occupational health and safety rdc

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OBJECTIVES

At the end of the courser, the participants will

be able to:

Recognize the occupational safety and health

standards; and,

Explain the basic safety concept and principle.



Course Outline

• Introduction

• Occupational Safety and Health Standards

• Basic Safety Concept

• Housekeeping• Fire Safety

• Electrical Safety

• Personal Protective Equipment and Devices

• Lock-out/Tag-out (LOTO)• Safety Practices

• Power and Hand Tool Safety

• Machine Shop Safety



OCCUP TION L S FETY ND

HE LTH ST ND RDS

• Issued under the authority granted to the

Department of Labor and Employment under

Article 162, Book IV of P.D. 442 otherwise

known as “Labor Code of the Philippines”.

• First Issue (1978)

• Second Issue (1989)



“To protect every working man against the

dangers of injury, sickness or death through safeand healthy working conditions thereby assuring

the conservation of valuable resources and the

prevention of loss or damage to lives and

properties.”



GENER L PROVISIONS

The Department of Labor and

Employment (DOLE) shall administer and

enforce the provisions of the Occupational

Safety and Health Standards.



RULE 1030 TRAINING OF PERSONNEL IN

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

1031 Training Programs

1032 Accreditation

1033 Training and Personnel Complement

1034.01Qualification of a Safety Consultant

1034.02 Prohibition in the Practice of Occupational Safetyand Health



RULE 1040 HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEE

1041 General Requirements

1042 Types and Composition of Health and Safety Committee

1043 Duties of the Health and Safety Committee

1044 Term of Office of Members

1045 Duties of Employers

1046 Duties of Workers1047 Duties of the Safety Man

1048 Other Types of Safety Organizations



RULE 1050 NOTIFICATION AND KEEPING OF

RECORDS OF ACCIDEENTS AND/OR

OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES

1051 Definitions

1052 Special Provision

1053 Report Requirements

1054 Keeping of Records1055 Evaluation of Disability

1056 Measurement of Performance



RULE 1060 PREMISES OF ESTABLISHMENTS

1060.01General Provisions

1061 Construction and Maintenance1062 Space Requirement

1063 Walkway Surface

1064 Floor and Wall Opening

1065 Stairs

1066 Window Openings

1067 Fixed Ladders

1068 Overhead Walks, Runways and Platforms

1069 Yards



RULE 1070 OCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

1071 General Provisions1072 Threshold Limit Values for Airborne Contaminants

1073 Threshold Limit Values for Airborne Contaminants (Tables)

1074 Physical Agents

1075 Illumination1076 General Ventilation

1077 Working Environment Measurement



Control - regulate or restrain

Hazard - is an unsafe act or condition which if

left uncontrolled may contribute to anaccident.

Risk - chance of personal or physical loss.

SAFETY is the control of hazards to attain

an acceptable level of risk.



Unsafe Act

is a violation of an accepted safe procedures

which could permit the occurrence of anaccident.

Unsafe Condition

is a hazardous physical condition orcircumstance, which could permit the

occurrence of an accident.

Causes of Accidents:



• Direct Cost - medical, compensation

• Indirect CostTime lost from work by:

- Injured person

- Fellow employees

- Damage to tools and equipment

Hidden Cost of Accidents



MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND

SEVERITY RATES

Disabling Injury/Illness Frequency Rate (FR)

- is based upon the total number of deaths,

permanent total, permanent partial and

temporary total disabilities which occur

during the period covered by the rate.



No. of disabling injury x 1,000,000Frequency Rate = ---------------------------------------

Employee-hours of Exposure


SEVERITY RATES



Disabling Injury/Illness Severity Rate (SR)

- is based on the total of all scheduled charges

for all deaths, permanent total and

permanent partial disabilities, plus the total

actual days of disabilities of all temporary

total disability which occur during the period

covered by the rate.


SEVERITY RATES



Total Days Lost x 1,000,000

Severity Rate = -------------------------------------------

Employee-hours of Exposure


SEVERITY RATES



Disabling injury

- a work injury which results in permanent

total, permanent partial, or temporary totaldisabilities.

Death

- any fatality resulting from a work injuryregardless of the time intervening between

injury and death.



Permanent Total Disability

- any injury or sickness other than death

which permanently and totally incapacitates

an employee from engaging from any gainful

occupation or which results in the loss or the

complete loss of use of any of the following

in one accident:• both eyes;

• one eye and one hand, or arm, or leg, or

foot;



Permanent Total Disability

• any two of the following not in the

same limb, hand, arm, foot, leg;

• permanent complete paralysis of two

limbs;

• brain injury resulting in incurable

imbecility or insanity.



Permanent Partial Disability

- any injury other than death or permanent

total disability which results in the loss orloss of use of any member of part of a

member of the body regardless of any pre-

existing disability of the injured member or

impaired body function.



Temporary Total Disability

- any injury or illness which does not result in

death or permanent total of permanent

partial disability but which result in disability

from work from a day or more.



Total Days Lost

- the combined total for all injuries or illnesses

of: all days of disability resulting fromtemporary total injuries or illnesses; and/or

all scheduled charges assigned to fatal,

permanent total and permanent partialinjuries or illnesses.



