occupational health and safety- basic concepts

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY - BASIC CONCEPTS

Authors: Ph.D.Stefan Gabriel Kovacs M.D.Alina TrifuINCDPM Alexandru Darabont, Bucharest, Romania, Bv.Ghencea 35 A,sect. VI, code: 061692e-mail:[email protected]

AboutFrom the ancient times, work was including also unexpected things and events- incidents and accidents at work were recorded at the building of pyramids or of ancient temples. Occupational accidents, loss and the distrubance have accompanied work till now. This presentation shows some significant aspects regarding the main concepts of OHS- that were developed to protect the worker.

What is the image of an occupational accident ?Warning- the next pictures are sometimes gory- and also had a sure emotional impact. They are pictures of occupational accidents.Certainly they are not looking good. Nor at least normal. Accident is an unexpected and traumatic event.

Occupational Accidents

Occupational AccidentsPiper Alfa- 1981-81 deaths

Occupational AccidentsBhopal-1984- 20.000 ! deaths

Occupational AccidentsMihileti, Romania- 2004. 18 deaths.

Occupational AccidentsDeepwater Horizon- Louisiana 2010-19 deaths

Occupational AccidentsColectiv club- Romania 2015- 64 deaths

Occupational AccidentsNo, we are very sorry but the accident victim is not feeling well. Nor are feeling well his/hers work colleagues, his family, not even his managers. Occupational accidents are trauma bound events that could affect a lot more things.

Mr. Presenter

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GENERAL ASPECTS REGARDING SAFETY

Why Occupational Safety and Health ? Why train the young ?As anyone knows- in order to make money- you must work. Even if you are a banker or a lathe worker- every workplace has specific risks.

In order to live 100 years in health and safety you must know about your work, be trained in order to avoid risks, wear Personal Protective Equipment (only when needed) and knowHow to use safety devices.

If you are a pirate it would also help to drink a lot of rum.This is all about Occupational Safety and Health folks, ask for your money back. Or not all ?

As everyone that is performing safety training knows- things must be somehow connected, if you are not trained you will not know what PPE to wear, how to manage safety devices, etc.so that the trainee (if strong enough and not running to save his/hers life after the first class) should have a global image regarding the safety domain.This image is plotted in our experience by the following structure:

Hazard->Risk->Incident/Accident->Accident AnalysisTraining->Organization (of the Work In safety)->Personal Protective Devices->Safety Devices

Starting up OHS

Starting up OHSWhen ?Why ?Where ?- Incident/Accident DataHow ? -- Root Cause Analysis- 5 Why Method------------------------------------------------------Whose blame is it ?

Starting up OHSDocuments to have and to read

National Law of OHS (Law 319/2006 in Romania);ALARP document (HSE law 1973);OHSAS 18001 (British Standard concerning OHS management);ISO 31000 (RISK management and implications for OHS- new 2010);ISO 31010 (RISK assessment methods);ISO 9001 (Connection with quality)

We should add here:

-Safety Culture Safety ManagementAnyOther Thing (Ergonomics, Designing in Safety, etc.)

VULNERABILITY,RISK, INCIDENT,ACCIDENT

RISKRISKINCIDENT/ACCIDENTTRAININGORGANIZATIONPERSONAL PROTECTIVE DEVICESSAFETY DEVICESCauses and effectsWays to mitigate/ eliminate the causes

RISKVulnerability is a pre-state for risks. When an enterprise is vulnerable- it could lead to the development of a lot of ugly things....

RISKTypes of Hazards

RISK

EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITYNational Safety PolicyHealth and Safety SpecificEnterprise MechanismsWorker ComiteesEnterprise Safety SpecialistsFormer ExperienceRISK ?

RISK ?Risk is associated with the presence of a situation or, the eventuality that is produced at the workplace, during the work process, an unwanted or negative outcome (loss, incidents, accidents). Risk produce damage. Damage could be defined as a negative consequence of an individual or collective life of people as the result of risk.Risk is defined in Romanian law as the combination of frequency or probability and consequences (severity) that could be derived from danger

HazardRiskAccidentsTheory states that for different workplaces there are distinct hazards- that could be removed only by the total changement of technology or by total automation, excluding the worker from the workplace. Hazards are manifesting themselves through specificity, exposure,frequency and severity. Risk is an intermediary notion.

