observation on silencer for m16 rifle doc n.830107

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Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

Distribution: Further dissemination only asdirected by Army Materiel Command, Rock Island,IL 61202, APR 1968, or higher DoD authority.

USAARDC ltr 10 Nov 1977



-•-:

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*

=

£i

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r

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*:

ITS SE ID ISCLOSURE,

DISTR1WTI»

TATBOT

=

:

5. I

t.Ei E



-vJ

A D

RDT&E PROJECT

NO

USATECOM

PROJECT NO

8-8-0200-13

USAIB PROJECT

NO

3239

3>

O

o

00

Q

MILITARY

OTENTIAL

EST

F

NOISE

UPPRESSOR

EL

M4

FOR

M16A1

IFLE

FINAL EPORT

By

MAJOR

WILLIAM

R.

EE

1LT

E N E

W . OLE

APRIL 968

STATEMENT

5 USCLISSIUÄ

1

UNITED

TATES

R M Y

NFANTRY

O A R D

Fort Benning, Georgia

1905

D

D

-9

E

A P R

17 1 9 6 8



Distribution

This document may

be further

distributed

by any

holder

only

vlth th e specific

prior approval

of

Commanding General,

US

Army

Materiel

Command, ATTN: MCPM-RS, Rock

Island,

Illinois.

Disposition Instructions

Destroy

this

report

when

It

i s

no longer needed,

return It

to

the

originator.

Do

not

Disclaimer

The

findings

In

this

report

are no t

to

be

construed

as

an

official

Department

of

th e

army

position.

1 1



RDT&E PROJECT

NO

USATECOM PROJECT NO

8-8-0200-13

USAIB

PROJECT

NO

3239

MILITARY POTENTIAL

TEST

O F

NOISE

SUPPRESSOR,

HEL, M4 ,

FOR M16A1 RIFLE

FINAL

REPORT

By

M A J O R

WILLIAM

.

EE

1LT E N E W.

OLE

APRIL 968

UNITED

TATES R M Y NFANTRY O A R D

Fort

enning,

Georgia

1905

APPROVED

JAMES

.

UIR,

R.

Colonel, nfantry

President

111



ABSTRACT

The

Military

Potential

Test

of

th e

Noise Suppressor,

HEL,

M4 ,

for the

M16A1

Rifle, wa s

conducted

by

th e United

States

Army

Infantry

Board

from

1

February

1968

to

26

March 1968

at Fort

Banning, Georgia.

The purpose

of

this

test

was

to

evaluate

th e

advantages

and/or

dis-

advantages

of

th e noise

suppressor

In

reallstip

operational

exercises

characteristic

of

Vietnam

environments

with

respect

to

such

factors

as

position

disclosing effects, system

functioning,

durability,

re -

liability,

an d

maintenance. ifteen

M16A1

rifles with

noise

suppressors

attached

were

used

to

conduct

this test. ifteen standard M16A1 rifles

were

used

for control purposes.

Specific phases of

testing

under

temperate

climatic conditions

Included physical characteristics; safety; signature effects;

known

distance accuracy;

quick fire; durability and reliability;

portability

an d aerial delivery;

maintenance; human factors engineering;

and

value

analysis.

There were no deficiencies.

hree shortcomings were noted;

the

gas

deflector

failed to

deflect all

of

th e escaping gases

from th e

firer s

eyes;

th e

ejection

pattern

of

the

M16A1

rifle with

th e

noise

suppressor

attached caused

the

expended

cartridge

to

strike

the

cheek

of left-handed flrers; and

the malfunction rate

of

th e

test

weapon was

significantly higher

than

the

control

weapon during automatic

fire.

It was concluded

that

the Noise Suppressor,

HEL,

M4 ,

had

military

potential

and

accomplished the

purpose

for

which

It

was

designed,

i.e.,

t o d e c e i w E

observers

located forward of the test weapon as

to

the

loca-

tion

of

the

weapon

when

It

I s

fired.

It

wa s

recommended

that

the

Noise

Suppressor,

HEL,

M4 ,

be

consider-

ed

as

having

military

potential, and

further

development

be directed

toward

correction

of th e

shortcomings.

i v



FOREWORD

Th e

United

States

Army

Infantry

Board was

responsible

fo r

preparing th e test plan,

test

execution,

and

preparing

th e

test

report.



TABLE

F ONTENTS

PAGE

ABSTRACT v

FOREWORD———-—

——

m—

SECTION

.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ACKGROUND—

1.2

ESCRIPTION

F ATERIEL

1.3 EST BJECT IVES

1.4

UMMARY F

ESULTS

1.5 ONCLUSIONS- -

1.6 ECOMMENDATIONS

SECTION . DETAILS

F

EST

2.1

NTRODUCTION-

2.2

UBTEST

O

,

PREOPERATIONAL

NSPECTION

ND

HYSICAL

CHARACTERISTICS

2.3

UBTEST

O

,

SAFETY

2.4

UBTEST

O

,

SIGNATURE

FFECTS

2.5

UBTEST

O 4,

N O W N ISTANCE CCURACY-

0

2.6

UBTEST

O

,

UICK IRE 4

2.7 UBTEST

O

, DURABILITY

ND

ELIABILITY

5

2.8 UBTEST

O

,

PORTABILITY

ND ERIAL ELIVERY

9

2.9

UBTEST

O , AINTENANCE

1

2.10

UBTEST

O

,

H U M A N

ACTORS

NGINEERING

3

2.11

UBTEST O 0,

VALUE NALYSIS 3

SECTION .

APPEND ICES

I ,

TEST

DATA

5

I I .

PHOTOGRAPHS—

5

III.

DEFICIENCIES

AND

SHORTCOMINGS

5

I V .

REFERENCES 6

V .

DISTRIBUTION

LIST

7

v l



SECTION 1 .

INTRODUCTION

1. 1

BACKGROUND

1.1.1 n

May

1966 th e United

States

Army, Vietnam (USARV), submitted

an Expediting Non-Standard Urgent

Requirement

for

Equipment

(ENSURE)

request

(DA

ENSURE

Index

No 77)

fo r

silencers

fo r

th e

M16A1 rifle.

In

response

to

this

request,

the

US

Army Human

Engineering Laboratories

(USAHEL),

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, designed and tested a

noise suppressor.

hi s

test was

completed

in

November 1967,

and

after

reviewing

th e

results,

th e

US

Army

Test

and

Evaluation

Command

(USATECOM)

recommended

that the suppressor

"be

considered safe

to

fire

an d

suitable for

field

testing."

1.1.2 he Commanding General,

US Army

Materiel

Command

(USAMC), direct-

ed more intensive an d extensive

evaluation

an d exposure of the suppressor

to

realistic

field

us e fo r

Increased

assurance

as

to

capability and

limitations prior to approval

fo r

operational

use in Vietnam.

1.1.3

n

5 January 1968 th e Project

Manager,

Rifles,

USAMC,

Rock

Island, Illinois, requested

USATECOM

to

conduct

a

field

evaluation

of

the

noise

suppressor.

1.1.4

n

25

January

1968 USATECOM

directed

th e US Army Infantry

Board

(USAIB)

to

conduct

a military

potential

test

of

th e

noise

suppressor

for th e M16A1

rifle.

1.1.5 he

materiel

for test was received

on

31

January

1968. esting

began on

1

February

1968

at

Fort

Banning,

Georgia,

and was

completed

on

26

March

1968.

1. 2

ESCRIPTION OF MATERIEL

(See

Appendix

II

fo r

photographs)

1.2.1

he

Noise

Suppressor Assembly,

HEL,

M4 , hereinafter referred to

as

the test

item,

consists

of

a

steel cylinder

with three mounting

screws

and

a

separate

rear

support.

t has

no

moving parts, i s

12

inches

long,

an d

weighs

1. 8 pounds

(fig 1

an d

2 ,

ep p

II). phos-

phate

coating

on

all exposed parts

offers

resistance

to

rust.

nce

installed,

the

test item becomes an

integral

part

of th e

weapon

and

should

not be removed. he Rifle, 5.56-mm, M16A1, with the

test

item

attached,

i s hereinafter

referred

to

as th e

test

weapon

(fig 3 ,

app

II),

1.2.2

ertain modifications

were

necessary

to

th e M16A1 rifle

to

allow installation of the test

item and to insure

proper

functioning

of

the

rifle.

he test item replaced the flash

suppressor of the

rifle,

and

a

third

gas pressure

relief port was

added to

the

bolt

carrier

to compensate

for

higher

gas pressures within th e weapon an d



to maintain th e

proper

cyclic

rate. In addition, a

gas

deflector

was

clip-mounted

onto

th e

rifle

charging

handle

to

deflect escaping

gases from

the

firer's

eyes

(fig 4 thru

6 , app

II).

1. 3 EST OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 o

evaluate

the advantages

and/or

disadvantages

of th e test

item

in

realistic

operational exercises characteristic of Vietnam

environments.

1.3.2

o determine:

a . erformance

characteristics

an d

to

verify

effects

of operation

as relates to suppression of

noise,

position disclosing

effectiveness,

marksmanship,

night

operations,

and safety precautions

under

field

conditions.

b. he effects the test

item

has pon system functioning,

reliability,

maintenance,

accuracy

and ethality

of

the M16A1

rifle. (USAIB

was

unable to

determine he

effect th e

test item

has

upon lethality.)

c . aintenance

requirements

fo r

field us e

as

relates

to both

the

test

item

an d

M16A1

rifle.

d. hether th e test

item

h as military potential.

