% of circulating WBC- They have bilobulated nucleus- Granules are chemically acid (red)

Functions

Eosinophils Infection by parasites and allergy

Granulocytes

(Eosinophilia)

They defend the body against parasites worms and flukes.

-They form less than 1% of circulating WBC

- Granules are chemically basic (purple to blue)

Function

- Granules contain histamine and heparin

Vasodilator Anticoagulant

They accumulate in damaged tissues and release chemicals that enhance the inflammation.

3- Basophils

Granulocytes

- They are the largest leukocytes. - They are spherical with a nucleus that is oval or kidney bean shaped

- They stay in the blood for only 24 hours and then they move into the peripheral tissues and become macrophages, which are very active and aggressive phagocytes.

Functions

- They release chemicals that attract other WBCs to the injury site.- They defend the body against bacteria and viruses.- They help activate the lymphocytes.

Agranulocytes

4- Monocytes

- They form 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs- They have large nucleus and do not have granules

FunctionsThey play a crucial role in the specific immunity

T cells: (cell-mediated immunity): They destroy virus infected cell, and they coordinate the immune response.B cells: (humoral immunity): They produce the plasma cells, which produce the antibodies.NK cells: They detect abnormal or cancerous cells and target them for destruction ( Immune surveillance).

5- Lymphocytes

Agranulocytes

6- Platelets

- They are fragments of megakaryocytes.- There are only 1/3 of them in the blood stream. The rest of them are in the spleen and other vascular organs.

Functions- They transport enzymes and other chemicals that help to initiate and regulate blood clotting.- They form a temporary plug in the ruptured blood vessel wall.

- They contract to reduce the size of the hole in the vessel wall.

Megakaryocyte

Platelets

Monocyte

Red Blood Cells

Lymphocytes

EosinophilPlatelets

Neutrophil

Basophil

Human Blood Cells

Blood types and transfusion compatibility are a matter of interaction between antigens and antibodies. Antigens They are foreign substances that are able to trigger an immune response. Most of antigens are proteins.

Antibodies They are proteins produced by cells of the immune system, which are able to recognize an interact with the corresponding antigens.

Plasma cellAntigensY

Y YY Y Y

Y Y

Y YY

2- ABO and Rh Blood Groups

Antigen-antibody reaction is specific, meaning that the antibodies can recognize only the corresponding antigens.

Plasma cellAntigensY

Y YY Y Y

Y Y

YY Y

Plasma cellAntigens

Plasma cell

C

CC C

C

Antigens

CC

C C

C

The plasma membrane of the cells contains glycoproteins (surface markers) on the outer surface that can act as antigens. That means that they can trigger an immune response and can interact with the corresponding antibodies.

Surface markers are genetically determined and are different in every person. They are responsible for transplant rejection.

CC

C

C

CTransplant rejection is a process in which a transplant recipient's immune system attacks the transplanted organ or tissue.

Blood types and transfusion compatibility are a matter of interaction between plasma antibodies and surface antigens in the erythrocytes.

The plasma membrane of the erythrocytes contains glycoproteins on the outer surface that can act as antigens. That means that they can interact with the corresponding antibodies.

ABO Blood Group

Type A Type B Type A B Type O

Plasma contains antibodies against surface antigens that are not present on self cells. That is why foreign tissues are rejected by the immune system.

Plasma contains antibodies against surface antigens that are not present on self red blood cells.

Anti-B antibodies Anti-A antibodies Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

When antibodies attack, the foreign cells agglutinate (clump together). This process is called agglutination.

The antigens that determine the blood types are called agglutinogens, and the corresponding antibodies are called agglutinins

+ Ab

Control Blood Type

A

B

AB

O

ABO Blood Typing

DD

D

D

DD

DD

Rh + Rh -

The Rh GroupThe Rh blood group is named for the rhesus monkey, the animal in which the Rh antigens were discovered in 1940.

This group include numerous antigens (C, D, E). Antigen D is by far the most reactive and it is used for Rh typing.

Control Blood Type

Rh Blood Typing

Anti Rh

Rh +

Rh -

Anti-A Anti-B Anti-DControl Anti-A Anti-B Anti-DControl

A-

A+

B-

B+

AB-

AB+

O-

O+

ABO and Rh Blood Typing

Type B(anti-A)recipient

Blood fromtype A donor

Donor RBCsagglutinated byrecipient plasma

Agglutinated RBCsblock small vessels

Transfusion Reaction

Free hemoglobin can block the kidney tubules and produce death from acute renal failure within a week or so.

The agglutinated RBCs lodge in smaller blood vessels and cut of the blood flow to vital organs.

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

Rh antibodies attack fetal blood causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome (Hemolytic Disease of the New Born).

leaves

Uterus

Placenta

Rh- mother

(a) First pregnancy (b) Between pregnancies (c) Second pregnancy

Rhantigen

Rh+ fetus

Amniotic sacand chorion

Anti-Dantibody

SecondRh+ fetus