RISK

RISK IdentificationAssessmentManagement

Hazard (actually)

RISKIn accordance with the previous definitions, the following groups will classify worker risk factors: 1. Safety and Health: factors or conditions of safety, where conditions that influence the probability of injuries are included. factors of environment conditions, whether it be physical, chemical, or biologic in origin. 2. Ergonomics and Psychosociall: factors derived from the characteristics of work, including the demands that the task imposes to the individual that carries them out; factors derived from the organization of work, considering the characteristics of the organization and those depending on the work task. In our way of work 2 is included in 1. We are speaking about Safety and health at Work, including also Ergonomics and Psychosocial factors.

EVALUATING RISKS

EVALUATING RISKS

Risk Assessment Method Statements

EVALUATING RISKS

Particularisation for a pollutant

Evaluating RISKThe process for evaluating risks includes: 1. The identification of the hazard and analysis of the risk. 2. The assessment of the risk and/or the conjoined action of risks, which will permit one to say if the risks detected turns out to be tolerable.

Evaluating RISK

Evaluating RISK

Risks before accidentRisks after accidentAprioric stRISK ASSESSMENTudyWorkplace analysisModels and scenariosPost-mortem study

Evaluating RISK

THE OCCUPATIONAL (WORK) ACCIDENT

WORK ACCIDENT-Violent injury of the body;-Happening during the work process or fulfilling work tasks;-More than 3 days of work incapacity, invalidity or death(Romanian Law)

WORK ACCIDENTIn the Accident Investigation Manual of the National Safety Council (2001), an accident is an act not planned, nor wanted that resulted in a personal injury or property damage. Introduction of loss or property damage into the definition of accident is going to improve it.

WORK ACCIDENT MODELSSwiss CheeseButterflyOther (industry specific)

SAFETY TRAINING

TRAININGTraining is a very complex problem.

Good training is just simply training

TRAININGNo one is recognizing my activityI am not been paid properlyStudents are not understanding what I am saying

TRAININGSafety is boring.Safety is not required if you learn the technology.Safety is more about abstract aspects.Safety is boring.

TRAININGSafety Training could be rewarding if:-You are a real teacher and love to teach and to improve your teaching;-You are really interested in Safety and not just performing a job for money;-You want to improve something and do it right;

TRAININGSafety Training is a merchandise;Safety Training could be sold for good money;

TRAINING

TRAININGNeed to be:-aware;-social conscious;-involved in the community;-smart;Don t when:-tired;-not interested;-not understanding;-not ready;

TRAININGNeed to learn ? If asked, perhaps we copeIf explained, perhaps we do it

TRAININGIf this is smart and cool and we feel it and we feel that we are empowered by it- perhaps we learn

TRAININGIf we could turn it into a play and could be (at least for ten minutes) the main players- perhaps we learn

TRAININGGIVE THEM CONTENT ! says the Safety creator-content should be goal oriented;-content should be focused;-content should be richly illustrated;-content should be full-proof;-content should be easy anchored with real cases;-content should be live;

TRAININGGive them schedule says the Safety creatorSchedule should take care of:The work schedule of those who are trained;The possibilities to participate to the training;The degree of tiredness of the trainees;

TRAININGGive them ways to disseminate content says the Safety creatorAnd he invented eduknowledge (educational tailored knowledge) and blended learning...

TRAINING

CONTENTNecessaryUnderstandableLikableRetainable

TRAININGThe second grade learners:Should became aware of the problem- accidents as a moral impact;Should became aware of the fact that they would enter into some kind of work in order to gain their living- and so they would be exposed to risks;Should became aware that the wrong approaches could affect not just them- but also their colleagues, the community and the environment

TRAININGInitial trainingOn the work trainingRetirement trainingGeneral safety rulesSpecific safety rulesLessons learned

TRAININGWho (is doing it)

Objectives (informal, immediate protection, obtaining a specific degree)-Key Performance IndexesWays (to perform)Results (connected with KPI would show the efficiency of training)TargetsLevel of understanding

TRAININGFundamentals Programs: These programs involve instruction in prevention of work related injury and illness through proper use and maintenance of tools, equipment, materials; knowledge of emergency procedures; personal hygiene measures; needs for medical monitoring; and use of personal protective equipment for non-routine operations or as an interim safeguard until engineering controls can be implemented.