1. 4

UMMARY

OF RESULTS

1.4.1

o

deficiencies wtre

noted.

1.4.2

hree

shortcomings

were noted:

a .

he failure of

the gas

deflector

to deflect

all of th e

escaping gases

from th e

firer's eyes (Subtest No 2).

b.

he

ejection pattern

of

the

test weapon caused

the

expended

cartridge

to strike

the right cheek of left-handed firers, thereby

creating

a safety hazard (Subtests

No

2 and 9 ) .

c.

he test

weapon

exhibited a significantly higher malfunction

rate

than

the

control

weapon

during automatic

fire

(Subtest

No 6) .

1.4.3

he test

item

increased

th e

over-all

length

of

th e

M16A1

rifle

by

5

Inches

and the

weight

by

1.58

pounds (Subtest

N o

1).

1.4.4

ttachment

of

the

test item

to the M16A1

rifle

caused a sig-

nificant

decrease

in

the muzzle noise

and flash level of th e test

weapon (Subtest No

3 ) .



1.4.5

bservers located forward of ti e test weapon

were deceived

as

to

th e location

of

th e weapon

when I t

was

fired

(Subtest N o

3).

1.4.6 he

known

distance

accuracy an d

quick-fire

performances of

th e

test and control weapons were comparable

(Subtests

No 4

an d

5) .

1.4.7 he

man-portability

of

the M16A1

rifle

Is

degraded when th e

test item

is

attached

because

of

the additional

weight

an d

th e

change

in

th e

center

of balance

of

th e

weapon

(Subtest No 7) .

1.4.8

he

Individual weapons container should be used

to

protect

the

test

weapon

against

damage

when

Jumped

with the Individual

parachutist (Subtest

No

7) .

1.4.9

he

test

weapons

require more frequent

and detailed care

and

cleaning

than the control weapons. eriodic inspection of

th e test item mounting screws

an d

bore alignment

is also necessary

(Subtest No

8).

1. 5

ONCLUSIONS

The United States Army Infantry

Board

concludes

that:

a .

he

test

item

does

have

military

potential.

b. he

test

item accomplishes

th e

purpose fo r

which

it

was

de -

signed,

i.e., to

deceive

observers located

forward

of

th e

test

weapon

as to th e location or the weapon

when

it i s fired.

1. 6 ECOMMENDATIONS

The United

States Army

Infantry

Board

recommends

that:

a .

he

Noise

Suppressor

Assembly, HEL, M4 ,

be

considered

as

having military potential.

b .

urther

development be directed toward correction

of

th e

shortcomings.



SECTION .

DETAILS

F

EST

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.1.1 efinitions

When he

ollowing erms re

sed

n

onjunction with est

results,

the efinitions

hown

ere will pply.

a. alfunction: Failure f weapon

o

unction properly.

b.

inding: Any

resistance xperienced

when

he lignment

age

is

nserted nto

he

est item ttached o weapon.

2.1.2

est

tems

Fifteen

est

weapons

were received y

SAIB or

est

2.1.3

ontrol

Items

Fifteen

Rifles,

5.56-mm,

M16A1,

were

received

by USAIB

fo r us e

as

control

weapons.

2.1.4

ach

appropriate

subtest was conducted using

MI93

ball

ammuni-

tion (Lot No LC

12298

and Lot No LC

18250)

with ball

propellant

an d

M196 tracer

ammunition (Lot

No

TW

18047)

using

IMR

propellant.

2.1.5

est

Soldiers

Thirty test soldiers were used

in

this

project and were repre-

sentative

of

those

who would

normally

be expected to operate and

main-

tain th e test weapons

in

th e

field.

Fifteen test

soldiers

were

used

as

firers

and

each firer

was

assigned a test

and

control

weapon.

2.1.6 est

Location

Testing

was

conducted

at

Fort Benning, Georgia, under th e pre-

vailing temperate conditions.

2.1.7 est

and

Analysis Methodology

Each

applicable subtest

was

conducted

so

that

test an d

control

weapons

were

represented at any given

time of

th e exercise.

n

anal-

ysis of

variance was run

on

th e

dependent variables of

extreme

spread

and mean radius

data

gathered,

during the Known Distance Accuracy

Subtest

(Subtest No 4), to determine i f a significant difference ex-

isted between

weapons

at

th e

various

ranges

with

respect

to

the de-

pendent

variables. n analysis

was also conducted

to

see

if weapons

performance

changed

significantly

with respect

to th e

dependent



variables;

an d

If

weapons

performance

changed

significantly

with

re-

spect t o these variables where

times

of usage

becomes

another

factor.

2.2 UBTEST

MO

1 ,

PREOPERATIONAL

INSPECTION

AND

PHYSICAL

CHARACTER-

ISTICS

2.2.1

bjectives

2.2.1.1

o determine

if

th e

test and control weapons

were complete an d

in proper

condition

for

testing.

2.2.1.2

o determine the size, configuration, an d weight of

the test

item

and accessories.

2.2.2 ethod

2.2.2.1

he

test

and

control

weapons

were

inspected

for

completeness,

serviceability,

and

any

evidence

of

damage.

2.2.2.2 ac h

of

the test

and

control

weapons

was

function

fired with

a

minimum of

tw o 20-round magazines

(one

semiautomatic,

on e automatic)

of each type of

ammunition

provided.

2.2.2.3 he

test

and control weapons

were

photographed, weighed, and

measured,

an d th e data

recorded

an d

compared.

2.2.3 esults

2.2.3.1

hotographs

of the test and control weapons ar e

shown

in Ap-

pendix

II.

2.2.3.2

he

test

an d control

weapons

were

complete

an d

in proper

con-

dition

for testing

except

fo r

tw o

test

weapons

which exhibited a

mis-

alignment

of th e suppressor

with

the bore when

checked

with

the

alignment

gage (fig

9 ,

app

II).

n

the

subsequent function

firing

of

these

two weapons,

an

inspection of

the

suppressor

endcap holes re -

vealed

a

slight

chipping

or peening

effect

caused by the

strike

of

th e

bullets (fig 10,

ap p

II).

technical

inspection

of

one

of

these test

weapons,

conducted

later

In the test,

by

direct

support personnel

re-

vealed

that the

barrel

was

bent

an d

it

was

subsequently

withdrawn

from

further testing; however,

this

condition

had no

adverse effect

on

th e

operational

efficiency

and

effectiveness of

th e

other test

weapon.

2.2.3.3 he

average

dimensions

and

weights

of the

test and control

weapons

were

as

follows:



TABLE 1

LENGTH

AND WEIGHT OF

TEST

AND

CONTROL WEAPONS

Length

(in)

Weight,

Slln«

(lb)

Weight,

Full

Magazine,

with

Slln«

( l b )

Weight, Full i

Magazine, with

Sling and

Bipod

(lb)

Control

j

Weapon

3 9 7.15

7.97

8.54 |

Test

Weapon

44 1/8

8.73 9.85 10.41

2.2.4

nalysis

Th e

test weapons,

except

for

the

one

test weapon

indicated in

paragraph 2.2.3.2 above,

an d control

weapons were

serviceable

and

In

proper

condition for testing.

2. 3 UBTEST NO 2 , SAFETY

2.3.1 bjective

To determine

if

th e

test

weapons were

safe

for

US

Army

use.

2.9.1

ethod

Throughout

all

testing,

data pertaining

to

the

safety

features

of

the

test

weapon

were noted. esults

were

recorded

an d analyzed

under

this

subtest.

2.3.3

esults

2.3.3.1

he

gas

deflector modification

on the

test weapon did

not com-

pletely

deflect

all

of the

escaping gases

from the firer's

eyes. hese

gases were more

noticeable during

the

automatic

an d rapid semiautomatic

modes

of

fire

and

were a source

of

irritation

to

th e

firer.

2.3.3.2 he

ejection

pattern

fo r the test weapon was

different

from

that

of the

control weapon.

he

control weapon ejected th e expended

cartridges

forward of

the

left-handed firer

an d at

a

sufficient

dis-

tance

to

no t

represent

a

hazard;

however,

the

test

weapon

ejected

th e

expended

cartridges

rearward an d

in

such

a

manner

to represent

a



hazard (fig 1 ,

ap p

I).

O n

everal

ccasions,

the

hot rass

truck

the

eft-handed lrer

n

he ight heek, causing njury hat

anged

from

discomfort

o

ircular

uts

n

he

lesh

fig

2,

pp

I).

The

ejected brass

lso

went own

he

e

r

:-handed

lrer s

ollar

nd

aused

discomfort

rom

he

heat.

2.3.4

Analysis

2.3.4.1 he failure of the gas deflector to

perform its function

ef -

ficiently

I s

a

shortcoming.

2.3.4.2

he ejection pattern of the

test weapon constitutes

a

safety

hazard

to

a

left-handed

flrer.

his

i s

a

shortcoming.

2. 4

UBTEST

NO

3 ,

SIGNATURE

EFFECTS

2.4.1

bjective

To

etermine an d compare

the

signature effects of

th e

muzzle flash,

muzzle noise,

and smoke

of th e test and

control

weapons

during

daylight

and

darkness.

2.4.2

ethod

2.4.2.1

hree ontrol

eapons nd hree

test

weapons

were

mounted n

firing tands

nd

ired

n

both

he emiautomatic

nd

automatic

ode

of

fire

uring

daylight

nd darkness.

