objectives: analyze primary source documents to better understand the political, social,...
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Objectives:
•Analyze primary source documentsto better understand the political, social, intellectual and religious characteristics of Mesopotamia. •Describe PERSIA G characteristics of Mesopotamia
9/19 & 9/20
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River Valley Civilizations
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There were four primary river civilizations that developed between 3500 – 500 BCE
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Why did the first civilizations begin in the river valleys?
•Rich soil along the river banks was good for farming•Natural geographic features around the river valleys offered protection
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The river valleys were the “Cradles of Civilization.”
What do you think that means?
They provided the baby civilizations what they needed to grow.
Each civilization made major contributions to social, political and economicprogress.
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1. Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent
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Geography: Mesopotamia means “Land between two rivers”
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•Unpredictable river flooding led to the development of irrigation systems
•Mesopotamia is located in the Fertile Crescent in present-day Iraq
•Flooding left behind fertile silt which made the soil between the rivers perfect for farming
•Mountains and deserts provided protection from outside invaders
Geography
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Political
First city-states, later empires
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The region of Sumer, and the city-states of Ur and Uruk, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were among the oldest civilizations.
First ruled by kings as independent city states, later, Mesopotamia would be ruled as empires. What is an empire? What factors would lead one civilization to conquer another?
These empires would develop from within Mesopotamia.
1) Akkadian2) Babylonian3) Assyrian4) Neobabylonian.
What were the functions of these ancient governments?
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Economy of Mesopotamia
•Based primarily on agriculture – 90 percent of the people were farmers.•But, evidence of trade along rivers, and with Egypt.•Artifacts revealed metal work in bronze, gold and copper
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Religion•The Mesopotamians worshiped many gods and goddesses which means they were POLYTHEISTIC.
•They constructed huge pyramids, called Ziggurats, to worship their gods.
•Sumerians had a negative view of the afterlife where their souls would wanderin the land of no return.
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Religion – continued
•Rulers were believed to be divinely chosen –the gods appointed them to rule. This is called a theocracy - rule by a religious authority. The earliest rulers in Mesopotamia were priests.
Can you name a modern-day theocracy?
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Sumerian Society
Priests and Kings
Wealthy merchants
Commoners
Slaves
Scribes
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Society - Continued
Why were priests in the upper classes of society?
Priests communicated and made offerings to the gods. Since the gods controlled the people’s fate, priests, were very important.
•Sumerian women had more rights than women in later civilizations but it is believed that they were not educated.
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Intellectual
•Cuneiform was the first written language.•It was made using clay and a stylus, and has wedge-shaped characters•Its characters are based on pictograms
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Intellectual - Continued
More Cuneiform:
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Intellectual - Continued
Two important written documents come from Mesopotamia:
1. The Epic of Gilgamesh2. Hammurabi’s Code
Both were written in cuneiformand translated.
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The Epic of Gilgamesh is possibly the oldest story ever written. It was found on clay tablets and tells the story of a king (Gilgamesh) and a man (Enkidu) who fight an evil God named Humbaba. The man is mortally wounded and Gilgamesh realizes that men are not immortal.
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The Code of Hammurabiis the code of laws establishedBy Hammurabi of BabylonWhen he conquered allOf Mesopotamia.
What might we learn about Mesopotamia by looking at its laws? Think P.E.R.S.I.A. G. ?
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The laws were carved onto abasalt (stone) slab called a stele.
•It included laws for commerce•Harsh punishments including, “an eye for an eye”•It contained different rules for different social classes•It even set forth rules and punishments for marriage
Hammurabi’s Code
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Achievements
Agricultural Surpluses
Job Specialization
Invention of
Wheel, sail, plow, irrigation systems
Bronze tools
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Plow
Irrigation System
Bronze Weapons
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Photo Credits
Slide 1: http://lh4.ggpht.com/_XfexFiNgHVs/SBTmvYuOpOI/AAAAAAAAAfI/boYW9JMeBv0/CIMG0116.JPGSlide 2: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/images/riv-vall.gifSlide 3: http://bibleworld.com/euphrates_turkey_sm.jpgSlide 4: http://www.historywiz.com/images/neareast/royalstandardofurbox.jpghttp://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/images1/2ur-lyre1.jpgSlide 5: http://www.eastchester.k12.ny.us/schools/ms/teachers/stabile/images/fertile1.jpg
Slide 7: http://www.beautyworlds.com/cultureofiran/JewelryFromRoyalTombsOfUr.jpghttp://www.theancientweb.com/images/explore/Iraq_Sumer_Gold_Helmet.jpg
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Slide 12: http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/19200/19279/cuneiform_19279_lg.gifSlide 13: http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/wp-content/gallery/slates/cuneiform_660.jpgSlide 14: http://thisfragiletent.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/gilgamesh_louvre.jpg?w=386&h=900
Slide 15:http://www.foliosociety.com/images/books/illustrations/lrg/GIL_12748775780.jpg
Slide 19: http://www.digitaldesktopwallpaper.com/wallpapers/digitalwallpapers/1024x768/wooden-wheel.jpghttp://www.reflexivity.us/blog/sailboat.jpgSlide 20: http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/21900/21917/plow_21917_lg.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Rudimentary_irrigation_system_Morocco.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Middle_Bronze_Age_weapons.png