TRAININGRecognition Programs: These programs include instruction emphasizing awareness of workplace hazards; knowledge of methods of hazard elimination or control; understanding right-to-know laws and ways for collecting information on workplace hazards; recognizing symptoms of toxic exposures; and observing and reporting hazards or potential hazards to appropriate bodies.

TRAININGProblem-Solving Programs: Instruction is aimed at giving workers the information and skills enabling them to participate in hazard recognition and control activities; to help identify/solve problems through teamwork, to use union and management means, and to exercise rights to have outside agencies investigate workplace hazards when warranted. Inviting worker input in company planning or in design of new operations or processes is recognized as a viable means for improving productivity, quality of products, and worker motivation. Extending this approach to hazard control seems reasonable especially since workers, owing to their everyday job work experience, possess an intimate knowledge of the hazards connected with their jobs and could be a rich source for corrective ideas

TRAININGEmpowerment Programs: These programs provide instruction to build and broaden worker skills in hazard recognition and problem-solving skills much like that noted above. Emphasis, however, is on worker activism with the goal of ensuring their rights to an illness-and injury-free workplace Hence, the program aims at enabling workers to effect necessary control measures through educating co-workers and supervisors, and through use of committee processes or in health/safety contract negotiations. This approach is in accord with the current Total Quality Management philosophy having rank-and-file workers along with their supervisors share greater roles in and be more accountable for addressing workplace hazard control needs.

TRAINING* http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/98-145/pdfs/98-145.pdf

TRAINING(General vs. Safety Training)In general, training refers to instruction and practice for acquiring skills and knowledge of rules, concepts, or attitudes necessary to function effectively in specified task situations. With regard to OS&H, training can consist of instruction in hazard recognition and control measures, learning safe work practices and proper use of personal protective equipment, and acquiring knowledge of emergency procedures and preventive actions

TRAININGPerformance represents observable actions or behaviours reflecting the knowledge or skill acquired from training to meet a task demand. With regard to OS&H, performance can mean signs of complying with safe work practices, using protective equipment as prescribed, demonstrating increased awareness of hazards by reporting unsafe conditions to prompt corrective efforts, and executing emergency procedures should such events occur. Motivation refers to processes or conditions that can energize and direct a persons behaviours in ways intended to gain rewards or satisfy needs. Setting goals for performance coincident with learning objectives and use of feed-back to note progress have motivational value. With regard to OS&H, motivation can mean ones readiness to adopt or exhibit safe behaviours, take precautions, or carry out self-protective actions as instructed. Bonuses, prizes, or special recognition can act as motivational incentives or rewards in eliciting as well as reinforcing these behaviours when they are displayed.

TRAINING-CriticalNeeds Assessment Training goals presuppose: 1) consistency with organizational goals, 2) the presence of jobs designed to yield performance outputs that meet the organizations goals, 3) performance levels dependent on knowledge of the job tasks, skill, attentiveness to the work or factors where training can make a difference. On the last point, expecting training to solve problems related to internal organizational conflicts or to overcome deficiencies in equipment or work methods is unrealistic. Job analyses determine which of the relevant performance factors comprise the highest priority training needs either now or in the future. The process includes defining the tasks involved, their order of importance (in terms of frequency, criticality, complexity), and details of the steps necessary to accomplish them.

TRAINING-Critical 1.Establishing Training Objectives The needs assessment provides the information to establish the objectives of the training program. These are stated as observable behaviours expected of the trainee after the instruction, and they may acknowledge the conditions under which they should be performed and the required level of proficiency.

TRAINING-Critical2.Specifying Training Content and Media Content represents the knowledge or skill that the trainee must master to be able to meet the behavioural objectives. The judgement of those who know the job demands is the most common approach to specifying training contents. Other approaches may be the products of problem-solving exercises, or be based on mistakes people make in using a skill such as to design corrective learning measures. Much depends on the specific training needs, makeup of trainee group and other factors. Why or how a particular method facilitates learning and how it can be made more effective are issues requiring further study.

TRAINING-Critical3. Accounting for Individual Differences Effective training should take account of the characteristics or attributes of the trainees. Aside from differences in aptitude, literacy, or pre-training skill levels, how trainees view the training program in terms of improving their job performance or self-efficacy may dictate variable approaches. The kind and level of training for new job applicants versus long-term or older workers reassigned to the same tasks also has to be addressed.