Observers

ere

placed n

afe

osi-

tions 5

meters

to

he

flanks

f

he

iring

position

at meters,

50

meters,

100

meters,

nd

very

00

meters

own

ange,

from

he

iring

line,

to 00

meters

o

etermine nd

ompare

he

ifference,

If

ny.

In

he

ignature ffects

f

he est nd

ontrol

weapons.

Photographs,

still,

nd

motion picture,

ere

made f the

est

nd ontrol

weapons

during

he

iring xercise.

2.4.2.2

ive

est nd ive

ontrol

weapons were

ired hrough he

ourse

described n Appendix

of

he nterim Operation

nd

M ain tenance

Manua l

l O M M )

(firing

o he lanks

nd

ver

he

eads f bservers)

for

the

est

weapon. Th e ability

f

bservers o determine

he

zimuth nd distance

to

he est nd ontrol weapons

wa s

oted. Th e ourse wa s

ired

uring

darkness.

(Fig

3, pp

I).

2.4.2.3 uring he

onduct

f

all

ubtests

particular ttention wa s

given

o

he

ffects

f

lash,

uzzle

noise,

nd

moke.

Results

ere

reported nd

analyzed nder

his

ubtest.

2.4.3 esults



2.4.3.1 he comparative performance of th e test and control weapons

with

respect

to signature effects (muzzle noise,

muzzle

flash,

smoke)

is

depicted in

Tables

2

through

5

based

on

questionaires (in

the

format

of

th e

tables) completed by each observer.

TABLE

2

SIGNATURE

EFFECTS

TEST

WEAPON, DAYLIGHT

Meters

I

Noise Level

Flash

Level

..Smoke

Level

Hi

fi

h

Moder-

ate

Low

None

Bright

Moder-

ate

Low

None

Heavy

L i

Moder-

Low

None

0

X X X

| 50

X

X

X

l 0 0

X

X

X

200

X

X

x

|

00

X

M

X

4 0 0

x

i

X

00

x 1

x

X

600

x

x

x

TABLE

3

SIGNATURE

EFFECTS

- CONTROL

WEAPON,

DAYLIGHT

1

Meters

1 Noise

Leve 1 Flash Leb

i |

Smoke Leve

Hifih

Moder

ate

Low

None

BriRht

Moder-

at e

Low

None

Heav^L

Moder-

ate

Lo w

None

0

X

x

X

|

o X

1

x 1

X

[

00

X

X

X

1

2 0 0

X

x

X

300 X x

I I

X

{

00

X

X

X

500

X

x

1

x

| 00 X

x

1 X



TABLE

4

SIGNATURE

EFFECTS

-

TEST

WEAPON,

NIGHT

Meters

1

Noise

Level

U

Flash

Level .Smoke

I

e

n

Hlfih

Moder

ate

Lo w

None

Bright

Moder

ate

Low^

None

HHeavy

Moder

ate

Low

None

{

0 X X

X

5 0

X

X

X

j

00

X X

X

2 0 0

X

X

X

3 ° °

X

X

X

|

00

X

x

X

500

X

x

X

600

X

x 1

X

TABLE

5

SIGNATURE EFFECTS - CONTROL

WEAPON,

NIGHT

Meters

t

Noise

Level

i

Flash

I

vel

U Smoke

]

. e v e

HiRh

Moder

ate

Lo w

None

Briaht

Moder-

ate

Low

None

DHeavy

Moder

ate

Lo w

None

I

0

X

X

|

X

50

X

X

X

00

X

X

X

I

2 0 0

X X

X

I

3 0 0

X

X

X

400

X

X

X

500

X

x

x

600

X

x

x

2.4.3.2 he

test item caused a significant decrease in the muzzle

noise



and

flash level

of the M16A1

rifle,

bu t the

smoke levels were compara-

tively the same.

lso,

difference

was

noted

In

th e

flash

and

smoke

pat-

terns

of

th e

test and control

weapons.

'The flash observed

from

the

con-

trol

weapon

was

pear

shaped

an d

larger

than

the

flash

produced

by

th e

test weapon. he flash observed from

th e

test weapon was pencil

shaped

an d

approximately

2

Inches long

(fig

1 4 ,

app

II).

he

test

weapon

normal-

ly

produced

a

flash

on the first round

fired, If

th e

weapon

had

not

been

fired for 10 minutes. ubsequent rounds fired did n e t produce a

notice-

able

flash.

uring

the Initial firing

of

th e test weapons,

sparks

were

emitted

In

the

vicinity

of

the

bayonet

stud

of

the

weapon (the

point

at

which

the rear end of the noise suppressor abuts against th e rifle).

After approximately 3,000 rounds were

fired through

th e

test

weapon an d

carbon deposits

had

formed, this spark

was

no t observed.

he standard

flash suppressor on the

control

weapon

dispersed smoke caused by

firing

an d

caused it to

be

dissipated

more rapidly

than that

of

th e

test

weapon.

Smoke

caused

as

a result of firing

the

test

weapon escaped through

th e

aperture

in

the

endcap of the

suppressor in

a

thin column approximately

8 inches

long

before

dispersing and

evaporating.

2.4.3.3 he exercise

described in

paragraph 2.4.2.2

was

conducted

on

22

March

1968

under starlight conditions.

he

weather was

overcast.

The course,

as

fired,

is

depicted

in figure 1 3 ,

Appendix

II.

bservers

were unable to

estimate

the azimuth an d

distance

from the observer point

to

th e

firing point when the test weapons

were

fired. he observers

were able to

estimate,

with a

reasonable

degree

of accuracy, the

azimuth

an d

distance

from

the observer point

t o

the

firing

point

when

the con-

trol weapons were fired. he observers were able

to

distinguish between

th e

test an d

control

weapons during

firing

because

th e

test

weapon di d

not

produce

the

characteristic

"thump"

of

the

muzzle blast

which normally

accompanies the

ballistic

"crack" of th e projectile.

2.4.4

Analysis

2.4.4.1

he level

of

th e

muzzle noise and

flash

of

the

test

weapon i s

significantly lower

than

that

of

th e control

weapon;

the

smoke

levels

of th e test

and

control

weapons

are

comparable.

2.4.4.2 bservers, located forward

of

the test weapon,

ar e

deceived

as

to

the

location

of the

weapon

when

it

is fired.

2. 5

UBTEST NO 4,

KNOWN

DISTANCE ACCURACY

2.5.1

bjective

To

determine

and

compare

the

accuracy

of

th e test and control

man/weapons

system

at known

distance ranges.

1 0



2.5.2 ethod

2.5.2.1 fter

zeroing,

14

test

soldiers

each

fired three 10-round

groups (semiautomatic

mode,

sandbag-support,

prone

position),

with the

test and control weapons,

at

"A"

type rifle targets located at each

range

of

100,

300,

and

400

meters.

The

extreme

spread,

mean

radius,

and

center

of

impact

of

each

shot

group

w e r e

determined

and

the

target

was

examined for keyhole

rounds an d

indications

of bullet yaw,

erratic

flight

an d possible

bullet

break-up. his

exercise was

repeated,

at

the

300-meter

range only,

half-way

through

t h e

test

and

at

the con-

clusion of

the

test.

2.5.2.2 fter

zeroing,

15 test

soldiers

each fired a

10-round

group

(semiautomatic

and

then

automatic

mode, (2- to 3-round

bursts),

sandbag-supported, prone position)

with th e test and

control

weapons at

"M" type silhouette

targets located at

ranges of

1 0 0 ,

250,

and

400

meters.

he

average number of

target

hits

for

the test and control

weapons

at each

range was recorded.

2.5.2.3

he

exercise

described

in

paragraph

2.5.2.2

was

repeated

during

darkness

with

th e

starlight

scope mounted on the test

and

control weap-

ons,

except

that

nine each test and control

weapons

were fired

in

this

exercise.

2.5.3

esults

r

2.5.3.1

he results of

known

distance

accuracy

firing

with th e test

and

control

weapons

at

"A" type

targets are

depicted

in

Table 6

an d figures

1

through

1 8 ,

Appendix

I. ue

to

zeroing and

accuracy

problems with

one

test

weapon, averages

shown

in

Table

6

are based

on the firing

of

14

firers.

TABLE

6

K N O W N ISTANCE

CCURACY

Semiautomatic ire

Day)

(Average

f

4

irers)

Range

(Meters)

Total

Rounds

Fired

Test Weapon Control

ean on

Mea n

Radius

(inches)

Extreme

Spread

(inches)

Mean

Radius

(inches)

Extreme

Spread

(inches)

100 *420 2.57

8.61

2.16

7.19

300

*420 7.48

25.68

7.41

22.39

**420

7.97

23.16

6.67

20.10

***420

7.88 24.07

6.16

19.96

400

•420

10.39

31.89

8.74

26.72

* eginning

f

est

**

M idway

n

est

***

nd

f

est

11



2.5.3.2

The

esults

f nown distance ccuracy

iring with he

est

nd

control

weapons

t

H

ype

ilhouette

argets

uring

aylight are e-

pleted n ables 7 nd .

