Objectives are statements Objectives are statements of what we want students to of what we want students to learn as a result of the learn as a result of the instruction we provide instruction we provide them. Objectives answer them. Objectives answer the question “What do we the question “What do we intend for students to learn intend for students to learn as a result of instruction?” as a result of instruction?” Within the context of Within the context of accountability, a second accountability, a second question arises: “How do we question arises: “How do we know students learned what know students learned what we intended them to we intended them to learn?” learn?”

Objectives, then, provide Objectives, then, provide the basis for the design and the basis for the design and

implementation of implementation of instruction and assessment.instruction and assessment.

Remember This Triangle!!!

Assessments

Objectives

Instructional Activities/ Materials

Curriculum Curriculum AlignmentAlignment

OBJECTIVES

NationalStandards

Competencies

Goals

Standards

Content Standards

Expectations

Aims

Academic Standards

Indicators

State Academic Standards

• Written by state panels and reviewed by state Written by state panels and reviewed by state and national review panelsand national review panels

• Provide the basis for statewide assessmentsProvide the basis for statewide assessments

• ARE NOT sequenced for instructionARE NOT sequenced for instruction

• DO NOT prescribe instructional strategiesDO NOT prescribe instructional strategies

By using the By using the Taxonomy Table to classifyTaxonomy Table to classify

Objectives, Assessment, Objectives, Assessment, and and

Instructional Activities &Instructional Activities &MaterialsMaterials

It is easier to achieveIt is easier to achieve

Curriculum AlignmentCurriculum Alignment

Standards and

Indicators

Curriculum Curriculum AlignmentAlignment

Beginning with the revised social studies standards, all indicators (that is, the more specific standards) will include only those verbs included in the revised Taxonomy.

Standards & Indicators

Curriculum Curriculum AlignmentAlignment

PACT Assessments

Beginning with social studies, PACT Beginning with social studies, PACT items will be written based on the items will be written based on the placement of the indicators in the placement of the indicators in the Taxonomy Table.Taxonomy Table.

Standards & Indicators

Curriculum Curriculum AlignmentAlignment

PACTAssessments

Curriculum Curriculum AlignmentAlignment

Instructional Activities/ Materials

ClassroomAssessments

Objectives

Assessment HintsAssessment Hints Incorporate some multiple-choice items in Incorporate some multiple-choice items in

classroom assessments.classroom assessments. Include introductory material so students Include introductory material so students

learn to analyze material in terms of more learn to analyze material in terms of more and less important and relevant before and less important and relevant before answering the question.answering the question.

Find ways of assessing application of Find ways of assessing application of procedural knowledge without “showing procedural knowledge without “showing your work.”your work.”

Instructional HintsInstructional Hints When teaching Remembering Factual When teaching Remembering Factual

Knowledge, focus attention on important Knowledge, focus attention on important knowledge, use mnemonic devices, and knowledge, use mnemonic devices, and teach memory strategies.teach memory strategies.

When teaching Understanding Conceptual When teaching Understanding Conceptual Knowledge, emphasize defining features, Knowledge, emphasize defining features, use examples and non-examples, and use examples and non-examples, and teach concepts in relation to other teach concepts in relation to other concepts.concepts.

When teaching Applying Procedural When teaching Applying Procedural Knowledge, focus on sequential nature of Knowledge, focus on sequential nature of procedure, visually display all steps, and procedure, visually display all steps, and use worked out examples of application. use worked out examples of application.

If teachers have aligned If teachers have aligned instructional activities & instructional activities & materials as well as their materials as well as their

classroom assessments with classroom assessments with state standards & indicators, state standards & indicators,

their teaching is more likely to be their teaching is more likely to be aligned with the items on PACT aligned with the items on PACT

and HSAP.and HSAP.

Why Alignment is Why Alignment is ImportantImportant

Increases validity of assessmentIncreases validity of assessment Increases opportunity to learnIncreases opportunity to learn Permits better instructional Permits better instructional

decisions to be madedecisions to be made Provides accurate estimates of Provides accurate estimates of

teaching effectiveness teaching effectiveness