Observations:Observations:

Sun rises & sets every daySun rises & sets every daySun rises in East & sets in WestSun rises in East & sets in WestSun’s path in the sky is an arcSun’s path in the sky is an arcSun is at different angular altitudes Sun is at different angular altitudes

in the sky at different times.in the sky at different times.The sun is never directly above (at The sun is never directly above (at

zenith) in NY.zenith) in NY.

AstronomyAstronomy

The The Geocentric theoryGeocentric theory explains all of explains all of these phenomena. Since movement of the these phenomena. Since movement of the Earth cannot be felt early scientists Earth cannot be felt early scientists thought that the Earth was stationary and thought that the Earth was stationary and everything else moved around us.everything else moved around us.

The geocentric theory says that the The geocentric theory says that the Earth is at the center of the solar Earth is at the center of the solar system/ universe.system/ universe.

Lets draw a little...Lets draw a little...

The Geocentric Theory does The Geocentric Theory does not explain this:not explain this:

Foucault Pendulum: Foucault Pendulum: The first good evidence of The first good evidence of the Earth's rotation was provided by a swinging the Earth's rotation was provided by a swinging pendulum.pendulum. The pendulum would continue to swing in The pendulum would continue to swing in the same direction while the Earth rotated beneath it. A the same direction while the Earth rotated beneath it. A more recent source of evidence of rotation is the swirling more recent source of evidence of rotation is the swirling pattern of weather systems seen by satellites. pattern of weather systems seen by satellites.

The The Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect makes the makes the Foucault Pendulum Foucault Pendulum work.work. The rotation of the Earth The rotation of the Earth puts a "spin" on the air movement which causes a curve puts a "spin" on the air movement which causes a curve in the travel direction. In the Northern Hemisphere the in the travel direction. In the Northern Hemisphere the turn is towards the objects right. turn is towards the objects right.

Galileo disproved the geocentric theory. Galileo disproved the geocentric theory. He was the first to turn the telescope to He was the first to turn the telescope to the sky (he did not invent the telescope) the sky (he did not invent the telescope) for the purposes of Scientific observations. for the purposes of Scientific observations.

The moons of Jupiter orbit an object The moons of Jupiter orbit an object other than Earth.other than Earth. Galileo noticed that Galileo noticed that the four visible moons of Jupiter appeared the four visible moons of Jupiter appeared to orbit around Jupiter and therefore did to orbit around Jupiter and therefore did not revolve around the Earth. not revolve around the Earth.

Jupiter’s Moons

Galileo also observed the "phases of Galileo also observed the "phases of Venus" which demonstrated that Venus" which demonstrated that Venus orbited around the sun.Venus orbited around the sun.

Let’s draw some more.Let’s draw some more.

The The Heliocentric Theory Heliocentric Theory explains explains all observations made from Earthall observations made from Earth. .

““Heliocentric” makes the sun the center of Heliocentric” makes the sun the center of attention rather than the earth.attention rather than the earth.

And more drawing.And more drawing.

Here's an article written by Benjamin Here's an article written by Benjamin Franklin about how much sense the Franklin about how much sense the Heliocentric Theory makes:Heliocentric Theory makes:

The Whimsical Cook The Whimsical Cook

The ColumbiaThe Columbia

The value of the space programThe value of the space program Personal Computers Colorization of black and white movies Solar powered calculators Aluminized bags for snack food Weather satellites Halogen lights for cars Sports domes Microwave Ovens Pocket calculators Phone calls by satellite Laser guided missiles "Mylar" balloons "Blue Blocker" sunglasses Digital watches and thermometers "DirecTV", "Dish Network", etc "Kevlar" for bullet proof vests "Mini Mag" flashlights Fishing line Fiber optics for phone calls "Vortec" engines in GM cars "Ovation" guitars and helicopter blades

Medical scanners Electronic ignition in automobiles Laser scanners in stores "Bulb Miser" devices for long life light bulbs Weather Maps on television Juice boxes for "Hawaiian Punch", etc "The Patch" medical device Breathing systems for Mt. Everest climbers, Scuba

divers and firefighters “Flexon" eyeglasses and dental braces Cellular phones and beepers Cable Television, H B O, Showtime, etc Pens that write upside down and under water Anti corrosive paint for bridges, boats & Statue of

Liberty

Scratch resistant coatings on sunglasses Football helmets for the NFL Pacemaker batteries that last 20 years and can be

recharged through the skin. Compact Disks GPS Navigation Systems

Rotation - to spin around an axis.Rotation - to spin around an axis. How long does it take the Earth to spin once?How long does it take the Earth to spin once? How many degrees is a full spin?How many degrees is a full spin?