TABLE

7

KNOWN

DISTANCE

ACCURACY

Semiautomatic

Fire

(Day)

(10-round

Shot

Group)

(Totals of I S

firers)

Type

Weapon

Tot:al

Rounds

Fired

Range

(Meters)

Target

Hits

Percentage

of

Hits

Test

1 5 0 100 144

96

1 5 0

25 0

1 2 1

80

i

1 5 0

400

69

46

Control

1 5 0

100 1 4 7 9 8

1 5 0

25 0

114

7 6

1 5 0

400

72

4 8

TABLE

8

KNOWN DISTANCE ACCURACY

Automatic

Fire

(Day)

(10-round

Shot

Group)

(Totals of 15 firers)

Type

Weapon

Total

Rounds

Fired

Range

(Meters)

Target

Hits

Percentage

o f Hits

Test

1 5 0

100

9 7

60

1 5 0

25 0 73

48

1 5 0

400

42

2 8

Control

1 5 0

100

103

68

1 5 0 25 0

67

44

1 5 0 400

40

2 6

2.5.3.3

he

results of

known distance accuracy

firing with

the

test

and control

weapons,

with

starlight

scope

attached,

ac

"M"

type sil-

houette targets during darkness are

depicted

in

Tables

9 and

1 0 .

1 2



TABLE 9

KNOWN

DISTANCE

ACCURACY

Semiautomatic Fire (Night)

(Totals

of

9 firers)

Type

Weapon

Total

Rounds

Fired

Range

(Meters)

Target

Hits

Percentage

of

Hits

Test

90

1 0 0

90

100

90

250

73

81

90

400

2 0

22

Control

90

1 0 0

89

99

90

2 5 0

5 2

58

9 0

400

2 2

24

TABLE

10

KNOWN DISTANCE

ACCURACY

Automatic Fire

(Night)

(10-round

Shot Group)

(Totals

of

9

firers)

Type

Weapon

Total

Rounds

Fired

Range

(Meters)

Target

Hits

Percentage

of Hits

Test

90

1 0 0 69

90

2 5 0

3 5

3 9

90

400

2 1

23

Control

9 0 1 0 0

67

74

9 0

2 5 0

3 5

39

9 0

400

5 6

2.5.4 Analysis

2.5.4.1

n

erms f

mean

adius nd xtreme preads,

the

ontrol weap-

on

demonstrates

ignificantly

better

accuracy

han

he est weapon.

There s, owever, o ignificant difference

between

he est and

con-

trol

weapons

s

o

hit

apability

against man-size

argets.

2.5.4.2

he

est

tem does

ot

ignificantly

affect

he ccuracy of

the ifle

against man-size

argets.

i

13



2.6

SUBTEST

O

5,

UICK

IRE

2.6.1

blectlve

To

determine

t h e

effectiveness

of th e test

weapon

in

th e

quick-

fire

role.

2.6.2

ethod

2.6.2.1

est

oldiers ere rained n quick-fire echniques nd

ired

a

amiliarization uick-fire

xercise

with

he

est

nd

ontrol weapons .

2.6.2.2

ifteen est

soldiers ach ired

he

est nd ontrol weapons

through

uick-fire ourse,

at

hort-exposure

im e

(pop-up)

targets

located 0,

40 ,

and meters from he

iring

point

(one

arget t ach

range). Targets

er e

andomly

presented;

exposure

ime was

eccnds

per

target; th e irer as not

limited

n

he mount

f mmunition

o

be

ired; owever,

firing

was ermitted nly when argets

were

presented.

Each

arget was

resented

wice

uring ach

iring

xercise.

The

ourse

was

fired

our

imes;

twice

n

he

emiautomatic

mode

nd

wice

n

he

automatic

ode

f

ire

(2- o

-round bursts).

Rounds fired

nd argets

hit ere ecorded.

2.6.3

esults

The

results

of

quick

fire

with

the

test

an d

control weapons

ar e

depicted

in Tables 1 1

an d

12. he

tables depict

the results of tw o

rep-

etitions

of quick fire

in each

mode.

TABLE

11

Q U I C K

IRE

Semiautomatic

ire

(4-second

xposure)

Type

Weapon

♦ Number

of

Targets

Presented

Range

(Meters)

Targets

Hit

Test

5 8

2 0

45

5 8

40

43

5 8

80

42

Control

5 8

2 0

4 7

5 8

40

52

5 8

80

44

♦

One

f

ach

ype weapon

test

nd

ontrol)

as

withdrawn

after he

first

iring

f

he

xercise.

14



T A B L E 12

Q U I C K

IRE

Automatic

Fire

(4-second

xposure)

Type

Weapon

♦

Number

f

Targets

Presented

Range

(Meters)

Targets

Hit

Test

58 20

54

58

40

57

58

80

50

Control

58

20

56

58

4

54

58

80

47

*One f

ach

ype

weapon

(test

nd

ontrol)

as

withdrawn after

he

first iring f

he

xercise.

2.6.4 Analysis

There Is

no

significant

difference

between

the performance

of

the

test

and control weapons when employed in

a

quick-fire

role.

2. 7 UBTEST

NO

6,

DURABILITY

AND RELIABILITY

2.7.1

blectlve

To determine and

compare the

durability

and

reliability

of the

test

and

control weapons.

2.7.2

ethod

2.7.2.1

uring the

conduct

of

oil subtests

incidents

pertaining

to

the

durability and reliability of

the

test weapons were noted. esults

were analyzed

and

recorded

under

this subtest. ~ ~ ^ .

2.7.2.2

n

addition

to

the

firing

conducted in

other

subtests,

the

following exercises were conducted

to

evaluate

the durability and

reliability of the

test

weapon:

a.

hirty

test

soldiers,

15

armed

with th e test

weapon,

and

15

armed

with the

control

weapon, conducted a

4-day

exercise

as

described

In figure 19 , Appendix I.

b.

ive

each

test

and

control

weapons

were

fired

at

the

sus-

tained

rate

of

fire, semiautomatic

mode

(12-15

rounds

per minute) for

1 5



3

minutes. he weapons

were allowed to cool until

they

could be handled

without discomfort, and the firing was repeated until 1,000 rounds had

been expended from each weapon.

c .

ive

20-round

magazines

were

fired, automatic mode,

as

rapidly

as possible, through five each test and control weapons. he weapons

were

allowed

to

cool fo r

60

seconds

and were

then

fired

at

the

sus-

tained

rate

of

fire

(45-60

rounds

per

minute),

automatic

mode,

2-

to

3-round

bursts

for

60

seconds. he

weapons

were

allowed

to

cool

until

they could be handled without discomfort,

and

the firing

was

repeated

until

1,000 rounds had been expended

from

each

weapon.

2.7.2.3

he exercises

described

i n

paragraph 2.7.2.2

b

an d

c were fired

with straight

ball,

gain with

straight tracer ammunition, and repeated

using a mix of 4 ball to

1 tracer.

2.7.2.4

hree

20-round

magazines

o f

ammunition

were fired through three

each

test an d control weapons,

at

the

maximum

rate

of fire,

once

each

morning and once each

afternoon

for 7 consecutive days

in

addition

to

other

firing

which

was

conducted

with these

weapons.

he

weapons were

no t

cleaned

during

this

period; however,

applications

of

Lube

Oil,

Semi-

fluid,

Automatic

Weapons,

MIL-L-46000

A

(ISA),

were

applied

as

needed.

A round

was

left in th e chamber of each weapon at

the conclusion of each

day's

firing.

he

weapons

were

kept

in

open,

exposed

storage

throughout

the

7-day

period.

2.7.2.5 hree each test an d control weapons were stored for

9

con-

secutive days in a climatic chamber

maintained

at 100

F

temperature

and

68

to

70-percent humidity. hree hundred rounds of ammunition were

fired

through

each

of

th e

si x

weapons

each day

for

the

first

3

days.

The

weapons were then

stored

in the climatic

chamber

for

2

consecutive

days without

firing.

uring

each of the

last

4

days

300

rounds were

fired through each weapon. he weapons were fired

in

both the semi-

automatic

and

automatic

modes.

he weapons were not cleaned

during

this

period,

no additional LSA was applied,

a

round

was

left

in

t h e

chamber,

and

an

uncharged

magazine

was

left

in

th e

weapon

at

th e

con-

clusion

of each day's firing

and

during storage.

2.7.2.6 uring the

conduct

of

th e

above

exercises

any

effect

of

firing

on

the

test an d control weapons was

noted

and compared. visual in -

spection of each

test

and control veapon was

made

during

each

cooling

period,

and

a

complete technical inspection of each

test

and

control

weapon

was

made upon completion

of

the firing.

2.7.2.7

minimum

of 6,000 rounds

was

fired through

two

test and con-

trol

weapons.

he firing was conducted

i n

various modes (automatic

and semiautomatic).

ounds fired during al l subtests were counted in

this

total.

1 6



2.7.2.8

comparison

was made

of th e

malfunction

rates

of

the

test

and control weapons.

2.7.3 esults

2.7.3.1

he

results

f

iring

,000

ounds

hrough ive

ach est

nd

control

eapons s

escribed

n

paragraphs .7.2.2b nd , nd .7.2.3

are

epicted

n

able

3

nd 4.

TABLE 13

RELIABILITY IR ING ,

SEMIAUTOMATIC IRE

Test Weaoon

Control Weaoon

Malfunction

B a l l

Tracer

4-1

Mix

i Ball

Tracer

4-1

Mix^

Failure

to

Feed

4

1

0

1 1

Double-feed

2

2

4

0

Failure to

Elect

0

0

3

1

0

0

0

Failure

of

Bolt to C l o s e l l 0

1

0 1 0

0

Total Rounds

Fired

5.000 5.000

5 . 0 0 0 | 5.000

5.000

5 . 0 0 0

1

TABLE

14

RELIABILITY IRING, AUTOM ATIC IRE

Malfunction

Test Weapon

|

Control Weapon

Ball

Tracer

4-1

Mix

f

Ball

Tracer

4-1

Mix

Failure

to

Feed

4

0

[

1

0

0

Double-feed

3 7

5 8

3 3

1 0

3

5

Failure

to

tiect

0 0

2

1 0

0

0

Failure

of

Bolt

to

Closel

3

0 1 0

0

Total

Rounds

Fired 115.000

5.000 5 . 0 0 0 1 5 . 0 0 0

5.000

5 . 0 0 0

2.7.3.2 Only

ne

malfunction wa s

xperienced

with he

hree

ach

est

and

ontrol

weapons

uring

he

-day

iring,

open,

exposed

torage

x-

ercise

escribed n aragraph .7.2.4. A

est

eapon

xperienced

double-feed n he econd

ay

f he

xercise.