TRAINING-Critical4. Specifying Learning Conditions In general, instructional events comprising the training method should not inhibit, conflict with, or be unrelated to the processes that lead to mastery. Training methods should require the trainee to use the training content in active or productive ways, e.g., restating or applying principles rather than just recalling them, or adapting the information to new situations rather than mere repetition in the same one. Using learning events that require productive behaviour or that provide appropriate feedback (positive/accurate/credible) and opportunities for practice under conditions that promote transfer to the actual job are ideal.

TRAINING-STEPSEstablish a general objectiveEstablish specific objectivesCollect dataTransform data into knowledge (production rules if possbleBest Practice Procedures)Save the body of knowledge for reuse

TRAINING-STEPSDefine targetsEstablish target level of understandingEstablish target availabilityEstablish immediate rewards (certificates, promotions, job opennings, etc.)Considering the target analysis establish what to show from the body of knowledge)

TRAINING-STEPSConsidering target analysis establish how to do the training (at class, on-line, hands-on approach)Develop a curriculaProcess your training chunks (so as to remain something after)Develop testing methodsDevelop specific tests (more likely individual projects to do)

TRAINING-STEPSImplement on a protoype/pilotTestRe-testAsk for user feedback;Ask for any other person (in the domain) feedback;Implement

WORK ORGANISED IN SAFETY

ORGANIZATIONOrganizational cultureemerged fromorganizational studiesandmanagementto describe the attitudes, perceptions, beliefs and values of an organization. The key issue in the organisational context is the way the process of management of safety risk handles changes to the existing infrastructure, processes, technology or other elements and how communications regarding potential accident scenarios are handled and are seen in an integrated way. These changes might have unseen or adverse safety critical impacts. There are several concepts available to guide understanding in the area of safety.

ORGANIZATIONSafety culturecan be defined as the product of individual and group attitudes, perceptions, and values about workplace behaviours and processes that collectively result safety work units and reliable organizational products (). In essence, safety culture describes the organizational attributes that reflect safe work environments .This concept is deeply rooted in social systems where comprehensive analysis of errors exposed organizational, system process and human failures responsible for most preventable adverse outcomes.A proper safety culture could give the safety organization of the work place.

ORGANIZATIONOrganizational safetyis a contemporary discipline of study and research developed from the works of James Reason, creator of theSwiss Cheese Model, andCharles Perrowauthor of Normal Accidents. These scholars demonstrated thecomplexityand system coupling inherent in organizations, created by multiple process and various people working simultaneously to achieve organizational objectives, is responsible for errors ranging from small to catastrophic system failures. The discipline crosses professions, spans industries, and involves multiple academic domains. As such, the literature is disjointed and the associated research outcomes vary by study setting. Organizational activities could also boost safety, by:-planning for safety;-allocating safely the resources;-optimise the work towards a safe ending;-performing controls for safety;-recompensing safety behaviours;

ORGANIZATION

Organisation- Need to Know

PPE(PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT)

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPersonal protective equipment(PPE) refers to protectiveclothing,helmets,goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body frominjuryor infection. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals,biohazards, andairborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for job-relatedoccupational safety and healthpurposes, as well as forsportsand otherrecreational activities. "Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and "protective gear" applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others.The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT


A way to give the needed information about PPE

PPE-Need to Know

SAFETY DEVICES

SAFETY DEVICESSafety devices are the best that could be expected in technical safety assurance.A wide world of specific devices thatare keeping the worker well and healthy- if functioning. From this very wide game of devices we have selected some more interesting for us.

SAFETY DEVICES

SAFETY DEVICESMachineProcessWhole line of manufacturingAre protectingTechnical protection, not centered on human

SAFETY DEVICESA dead-man's vigilance device is a railroad safety device that operates in the case of incapacitation of the engineer. It is a hybrid between a dead-man's switch and a vigilance control. The main safety failing with the basic dead-man's control system is the possibility of the operating device being permanently held in position, either deliberately or accidentally.

SAFETY DEVICESASafe Load Indicator(SLI) or an Automatic Safe Load Indicator (ASLI) is a device which is installed on mobile or portalcranesto alert the operator if the lift is exceeding the safe operating range of the machinery. In some cases, the device will physically lock the machinery incircumstances it determines to be unsafe. SLI systems are usually composed of a microprocessorconnected to various sensors on the crane itself. A safe load indicator has the capability of detecting the angle, weight of load lifted, and ground radius of any lifting device. It controls the lifting equipment to the level that it tries to keep the machinery functioning as per the manufacturer's suggested safety charts..