360360°÷24hours= 15°/hr°÷24hours= 15°/hr Earth spins at 15 degrees per hrEarth spins at 15 degrees per hr

Time zonesTime zones

How to figure out what the time difference How to figure out what the time difference is and are you E or W.is and are you E or W.

At the equator, rotation is 40,074 km/day or 1670 km/hr

At NY 31,200 km/day or 1300 km/hr

At the poles 0 km/day or 0 km/hr

The Earth’s Rotation does not have The Earth’s Rotation does not have the same speed all over the same speed all over

Revolution- to orbit around an objectRevolution- to orbit around an objectThe Earth revolves around the sun in The Earth revolves around the sun in

365 ¼ days.365 ¼ days. Sidereal Day vs solar daySidereal Day vs solar day

As the Earth revolves around the sun, different constellations are visible in the night sky.As viewed from Earth, the sun is passing through Leo (even though you can’t see the stars during the day.

The Axis of Rotation is the imaginary line that the Earth turns about.

The axis always points to the North Star. This is called Parallelism of the Earth's axis.

The imaginary surface of the Earth's yearly trip around the sun is the Plane of Earth's Orbit.

Warning! The following statement sounds crazy but you'll understand it if you read it slowly!

"The axis is tilted by 23.5° from the perpendicular to the plane of its

orbit." Demonstration

SeasonsSeasons

Not drawn to scale.

The orbit is not shaped like this.

Let’s make a chart of the 4 key Let’s make a chart of the 4 key dates and what they each mean.dates and what they each mean.

Date Name Key points

Summer SolsticeSummer Solstice

June 21June 21N. Pole is tilted towards the sunN. Pole is tilted towards the sunSun is highest in the sky in NYSun is highest in the sky in NYLongest day, shortest nightLongest day, shortest nightSun is directly over the Tropic of Sun is directly over the Tropic of

Cancer.Cancer.

Fall (autumnal) EquinoxFall (autumnal) Equinox

September 23September 23Equal day and nightEqual day and nightSun is directly over the equatorSun is directly over the equator

Winter SolsticeWinter Solstice

December 21December 21N. Pole is tilted away from the sunN. Pole is tilted away from the sunShortest day, longest nightShortest day, longest nightSun is directly over the Tropic of Sun is directly over the Tropic of

CapricornCapricorn

Spring (vernal) EquinoxSpring (vernal) Equinox

March 21March 21Sun is directly over the EquatorSun is directly over the EquatorEqual day and nightEqual day and night

Winter Solstice

Dec 21

EquinoxenMarch 21/Sept 23

Summer SolsticeJune 21

Zenith

HW on Seasons&

Day/Night

Discussion of a more or less tilted worldDiscussion of a more or less tilted world

An Encarta Animation

OK, Girls & Boys, time for an activity on seasons and the tilt of the Earth!

Note:Note:

The seasons are The seasons are NOTNOT caused by the caused by the distance from the sun.distance from the sun.

See what the Earth looks like RIGHT NOW

Let’s see how the sun’s position changes

throughout the year

Time for a labTime for a lab

Take out lab 8-3: EllipsesTake out lab 8-3: Ellipses

Lets see some ellipsesLets see some ellipses

Aphelion July 4 95,000,000 miles

Perihelion Jan 3 93,000,000 miles

Not drawn to scale! The shape is more like a circle

1) All planets travel in elliptical orbits 1) All planets travel in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus. with the sun at one focus.