All

weapons

(test nd

,

17



conttol)

were

sluggish

In

operation

on the

sixth and

seventh

days,

but no

other

malfunctions

were

experienced.

2.7.3.3

o

malfunctions

were

experienced with the three

each

test

and

control

weapons during

the

first 5

days

of

the

9-day

firing,

climatic

chamber

exercise

described

in

paragraph

2.7.2.5

n

the

sixth

day th e test

weapons

were

sluggish

in

operation.

his

con-

dition

was

not

noticeable

with

th e control

weapons.

n th e seventh

day of th e

exercise

all

weapons

(test and control)

exhibited

sluggish

operation. his condition continued throughout th e

last

day

of

the

exercise.

n

the

eighth

day of th e exercise the test weapons had three

malfunctions (two

double-feed,

on e failure

of

bolt

to

remain to the

rear);

th e

control weapon

had

on e

malfunction

(double-feed). n

the

ninth day the carbon build-up

in

the

test and

control

weapons

necessi-

tated th e us e of the

bolt

assist

on

every

round

fired.

2.7.3.4 he

results

of

firing

a

minimum

of

6,000

rounds

through

two

each test

and

control

weapons

ar e

as

follows:

Weapon

Test

Number

of

Malfunctions

Control

2.7.3.5

he

1 5 test

weapons (test weapon with

bent

barrel,

withdrawn

from test, included) fired

a

cumulative

total

of

55,769 rounds of

ammunition

as

follows:

5.56-mm

Ball

(ball propellent) 43,681

5.56-inm Tracer

(IMR propellent)

-

12,088

2.7.3.6

he

1 5

control

weapons

fired

a

cumulative

total

of

53,073

rounds

of ammunition as follows:

5.56-mm

Ball

(ball

propellent)

40,985

5.56-mm

Tracer

(IMR

propellent)

-

12,088

2.7.3.7

otel malfunctions

occurring

during conduct of

al l subtests

pertaining

to the

durability

an d reliability

of th e

test

an d

control

weapons are

depicted

in

Table

15 .

2.7.3.8

hroughout

al l

firing,

ro

broken

parts

were

noted,

although

th e

test

item

mounting

screws

were loosened

during

firing

an d

re-

quired

periodic checking a nd

tightening.

1 8



TABLE 15

MALFUNCTIONS

1

Ma lfunction

Test Weapon

Control

Weapon

Failure

to

Feed

1 1

3

Double Feed

140

1 7

Failure

to

Elect

6

2

♦

Failure

of

Bolt

to Close

8

3

Failure

of

Bolt

to

Stay

to Rear 8

0

♦

Does not

Include continuous

use

of bolt assist

on

test

and

control

weapons

on

last

day

of

9-day

firing

exercise

(para

2.7.3.3).

2.7.4

nalysis

2.7.4.1 he malfunction ate f he

est

weapon

s

ignificantly

higher

han

hat

f

he

ontrol

weapon.

The reatest difference s n

the ouble-feed malfunction ate, 140 or

h e'

est

weapon,

compared

with 7

for

the ontrol weapqn.

2.7.4.2

ore

malfunctions

re

xperienced

y

he

est

weapons uring

automatic

iring. The

malfunction ate

or

he ontrol

weapon

s

relatively he

ame ,

egardless

f

he

ype

ire. The high malfunc-

tion

ate

f

he

est

weapon

during

utomatic

ire s onsidered

shortcoming.

2.7.4.3

he est

weapons

re urable.

2.8

SUBTEST

O

,

PORTABILITY

ND ERIAL ELIVERY

2.8.1 bjectives

2.8.1.1

o

determine

the

ease of

carrying

th e test weapon In field

exercises

and

cross-country.

2.8.1.2

o determine the portability

of

th e

test weapon

an d

th e ability

of the test weapon to

withstand aerial delivery by

th e individual

para-

chutist.

2.8.2

ethod

1 9



2.8.2.1 ixteen combat-equipped

test

soldiers,

eight carrying test

weapons

and eight carrying

control

weapons,

al l

with

fully

charged

magazines

Inserted,

moved

3

miles

through dense brush

an d 3 miles

over

open,

rough

terrain,

to

Include

fording

streams

and

crawling

throuph

and.

he

weapons

had

been

previously zeroed. eriodically

during

this

exercise the

test

soldiers

were required

to run. Jump,

and

assume

an

appropriate

position fo r firing. pon completion of

the

exercise,

th e

test

and

control

weapons

were Inspected

fo r damage,

and

were

fired

with

th e

magazlne(s) which

accompanied

the weapons

to

confirm

the

previously

obtained

zero setting.

2.8.2.2 fter

being

zeroed,

five

each

of

the test and

control

weapons

were placed,

unrestrained.

In the cargo

compartment of

a

l^-ton truck

and

transported

25

miles

over umlmproved roads

and cross-country.

he

weapons

were

then

Inspected for

damage,

function fired, an d

th e pre-

viously

obtained

zero

confirmed.

2.8.2.3

fter

zeroing,

one control

weapon

an d

four

test

weapons

were

attached

to Individual

parachutists an d

jumped

from

a

UH-XD

helicopter.

Th e

weapons were slung over

th e left shoulder of

th e parachutists,

muzzle

down,

an d secured

with

tie-downs

at

th e

shoulder,

thigh

an d

calf (fig 1 5 an d 1 6 ,

ap p

II).

fter

being subjected

to

the

parachute

jump th e weapons were Inspected for damage, and the previously

ob -

tained

zeroes

confirmed.

2.8.2.4 fter

zeroing,

12

test

weapons were subjected to

a

parachute

jump

by

Individual

parachutists

from

a

C-119

aircraft. our of

the

weapons

were

carried In th e

manner

described In paragraph

2.8.2.3 an d

eight were

carried

by

th e

Individual

parachutists

In

th e

Individual

weapons container.

fter

being

subjected

to

th e

parachute

jump,

the

weapons were

Inspected

fo r

damage,

an d

the

previously

obtained

zeroes

confirmed.

2.8.3 esults

2.8.3.1

uring

the

march,

test

soldiers

di d

not

experience

difficulty

with

th e test weapon

being

caught

on brush,

vines,

r

low

hanging

limbs.

2.8.3.2

he

test

Item

changed th e

center of

balance of the M16A1

rifle,

making

It

awkward to carry by th e

carrying

handle.

hen car-

ried

or

handled

In

any other

manner,

no

appreciable

difference

was

noted In

portability

between the test

and

control

weapons,

other

than

the

added

weight. (Fig

17

an d 1 8 ,

app

I I )

2.8.3.3 o

amage

was

sustained

by the test

and

control weapons as

a

result

of

being transported 25 miles cross-country In an unrestrained

manner In th e cargo

compartment

of

a 1%-ton truck.

he

previously ob -

tained

zero

setting

of the

test

an d control

weapons

was

no t

adversely

affected.

2 0



2.8.3.4 he results of

aerial delivery

of

the

test an d

control weap-

ons

by

Individual

parachutists

are

as follows:

a.

he

weapons

(test

an d

control)

had

to

be

elevated

by

the

para-

chutists

prior

to

exiting

th e

aircraft

In order

for

the front sight

assembly öf th e weapon

to

clear

the floor

of

th e helicopter (fig 1 6 ,

app

II).

b. ix

parachutists

attempted to execute left

parachute

landing

falls. wo

of

r . h e

parachutists

experienced

discomfort

when they

landed

on th e weapon an d

on e

parachutist had his test weapon torn

loose

from

the tie-downs when he hit th e ground. he barrel of a

test

weapon,

carried

by a

fourth

parachutist,

hit

th e ground

with

sufficient force

to

bend

the barrel approximately 6^

Inches

from th e

muzzle end

of

the

weapon.

Th e

angle

of bend

was

approximately

35

r 62.3

mils to the

left

(fig

19 ,

app

II).

he

test weapons In Individual weapons

con-

tainers Incurred

no

damage.

wo clicks

of

elevation

were required

to

confirm th e

zero

of th e

test

weapon that

was

torn

loose

during landing.

The

zero

of the

test weapon with the

bent

barrel could

not be confirmed.

The

zeroes

of

the

other

test

and control

weapons were

not

changed.

2.8.4

nalysis

2.8.4.1

he

man-portability f he M16A1 rifle

s

egraded when

he

test tem s ttached because f he dditional weight nd he hange

In

he

enter

f alance f he eapon.

2.8.4.2

he

ndividual

weapons ontainer

s

eeded

o

protect

he est

weapon against

amage

when umped

y

he

ndividual arachutist.

2.9

SUBTEST O

8,

A I N T E N A N C E

2.9.1

bjective

To determine

an d

compare

the maintainability of

th e test an d

con-

trol weapons

with

respect

to ease of maintenance,

assembly

and

dis-

assembly, and

adequacy

of

maintenance

instructions,

cleaning

equipment,

an d tools

provided

as basic issue items.