SAFETY DEVICESAflashback arrestoror flash arrestor is a special gas safety device most commonly used inoxy-fuel welding and cuttingto stop theflameor reverse flow of gas back up into the equipment or supply line and it prevents the user and equipment from damage or explosions. These devices are mainly used in different industrial processes where oxy-fuel gas mixtures are handled and used. Flashback arrestors as safety products are essential to secure the workplaces and working environment. In former times there were also wetflashback arrestors used. Today the industry standard is to usedryflashback arrestors with at least two safety elements.Flashback arrestors from XIX Century

SAFETY DEVICESHeat detectors are a very important category of safety devices- as the recent accident at club Colectiv had shown us.A 'heat detectoris a fire alarm device designed to respond when the converted thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. Heat detectors have two main classifications of operation, "rate-of-rise" and "fixed temperature..In the case in question, a heat detector should have activated a network of sprinklers (that were not in place).Some flame detectors mounted like video camers are shown below.

SAFETY CRITICAL SYSTEMThere are plenty of definitions of the term safety-critical systembut the intuitive notion actually works quite well. The concern both intuitively and formally is with the consequencesof failure. If the failure of a system could lead to consequences that are determined to be unacceptable, then the system is safety-critical. In essence, a system is safety-critical when we depend on it for our well being.

LIFE CRITICAL SYSTEMAlife-critical systemorsafety-critical systemis a system whose failure or malfunction may result in one (or more) of the following outcomes:-deathor serious injury to people-loss or severe damage to equipment/property-environmental harmRisks of this sort are usually managed with the methods and tools of safety engineering. A life-critical system is designed to lose less than one life per billion (109) hours of operation.

Safety Devices- Need to Know

OHS MANAGEMENT

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT


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OCCUPATIONAL HEALH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT


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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTSafety Management- the lords part of safety and health.1.Re-vise the existing safety and health structure inside the enterprise;2.Write up specific document templates for the main thing;3. Name a safety manager !4. Enjoy !5.Implement safety management into total quality management (here the safety manager dies)

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTIdentify where you are. Identify the existing work done on OHS and its results till now. Are there any significant/reported loss/incidents/accidents ?

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTIdentify the actual safety needs. Are they satisfied ? (If so, do nothing and call it a functional safety system).Retain the good parts of jobe done till now in best practice procedures.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTDevelop a model ! Your safety inside the enterprise is probably specific. Build a general safety model and add the specific parts. Test the model. Is it similar to reality > Could some aspects be omitted by the model ?Could expenses be exagerated ?If the model is OK validate it and share it with your management body. Be sure that the General Manager will receive a copy (even if he is not reading it)

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTShare your model (together with your expriences) widely. Sharing in safety is goooood ! Your enemies will die from envy and eventually, till they die- will improve the safety in their enterprises.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTImplement a good set of safety rules- IN WRITING ! Name them after you or better- after the content (Rules for smoking in safety when looking to a gorgeous blonde and nearby is a deposit full of kerosene). Distribute the rules and verify that every supervisor shall get one copy.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTRead and understand ISO 31.000. It will change your life. Forever

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTIdentify the victims of incidents/accidents (even there is a simple bruise). Be compasionate. Ask them for every detail the could give. Develop lessons learned from every story. Update and upgrade your rules(Rule not to smoke near a kerosene deposit if you want to live).

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTBe angry not on the producers of the accident (if they are not acting with intention) but on not respecting the rules. Use the case to develop an use case (Don t do that !) keeping out real names.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTGive rewards for good safety behaviours. Popularise the example (here you could give names).

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTWrite everything significant down and organise your notices (preferably into an IT document that uses keywords and is indexable). People are forgetting- writing remains.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTPunish repeated bad (dangerous) behaviours.There are employees that would never learn. Better fire them than involve them in a situation that could become a catastrophe.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTAsk continously for resources. Safety is an expensive thing. If your bossess would a safe enterprise they should pay.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENTTrust is good, control is better V.I.Lenin

Be in doubt on the reported informations- when needed. Never ever let significant things to happen without controlling them personally.

Thanks for your attention

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occupational health and safety- basic concepts

Education