objectives be able to discuss the generalized functions of the respiratory system. be able to...
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Objectives
Be able to discuss the generalized functions of the respiratory system.
Be able to identify the major organs of the respiratory system and describe the function of each.
Be able to describe the major respiratory disorders.
Be able to identify structures in the sagittal section of the head and neck.
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Functions
Air distributor and gas exchanger – supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Filter, warm, and humidify air we breathe
Associated organs:
Influence speech or sound production
Make sense of smell (olfaction) possible
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Respiratory Tracts
Upper – nose, pharynx, and larynx
Pharynx-throat
Larynx-voice box (la,la,la)
URI-head cold
Lower – trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
Trachea-windpipe
Infections-pneumonia(inflammation of lungs)
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Respiratory Mucosa
Membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the system
Protective mucous blanket (over 125 ml)
Air purification (traps inspired irritants, such as dust, pollen, and bacteria)
Cilia on mucosal cells beat in only one direction, moving mucus upward to pharynx
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Nose
External nares – nostrilsNasal septum – separates nasal cavitiesOlfactory nerve endings – smellFrontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavityWarms and moistens inhaled air, smell
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Lacrimal sacs- collect tears from corner of each eye and drain into nasal cavity
Conchae-three shelf-like structures that increase surface area for warming and humidifying air
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Pharynx
About 12.5 cm long (5 inches)
Divided into
Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavities)
Oropharynx (behind mouth)
Laryngopharynx (lowest segment)
Nasal cavities, mouth, esophagus(foodpipe), larynx, and auditory tubes (eustachian) have openings into pharynx
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Pharyngeal tonsils and auditory tubes open into nasopharynxAuditory tube connection permits equalization of air pressure between the middle and exterior earInflammation of the nasopharynx can result in a middle ear infectionTonsils (mass of lymph tissue) found in oropharynx
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Tonsillitis-inflammation of tonsils
Tonsillectomy-removal of pharyngeal and palatine tonsils; now performed only after other options are exhausted
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Larynx
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
Epiglottis (trap door) partially covers opening into larynx
Vocal cords stretch across interior
Glottis-space between vocal cords
Air distribution (to and from lungs)
Voice production
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Upper Respiratory Infections
Rhinitis (coryza) – nasal inflammation, as in a cold, influenza, or allergy
Pharyngitis (sore throat) – inflammation or infection of the pharynx, as in strep throat
Laryngitis – inflammation of the larynx resulting from infection or irritation
Croup-acute laryngitis in children under 5 years of age; may cause difficulty in breathing
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URT Anatomical Disorders
Deviated septum-septum that is abnormally far from the midsaggital plane (congenital or acquired)
Epistaxis (bloody nose) – can result from mechanical injuries, hypertension, severe inflammation, or even brain injury
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