2.9.2

ethod

2.9.2.1

ix

test

weapons

were maintained in accordance with instruc-

tions

contained

in

the

IOMM

for

th u

Noise

Suppressor,

and'six

test

weapons

were maintained

in

accordance

with

instructions

contained in

IM 9-1005-249-14.

hough not

so specified in th e

publications

refer-

enced

above, care and cleaning with th e test weapon

was

conducted

twice dally

for

those

weapons

maintained in

accordance

with

the

IOMM

2 1



an d once

dally

or hose

maintained

n

accordance

with

M

9-1005-249-14.

2.9.2.2 All ontrol

eapons

were maintained n accordance with M

9-1005-249-14.

2.9.3

esults

2.9.3.1

he

six test

weapons maintained

In

accordance

with

the

I0MM

(cleaned

twice dally) fired

a

cumulative

total

of 23,424

rounds.

total

of 31

malfunctions

was sustained.

wenty-one of

the

31

mal-

functions were

double-feed.

hese

weapons required

approximately

135

minutes

per

day

for

maintenance.

2.9.3.2 he six test

weapons

maintained in

accordance with

TM

9-1005-

249-14 (cleaned

once dally)

fired

a

cumulative

total

of 24,047

rounds.

A total

of 88

malfunctions was

sustained. Seventy-seven

of

th e

88 mal-

functions

were

double-feed.

ive

of these test

weapons fired th e auto-

matic

fire

durability

test

described

in

paragraph

2.7.2.2c,

Subtest

No

6 , an d th e

majority

of

the

malfunctions

noted

above

were

sustained

during

this

automatic fire

exercise.

hese

weapons

required approxi-

mately

90

minutes

per

da y for

maintenance.

2.9.3.3 o special tools or

equipment

were

required

for th e per-

formance

of operator maintenance.

2.9.3.4

ll

mounting

screws

on the test

items

attached

to the M16A1

rifle

required

periodic

checking and

tightening

by

direct

support

per-

sonnel. ne of

these

mounting

screws

became loose,

an d was

subsequently

lost,

during firing

and had

to be replaced (fig

2 0 , app

II).

he

test

item

mounting screws required

a

special

size Allen

wrench.

n

align-

ment

gage

was

also required t o

periodically check

the

proper

alignment

of

the

test

item

to

th e

bore

of

the

weapon.

o

other

repairs

or

re -

placement

of parts were

necessary

during

th e

conduct

of

the

test.

2.9.3.5

arbon

build-up

was greater in

the test weapons than

in

th e

control

weapons.

his

carbon

build-up

was

particularly noticeable in

the

lower

receiver group, bolt an d

bolt

carrier

of

the

test

weapons.

2.9.4 nalysis

2.9.4.1

he

test weapons

require

more

frequent

and careful cleaning

than

th e

control weapons.

eriodic inspections

are

also necessary

to

check

th e tightness of

the

test

item

mounting screws

and

proper

alignment of

th e

test

item with th e

bore

of

th e weapon.

2.9.4.2

he

assembly

an d

disassembly

of

the

test

weapon

are

th e

same

as

for

th e

control

weapon;

th e maintenance instructions, cleaning

equipment

an d tools

provided

as

basic issue items

with

the

test

and

control weapons are

adequate.

2 2



1

2.10 SUBTEST O

,

UMAN

ACTORS

NGINEERING

2.10.1

bjective

To

determine

f

he

est

weapon

wa s

uitably

ngineered

rom

human

actors

tandpoint.

2.10.2 ethod

Throughout

all esting, observations

were

made o

etermine

he

compatability f

he est weapons

with

he

kills,

aptitudes, nd

limitations f he

oldiers

ho perated nd maintained hem.

Par-

ticular ttention

wa s iven o he

omparative ase

f arrying

nd

handling

he

est nd ontrol weapons

nd

ny adverse ffect n

he

firer aused y heat, flash,

noise,

scaping gases, and ecoil.

2.10.3

esults

The results of

al l

subtests revealed

certain

features

of

th e

test

weapon

which were not compatible

with th e skills, aptitudes an d limi-

tations

of

the

soldiers who

operated

an d

maintained them. hese

fea-

tures

were as

follows:

a . he

test

item

changed

th e

center

of

balance

of

the test

weap-

on making it

awkward

to carry by th e

carrying

handle

(Subtest

No

7) .

b.

he

gas deflector on th e test weapon did

not deflect

all

of

the

escaping

gas

from

th e firer's

eyes,

causing some

discomfort

during

automatic

an d

sustained semiautomatic fire

(Subtests

No

2

an d 6) .

c.

he ejection

pattern

of

the test

weapon caused the expended

cartridge

to

strike

th e

right

cheek

of

left-handed

firers

(Subtest

No

2) .

d . he

configuration

of th e

test weapon makes it extremely diffi-

cult

to

jump,

without incurring

damage

to

the

weapon,

or

injury

to

the

jumper, unless

the

Individual

weapons

container is usid.

2.10.4

nalysis

The est

weapon s

ot

uitably ngineered or

eft-handed

irers,

nor with espect

o scaping gases. These

are

previously

eported

hort-

comings

.

2.11

S U B T E S T

O

0, A L U E

NALYSIS

2.11.1 Objective

23



' T o determine If

the

test weapon contained any unnecessary or

costly features which could be eliminated without

sacrificing

essen-

tial

quality,

reliability,

maintainability,

performance or mission

accomplishment.

2.11.2

ethod

During

al l testing,

special attention was

given

t o

identification

of

nonessential or nice-to-have

accessories,

omponents,

or

features,

an d items which

appeared to warrant further study by th e developer.

2.11.3

esults

Th e test weapon

did

no t

contain any

unnecessary or costly

features.

2.11.4

nalysis

The

est

weapon

does

ot

ontain

ny

eatures

which

are

onsidered

unnecessary

r

ostly.

24



I

SECTION - APPENDICES

APWWHTY

. TEST

ATA

25

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fl

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m

NO

e n

o o

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r*«

«n

ON

•*

o

<

0

3

CM

m

en

NO

r^

f*"

00

rH

0

vO'

CM

-ü -

rH

r>

o

1

« 3

4

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

«

•

•

•

•

•

•

1

o

u

r* .

< -*

4

-*

o « M

en

en

00

un

t

N

ft

rH

vO

p

i i

rH 1

1

1

I

1

i-H 1

1

J

^

V

• i" H

«

4)

»

4

60

Ml

M

O

o

o

o

o

O

ON

o

ON ON

o

o

o

o

o

H

0«

i-i

r-t

rH

rH

rH rH fl

rH

ft

rH

rH

rH

i 0 0

1-4

«M

en

-*

m

vO

r*

00

ON

o

H

a

«n

-*

m 1

s ^

i

ft

rH

1

rH

rH rH

39

App



Known Distance Accuracy-Semiautomatic Fire

Analysis

of

Variance-Test

nd

Control

Weapons

(Dependent

ariable s

mean

adius)

Range:

100 Meters

Source

f

Variation

Degrees

f

Freedom

Mean

Square

Total

89

Weapon

1

3.880*

rii-ic»

2

.595

W

p... i

-..

al 2

.215

Error

84

.720

CConclusion::

Control

eapon

erformance

s

uperior o

est

weapon

performance.

Range:

3 Meters

| ource f

Variation

Degrees f

Freedom

Mean

Square

Total

83

Weapon

1

.080

XrUl

2 .560

Wca

rial

2 8.130

Error

78

10.056

Conclusion:

ontrol

eapon erformance s

qual

o

formaace.

test weapon.

per-

Range: 400 M eters

ource

f

Variation

Degrees f

Freedom

Mean

Square

Total

89

Weapon 1

61.310*"*

rial

2

3.523

|

j » T .

rial

2

3.486

rror

84

7.760

Conclusion: ontrol

weapon

erformance

s uperior o

est

weapon

performance.

♦ Indicates

ignificance

at

.0 5

evel.

**Tndicates

ignificance

at .0 1 evel.

Figure 5

L0

App



Known

Distance

Accuracy-Semiautomatic Fire

Analysis

of

Variance-Test

and

Control Weapons

(Dependent variable

is

extreme

spread)

Range: 100 Meters

Degrees

f

Fiiedom

-Mean |

Square

ariation

Total

89

Weapon

I -

44.800*

Trial

2

7.150

\' pr

Trial

2

1.105

Error

84

9.280

Conclusion:

Control

weapon performance

is

superior

to test weapon

petformance.

Range:

300

Meters

Source of

Variation

Total

Weapon

Trial

jia

Trial

Etror

Degrees

of

Freedom

- Si

7 8

Mean

Square

227.140*

18.395

49.085

48.003

Conclusion:

Control

weapon performance

is

performance.

Range: 400

Meters

superior

to

test

weapon

Source

f

Variation

Degrees f

Fteedom

Mean

Square

Total

89

Weapon

1

600.686*

Trial

2 40.523

JW^ .

Trial

r~ 2

25.568

Error

84

111.651

rror

»

Conclusion:

ontrol weapon performance

s

performance.

*Indicates

ignificance

at

.05

evel.

superior

o

est

weapon

Figure 6

41

App



Known Distance

Accuracy-Semiautomatic

Fire

Analysis

of

Variance

(Dependent

variable i s

mean

radius)

(Range

300

Meters)

Control Weapon

j

ource

of

Variation

Degrees

of

Freedom

Mean

Square

Total

1 2 5

|

Time

2

16.708

T r i a l

2

16.246

|

Time

X

Trial

4

2.142

| _ E r r o r

1 1 7

8.135

Conclusion: Control

weapon

performance

di d

not phange

over

time.