Note: The Earth's orbit is so close to a Note: The Earth's orbit is so close to a perfect circle that it can't be perfect circle that it can't be distinguished with the human eye.distinguished with the human eye.

See for yourself

Kepler’s LawsKepler’s Laws

2) Each planet travels in such a way 2) Each planet travels in such a way that a line joining the planet and the that a line joining the planet and the sun sweeps equal areas in equal sun sweeps equal areas in equal times.times.

Keppler’s Second Law

January

February

MarchApril

May

June

July

August

September

OctoberNovember

December

3) Relationship between distance and 3) Relationship between distance and period: period:

PP22 = D = D33

Where P is the Period in Earth YearsWhere P is the Period in Earth Years

And D is the distance in “And D is the distance in “AUAU’s”’s”

An “An “AUAU” is an astronomical unit, which is the ” is an astronomical unit, which is the average distance from the sun to the average distance from the sun to the Earth.Earth.

Two videosTwo videos

The Powers of TenThe Powers of TenBill Nye: The MoonBill Nye: The Moon

The moon revolves around the Earth The moon revolves around the Earth once a monthonce a month (moonth). (moonth).

Moon rises 50 minutes later every Moon rises 50 minutes later every day.day.

It can be seen during the day just about as It can be seen during the day just about as much as the night.much as the night.

The MoonThe Moon

Phases of the moon handoutPhases of the moon handout

Sun: way the heck to

the left

RL

RL

New

Waxing Crescent

First Half/ First Quarter

Waxing Gibbous

Full

Waning Gibbous

Last Half/ Last Quarter

Waning Crescent

Notice the changing diameter of the Moon during the 'moonth'. As the Moon's orbit brings it closer to earth (perigee) at the New Moon, it appears larger to us. Also notice how the Moon 'rocks' up and down and back and forth. That happens because the Moon's orbit takes it above the Earth's equator (allowing us to see more of the south polar region) and below the equator revealing more of the north polar region of the Moon. The back and forth (east-west) rocking is due to the changing orbital velocity of the moon.

The Names of the Full Moons

January Wolf MoonFebruarySnow MoonMarch Worm MoonApril Pink MoonMay Flower MoonJune Strawberry Moon

Here are the traditional names given to each month's full moon from the "Old Farmer's Almanac":

July Buck MoonAugust Sturgeon MoonSeptember Harvest MoonOctober Hunter's MoonNovember Beaver MoonDecember Cold Moon

EclipsesEclipses A A lunar eclipselunar eclipse

occurs when the occurs when the Earth blocks out Earth blocks out the Moon's the Moon's sunlight. The moon sunlight. The moon goes into the goes into the Earth's shadow.Earth's shadow.

Lunar eclipses Lunar eclipses happen during a happen during a Full Moon.Full Moon.

sun

Eart

h

moon

um

bra

penum

bra

A A solar eclipsesolar eclipse is when the moon blocks is when the moon blocks sunlight from reaching the Earth. sunlight from reaching the Earth.

Solar Eclipses happen during a New Moon. Solar Eclipses happen during a New Moon. Eclipses do not occur every time there is a full or new Eclipses do not occur every time there is a full or new

moon because the moon because the moon's orbit around the Earth is moon's orbit around the Earth is inclinedinclined..

sun

Eart

h

moon

um

bra

penum

bra

A view of a Solar Eclipse as Seen A view of a Solar Eclipse as Seen from Spacefrom Space

http://www.stormcenter.com/media/06033http://www.stormcenter.com/media/060331/1/

Angular size of the moon activityAngular size of the moon activity

TidesTides

The strength of gravity depends on how The strength of gravity depends on how close two objects are and their masses.close two objects are and their masses.

221

d

mmF

m1 and m2 are masses of the objects

d is the distance

Let’s draw a diagram of how the moon Let’s draw a diagram of how the moon causes tides!causes tides!

Lets draw a diagram of what the tides look Lets draw a diagram of what the tides look like.like.

A A Spring TideSpring Tide is caused by a full is caused by a full moon and a new moon. The water moon and a new moon. The water “springs” from its highest level to its “springs” from its highest level to its lowest for the month.lowest for the month.