Test Weapon

1

ource

of

Variation

Degrees

of

Freedom

Mean

Square

Total

1 2 5

Time 2

2.905

T r U l

2

.5^5

|

Time

X Trial

4

2.450

|

Error

1 1 7 7.211

Conclusion:

Test

weapon performance

did

no t

change over time.

Figure

1 7

4 2

App

I



Known Distance Accuracy-Semiautomatic Fire

Analysis f

Variance

(Dependent variable s

xtreme

pread)

(Range 00 Meters)

Control

Weapon

|

Source of

1

Variation

Degrees

of

Freedom

Mean

Square

Total 1 2 5

|

Time

2

312.039**]

Trial

2

57.799

|

Time

X

Trial 4

25.923

Error

1 1 7 47.718

Conclusion:

ontrol weapon performance mproved

ver

ime.

Test

Weapon

ource of

i

Variation

Degrees

of

Freedom

Mean

Square

Total

1 2 5

Time

2

68.510

1

Trial 2 22.710

Time X Trial

4

51.815

Error

1 1 7

58.122

Conclusion: Test weapon performance

did

not

change

over time.

**lndicates

significance

at

.01

level.

Figure

18

4 3

Ap p I



1s t

Da y

FOUR-DAY OPERATIONAL

TEST

CYCLE

•

0800-1200 Move to base

camp

location, set

up, brief personnel,

issue

equipment

an d

defense

order.

1200-1800 Prepare

defense

position.

1800-2400

Issue

complete defense

an d

patrol

orders.

an defensive

positions.

2d

Day

0001-0600 Ma n defensive

positions.

0600-0900 Preparation

for conduct

of

patrols.

0900-1500

Conduct

of

squad

size

reconnaisance

patrols.

1500-1800 Continue

work

on

defensive

positions.

1800-2400 Ma n defensive positions. ssue

order

for conducting

ambush.

3d

Da y

0001-0600 an defensive

positions.

0600-0900 reparation for ambush.

0900-1200

ove

to

ambush

location.

1200-1600 onduct

of

ambush.

1600-1700

eturn

to

base

camp.

1700-2400 an

defensive

positions.

4th

Day

0001-0600 Man

defensive

positions.

0600-0800 M otor arch o amsworth Range.

0800-1600

Known

istance

300

meters)

accuracy

iring.

(Para

2.5.2.1,

ubtest o 4)

figure

9

44

pp



ACTEMDIX

I. PHOTOQM Attttl

Ftgure

MOISE

UPPRESSOR»

MEL,

M

45

A^p

I



Endcap

Baffiea

Connector

/

Rear

Support

Figure

2

Sketch of

Noise

Suppressor, HEL, M4

(Inside

vlev)

4 6

APP n



Figure

3

M16A1

Rifle vlth

Noise

Suppressor,

HEL,

M4 ,

Attached.

4 7

App II



Figure

4

NOISE

SUPPRESSOR, HEL, M4 ,

WITH ACCESSORIES

A.

olse Suppressor,

HEL,

M4

B . odified

bolt

C. as

Deflector

4 8

Ap p

II



Figure

6

A. as Deflector Mounted on Charging

Handle of

M16A1

Rifle

vlth

Noise

Suppressor,

HEL, M4 ,

Attached.

B.

16A1 Rifle without Ga s Deflector

Mounted

on Charging

Handle.

5 0

App

II



INCHIS

Figure

7

A.

16A1

Rifle

vlth

Noise Suppressor,

HEL,

M4 ,

Attached,

and Magazine

Inserted,

B. 16A1 Rifle vlth

Magazine

Inserted.

Ap p

II

5 1



~

.,• ••<;

w .

^

t e f t .

r

>

r;-.;'

Mv ^MK

'

» • IJ

^ Ä ">

. : •

3 E ; - ^ : .

**

i'*w

Figure 8

A.

est

Soldier

Firing

M16A1

Rifle.

B.

est Soldier

Firing

M16A1

Rifle

vith

Noise Suppressor, HEL, M4 ,

Attached.

5 2

Ap p

11



Figure

A. lignment

Gage

Inserted

Into

Properly

Aligned Noise

Suppressor,

HEL, M4.

B,

lignment Gage

Inserted

Into Noise

Suppressor,

HEL,

M4, on

M16A1

Rifle

vlth

Defective Barrel.

App

II

5 3

*-



Figure

10

Arrows indicate

Peening

of

Endcap

of Noise Suppressor,

HEL,

M4 ,

by

Projectile.

App

II

5 4



AfPKOXIMATI

IJECTIOK

PATTi«N FOR

A . M16A1

A

1.

MI6A1 WITH SUPPRESSOR

.

Figure

1

Ejection Pattern of

M16A1 Rifle and M16A1

Rifle with

Noise

Suppressor,

HEL,

M4,

Attached.

5 5

App

II



Figure

12

Circular

Cuts

on

Face

of Left-Handed Flrer Caused

by

Ejection of Expended Cartridge

from

M16A1 Rifle

vith

Noise

Suppressor,

HEL,

M4 ,

Attached.

App II

5 6



ANGLE

Or

F IRE

AZIMUTH

DISTANCE

FROM

OBSERVER

TO

FIRER

Schematic

f

Overhead

iring

Exercise se d

o

Test

Deceptive Characteristics

of M16A1

Rifle

with

Noise

uppressor, EL M4 attached.

57 pp

I



' '^l^

w L

^j|wi

^?«()?fwW

\

-

^^^HH^

.«

r'-^ >

;

^^

« * .

...

^

Mg

''JRP

w

•

En&i^

:

"

*

n

,)

Figure

4

Comparison

of

Signature

Effects

(Flash)

of

Test

nd

Control

Weapon

at

night).

A .

M16A1

Rifle.

B. 16A1

Rifle

vlth

Noise Suppressor,

HEL,

M4,

Attached.

Ap p

II

I



Figure

13

Parachutist

with

M16A1

Rifle

vith

Noise Suppressor,

HEL,

M4,

attached.

5 9

Ap p II



Figure 16

Parachutists

Preparing

to

Jump

from

UH-ID

Aircraft

A.

16A1 rifle vlth

front

sight

assembly

caught

on

floor

of aircraft.

B an d C.

16A1

rifle - w i t h

Noise

Suppressor,

HEL,

M4 ,

attached

vlth front sight assembly

lifted

up over

floor of aircraft.

Ap p II

6 0



Figure

1 /

CENTER

OF

BALANCE

A. rrow

Indicates

Center o f Bilnnee of

Unlooded H16A1 Rifle.

B .

rrow Indicate«

Center

o f

Balance of

Unloaded M16A1

Rifle with Noise

Suppressor, HEL,

M 4 .

•

I

i

1

App 11

6 i



INCH »

Figure 18

Center

of

Balance

A«

rrow

Indicates

Center of Balance of

Loaded

M16AI

Rifle.

B..

Arrow

Indicates

Center

of

Balance

of

Loaded M16A1 Rifle with

Noise

Suppressor,

HEL, M4,

Attached.

6 2

Ap p II



Figure 19

Arrow Indicates

Bend

In Barrel

of M16A1

Rifle

with

Noise Suppressor,

HEL, M4,

Attached, Caused

when Parachutist Attempted Left Parachute Landing

Fall

and

Weapon

Hit

the

Ground.

Ap p II

6 3



INCHES

[

Figure 0

Arrows ndicate

Loose M ounting crew

nd

M ounting crew Hole

n

Noise uppressor,

KEL,

4,

ounted

n

M16A1

Rifle.

64

4

App

I



APPENDIX III.

EFICIENCIES

AN D

SHORTCOMINGS

Deficiency

None

Shortcoming

1 .

EFICIENCIES

Suggested Corrective

Action

2.

HORTCOMINGS

Remarks

2. 1 he

gas deflector

does

no t

deflect al l

of

the escaping

gases

from

the

flrer's

eyes.

2. 2 he ejection

pattern

of

th e

test

weapon constitutes

a

safety hazard to

a

left-handed flrer.

2. 3 he

test

weapon

exhibits

an

unusually

high

malfunction rate

during automatic fire.

Suggested Corrective Action

Unknown

Unknown

Remarks

Subtest

No

2 .

Subtest No

2 .

Unknown

Subtests

No

6

an d 8 .

Ap p

III

6 5



APPENDIX

IV.

REFERENCES

1 .

etter, AVC-O&T, Headquarters, USARV,

20

Ma y

1966, subject:

"Silencer

for

th e M-16

Rifle

(ENSURE)."

2 .

ONFIDENTIAL

message,

AVHGC-DST

35173,

24 Ma y 1967, subject:

"Silencer

for

the

XM16A1

Rifle

(U),

ENSURE

Nr

77,"

3.

etter,

AVHGC-DST,

Headquarters, USARV,

25

September

1967,

sub-

ject: "Evaluation

Plan

- Silencer fo r the

M16A1

Rifle (ENSURE

#77) (U)."

4. etter, AMSHE-SYS, USAHEL, 11

December

1967,

subject: "HEL,

M4 ,

Noise Suppressor," vlth

Inclosure.

5 . etter, AMSTE-BC, USATECOM,

25

January 1968, subject: 'Military

Potential Test

of

Noise Suppressor fo r M16A1 Rifle,

USATECOM

Project

No . 8-8-0200-13."

6 .

S

Army Infantry

Board

Project

3239,

Plan of

Test

for

Military

Potential

Test

of

Noise

Suppressor,

HEL,

M4,

for

M16A1

Rifle,

February

1968.

:

Ap p

IV

6 6



UNCLASSIFIED

Security

ClMtif ication

DOCUMENT

CONTROL

DATA • R&D

(tteuttlr

olm—IHvmUm

of

MM« ,

o dy

el

a>»ti»et

and

Indtukij

mwtalmUon

mtuH

N

mjmtt *«"

N o»»»»»

Wgg

'» l««»lft«<0

I.

OXIOINATIN

0

ACTIVITY

Coiporat«

au thor )

United

States

Army

Infantry

Board

Fort

Banning,

Georgia

1905

1«.

NKPONT

BCUMITV

C LAtkiriC

A TION

UNCLASSIFIED

2 6 «BOU»

I.

RIP<MT

TITLf

MILITARY OTENTIAL EST F NOISE UPPRESSOR

EL

4 F O R

6 A

IFLE

4.

OKfeCNIPTIVt

NOTI1 (Typo o f

report an d

Inehitln

do

t o o )

Final

Report.

pril

1968

.

AUTHORC;

ft«« n a n« ,

tml

MM

nitial)

Lee,

William R.,

Major,

Infantry

Cole,

en e

W .

LT

Infantry

• M ORT

OATI

April 968

••. CONTRACT OR

«RANT O.

fc

RROJBCT

O.

Ta .

TOTAL NO .

OP

RAOBt

73

i.

ORIOINATOR'S RKRORT

NUMBBRff;

U S A T E C O M

Project

o

8-8-0200-13

•

ft.

OTNBRRKRORT

OfS>

Any athot

USAIB

Project

No

3239

diol

m y

ho oooltnod

10 .

AVAILARILITV/LIMITATIOH NOTICES

Destroy this

report

when

it

is

no longer needed,

the

originator.

Do

not

return

i t

to

11. SURRLKMtNTARV

NOTU

It

SRONtORINO

MILITARY ACTIVITY

Commanding General,

US

Army Materiel

Command, ATTN:

MCPM-RS, Rock

Island,

Illinois

U.

ABSTRACT

Th e

Military Potential

Test of

the Noise Suppressor,

HEL,

M4, fo r

th e

M16A1 Rifle, vas

conducted by the US

Army

Infantry Board

from 1 Feb

68

to 26

Mar 68 at Ft

Benning,

Ga.

he

purpose

was to

evaluate

the

advantages

and/or

disadvantages

of th e

noise

suppressor in

realistic operational

exercises

charac-

teristic

of

Vietnam

environments

with

respect

to

such

factors

as

position dis-

closing

effects,

system

functioning,

durability,

reliability,

and maintenance.

Fifteen

M16A1

rifles

with

noise

suppressors

attached

were used to conduct

this

test.

ifteen

standard

M16A1

rifles

were

used

fo r

control

purposes.

pecific

phases

of

testing

under

temperate

climatic

conditions included

physical

charac-

teristics;

safety;

signature

effects;

known

distance accuracy;

quick

fire;

dura-

bility and

reliability;

portability and

aerial

delivery;

maintenance; human

factors

engineering; and

value analysis. here

were

no deficiencies;

three

shortcomings

were

noted.

he

gas deflector failed to

deflect all

of

th e

escap-

ing

gases

from the

firer

:

s eyes; the

election pattern of the

M16A1

rifle with

the

noise suppressor

attached

caused the expended

cartridge to strike th e

cheek

of

left-handed

firers; and th e

malfunction rate

of the

test

weapon

was unusually

high.

It

was concluded

that

th e

Noise

Suppressor, HEL,

M4 , had

military

potential

and accomplishes

th e

purpose

fo r

which

i t

was

designed, i.e.,

t o

c f e c e l v e

observers

located forward of th e test weapon as to th e

location

of th e weapon

when it is

fired.

It

was

reconraended

that

the Noise

Suppressor,

HEL,

M4 ,

be

considered

as

having

military potential, and

further

development be

directed

toward

correc-

tion

of

the shortcomings.

DD

PORM

I JAN ••

1473



UNCLASS I F IED

Security

Classification

W

KEY

ORDS

Noise Suppressor

M uscl e

lash nd

oise

Smoke

Flash Suppressor

LINK

ROLE T

INSTRUCTIONS

LINK B

WT

LINK

1.

ORIGINATING

CTIV ITY :

Entw

he

am e nd address

of th a contractor, ubcontractor, rantee,

epartment

of D e-

fanae

activity or

other

organisation

(corporal« uthor) aaulng

th a

report,

2a.

REPORT

SECUHTY CLASSIFICATION:

Enter

the ver-

all

acurlty

claaaiflcation

of

UM report.

Indicate

whether

"Reatricted Data" a

ncluded

M arking

a o be n accord-

ance

with

appropriate

aacurlty

rugulatlona.

26.

GROUP: Automatic

downgrading a

pecified In

oD

i-

rective

5200.10 and

Armed

Forces

Industrial

M anual . Enter

th a

roup

number .

Also,

when

applicable, how

hat

optional

markings have bean uaad or Group

3

nd Group

4

s uthor-

ised.

3.

EPORT

TITLE: Eater

the

complete

report

itle

n

all

capital

ettera. Titian

n

all aaaa should

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unclassified.

If

a meaningful

itle annot be elected

without

laaaiflca-

tion, how itle claaaiflcation

In

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OTES:

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Give

h e

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5. UTHOR(8):

Enter

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irst

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If

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rank nd

branch

of service. The am e of

tha principal

uthor

is

an abaolute

minimum requirement.

6 b

REPORT

DATE;

Enter

tha

data

of

th a

report

as

day,

stonth, yesr,

r

month, year.

If more

than

one date

appears

on

the report, uaa data of

publication.

7a. TOTAL

N UMBER OP

AGES :

Tha

total

page

count

should

follow

normal

pagination

procedures, .e.,

nter

the

number of

pagas

containing

nformation.

76.

NUMBER OF

REFERENCES Enter

the

total

umber

of

rofarencaa

ited

n

tha report.

•a.

CONTRACT OR

GRANT

NUMBER: If «propriate, nter

the applicable

umber

of

tha

contract

r

grant

nder which

tha

report

was written,

•6, c, c td.

ROJECT NUMBER : nter the appropriate

military epartment dentification, uc h aa project

number ,

subproject uM ber , yatem

numbers ,

ask umber,

tc.

9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT UM BER(S) : Emer the offi-

cial report

number

by which

the document

will

be

dentified

an d

controlled by

tha

originating activity.

This

umber

must

ba

unique

to thia

eport.

96. THER REPORT

UM BER(S):

f

the report

aa been

assigned

any

other

report

umbers

(either

by

the

originator

or

by the pomor),

also nter thia numbers).

10 .

AVA ILAB IL ITY /LIM ITAT ION

OTICES :

Enter an y

im -

itations

n

further

dissemlnstlon of the

eport,

ther

then thoss

Imposed by

ecurity classification,

using

tsndsrd

tatements

auch a:

(1) Qualified requesters

may

obtain coplea

f

this

report rom

DDC"

(2)

Foreign

announcement

and

dlaaamlnatlon

of

thia

report by DC s ot authorised."

(3)

U . . overnment

aganclaa

may obtain coplea of

this

report

directly from DDC

Other

qualified DC

users

hall

request through

(4)

"U.

.

military

aganclaa may obtain copies of

thia

report

directly

rom

DDC Other

qualified users

shall

equest through

(5) "All distribution of this

report

s

ontrolled ual-

ified D D C

users

hall equest hrough

If

tha

eport

has

been urnia'.iad to tha Office of Technical

Servlcaa, epartment

of

Commerce,

or

aale

to he

public.

ndi-

cate thia

act an d

enter

he

price, f known,

1L UPPLEMENTARY NOTES : aa or additional xplana-

tory

notes.

12 .

PONSORING

M ILITARY

ACTIVITY:

nter

th e am e

of

the

depertmental project

office

or laboratory

ponsoring (pay-

ing or)

the

research nd development

Include

address.

13 . BSTRACT: nter an abatract giving

a

brief an d

factual

summary

of

th e

ocument

ndicative

of the

report, ven

though

it may

also appear elsewhere n he body of the echnical

e-

port. I f additional pace s

equired, ontinuation aheet

aha

be

attached.

It a

highly

desirable

hat he

abatract

of

classified

e-

ports

be

unclassified.

Each aragraph

of

the batract hall

end

with

n ndication

of

the

military

aacurlty

classlflcstlon

of

the

nformation n the

aragraph, epresented

a fTS) ,

S),

(C), r (U).

There s o

imitation n the ength

of

the abatract. How-

ever, he

uggested

ength a rom 50 o

25

words.

14 . KEY

WORDS: Key

words are

echnically

meaningful erms

or bort hraaea

ha t

haracterize eport nd may be uaad a

index ntries or ataloging he

eport.

Key words

must

be

selected

o

that

o security

claaaiflcation

a

required.

Iden-

fiers,

uch as

quipment

model

designation,

rsde ame ,

nli-

tary

project

ode

ame,

eographic

ocation,

may

e

aed

a

key

worda

bu t

will

be ollowed

by n

ndication of technical

context. The aa l gnmant

f

inks, ulea, nd weights

a

observation on silencer for m16 rifle doc n.830107

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