A A Neap TideNeap Tide is caused by the half is caused by the half moon phases. The high tide is not so moon phases. The high tide is not so high and the low is not so low.high and the low is not so low.

The PlanetsThe Planets

Take out Lab 8-5: The PlanetsTake out Lab 8-5: The Planets

The Solar System

Time for a sing-a-longTime for a sing-a-long

CometsComets

Chunk of ice and dirt following an Chunk of ice and dirt following an elongated elliptical orbit. elongated elliptical orbit.

DVD Weather- Wind Chp 9 (Solar Wind)DVD Weather- Wind Chp 9 (Solar Wind) Has a tail only when it comes close to the sun. Has a tail only when it comes close to the sun. The heat melts it and the solar wind sweeps the The heat melts it and the solar wind sweeps the

tail away.tail away. The tail always points away from the sun.The tail always points away from the sun.

Encarta Solar System: Great Comets!

MeteorsMeteors

Meteor Showers result mainly from debris Meteor Showers result mainly from debris from the orbit of the comet. from the orbit of the comet.

If the Earth crosses the path, the debris If the Earth crosses the path, the debris will fall to Earth as a visible meteor or will fall to Earth as a visible meteor or “shooting star.” “shooting star.”

If the rock is big enough it will survive the If the rock is big enough it will survive the fiery entry into the atmosphere and hit the fiery entry into the atmosphere and hit the surface as a meteorite. surface as a meteorite.

Video on what causes a meteor

shower

StarsStars

Circumpolar and star trailsCircumpolar and star trails

Circumpolar Constallations

Stellar FusionStellar Fusion

Hydrogen nucleus (Proton)

Helium

Mass=1.008

2.016

Mass=4.0026

1.008 x 4 = 4.032

4.032 – 4.0026 = .0294

Mass=1.008

E=mc2

E = energym = mass

c2 = speed of light squared

.0294 x 186,000 x 186,000 = a lot from a little

Lab: Stellar ClassificationLab: Stellar Classification

Short video on the formation of the Earth

The Life of a StarThe Life of a Star

Cloud of gasCloud of gas

ContractsContracts

Heats upHeats up

FusionFusion

If the star is 7x the sun or smaller:

Swell up to a red giant

Shrink to a white dwarf

Slowly cool and die

If the star is 7x the sun or larger:

Swell up to a red giant

Shrink collapse and explode as a supernova

If the star is 7x the sun or larger:

Swell up to a red giant

Shrink collapse and explode as a supernova

If the star is 7x the sun or larger:

Swell up to a red giant

Shrink collapse and explode as a supernova

If the star is 7x the sun or larger:

Swell up to a red giant

Shrink collapse and explode as a supernova

If the star is 7x the sun or larger:

Swell up to a red giant

Shrink collapse and explode as a supernova

If the star is 7x the sun or larger:

Swell up to a red giant

Shrink collapse and explode as a supernova

If the star is 7x the sun or larger:

Swell up to a red giant

Shrink collapse and explode as a supernova

If the star is 7x the sun or larger:

Swell up to a red giant

Shrink collapse and explode as a supernova

Dies as a rapidly spinning core…

Or better yet!

A black hole!

Time for a sing-a-long

The Doppler Shift

DVD: The Right StuffDVD: The Right Stuff

Lab: Spectral AnalysisLab: Spectral Analysis

Deep Space

If asked- Travel @ speed of light: Encarta If asked- Travel @ speed of light: Encarta animation (mind warping!)animation (mind warping!)

Winter

Dec 21

Summer

June 21

Spring

March 21

Fall

Sept. 23

Summer June 21

North Pole

South Pole

NP 24hr

LI 16hr

Eq 12hr

SP 0hr

Equinoxes

March 21/

Sept23

North Pole

South Pole

NP 12hr

LI 12hr

Eq 12hr

SP 12hr

Winter Solstice

Dec 21

North Pole

South Pole

NP 0hr

LI 8hr

Eq 12hr

SP 24hr