Scheduled Charges

- the specific charge (in full days) assigned to

a permanent partial injuries or illnesses(Table of Tabulation of Scheduled Charges)

Employee-Hours of Exposure

- the total number of employee-hours workedby all employees of the reporting

establishment or unit.



Disabling Injury Frequency Rate

- the number of disabling injuries per 1,000,000

employee-hours of exposure rounded to thenearest two (2) decimal places.

Disabling Injury Severity Rate

- the number of days lost per 1,000,000

employee-hour of exposure rounded to the

nearest whole number.



• Death resulting from accident shall be assigned

a time charge of 6,000 days.

• Permanent Total Disability resulting from work

accident shall be assigned a time charge of

6,000 days.

Charges:



• Permanent Partial Disability either traumatic or

surgical, resulting from work accident shall beassigned the time charge as provided in Table on

Tabulation of Scheduling Charges. This charges

shall be used whether the actual number of days

lost is greater or less than the scheduledcharges or even if no actual days are lost at all.

Charges:



• Loss of hearing is considered a permanentpartial disability only in the event of industrial

impairment of hearing from traumatic injury,

industrial noise exposure or occupational

illness.

Charges:

• Permanent Partial Disability



• For permanent impairment affecting morethan one part of the body the total charge

shall be the sum of the schedule charges

for the individual body parts. If the total

exceeds 6,000 days, the charge shall be6,000 days.

Charges:




• Where an employee suffers from both

permanent partial disability and temporary

total disability in one accident, the greater

days lost shall be used and shall determine

the injury classification.

Charges:




• The charge for any permanent partialdisability other than those identified in the

schedule of time charges shall be the

percentage of 6,000 days as determined by

the physician authorized by the employer totreat the injury or illness.

Charges:




TABULATION OF SCHEDULED CHARGES

A. For Loss of Member - Traumatic or Surgical

FINGERS, THUMB AND HEAD

Amputation involving

all or part of bone Fingers

Thumb Index Middle Ring Little

Distal Phalange 300 100 75 60 50

Middle Phalange - 200 150 120 100

Proximal Phalange 600 400 300 240 200

Metacarpal 900 600 500 450 400



TOE, FOOT AND ANKLE

Amputation involving

all or part of bone Great Toe Fingers

Distal Phalange 150 35

Middle Phalange - 75

Proximal Phalange 300 150

Metaternal 600 350

Foot at ankle, 2400





ARM

Any point above elbow, including joint 4500 Any point above wrist and at or below elbow 3600

LEG

Any point above knee 4500 Any point above ankle at or below knee 300





B. Impairment of Function

One eye (loss of sight), 1800

Both eyes (loss of sight), 6000

One ear (complete industrial loss of hearing) 600

Both ears (complete industrial loss of hearing) 3000

Un-repaired Hernia 50




GOOD HOUSEKEEPING



HOUSEKEEPING

• Housekeeping is not just cleanliness;

it is effective workplace organization.

• Housekeeping is important because it

eliminates workplace hazards thus it

lessens accidents and related injuries

and illnesses.



SIGNS OF

POOR HOUSEKEEPING

• cluttered and poorly arranged areas

• untidy or dangerous storage of materials

• items no longer needed or in excess

• blocked aisles and exists

• dusty, dirty floors and work surfaces

• tools and equipment left in work areas



ACCIDENTS FROM

POOR HOUSEKEEPING

• being hit by falling objects

• tripping over loose objects on floors, stairs and

platforms

• slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces• striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or

misplaced material

• cutting, puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands or

other parts of the body on projecting nails, wire orsteel strapping

• electrocution from exposed & unattended live wires

• having skin burns from unexpected fires



Why do we need to practice good

housekeeping at work?

• improves the company‟s image

• helps the company in maintaininginventory to a minimum

• helps to effectively use workspace

• makes the workplace neat, comfortable,and pleasant – not a dangerous eyesore



Recommended Housekeeping Practices

• Keep work areas clean

• Keep aisles clear

• Keep exits and entrance clear• Keep floors clean, dry, and in good condition

• Vacuum or wet sweep dusty areas frequently

• Stack and store items safely

• Store all work materials in approved, clearly labeled

containers in designated storage areas only.



• Use proper waste containers

• Keep sprinklers, fire alarms, and fire extinguishers

clear

• Clean up spills and leaks of any type quickly andproperly

• Clean and store tools, items, and equipment

properly

• Fix or report broken or damaged tools, equipment,

etc.

• Keep lighting sources clean and clear

• Follow maintenance procedure

Recommended Housekeeping Practices



Management‟s Role

• Provide adequate equipment.

• Include housekeeping budget in operations

planning.

• Include good housekeeping as part of

individual‟s job responsibility.

• Provide clean up schedule.

• Maintain executive and supervisory interest.

ORGANIZATION



Supervisor‟s Role

• Maintain constant check on housekeeping

conditions.

• Correct unusual situations or perform clean-up immediately.

• Plan for orderliness in all operations.

• Issue definite instructions to employee.• Insist on housekeeping after every job.



Workers‟ Role

• Follow housekeeping procedures

• Maintain an orderly workplace

• Report to supervisors any unsafe condition



What is 5S?

a tool that represents the basic principles

of housekeeping and workplace

organization. It is more than cleaning and

painting. It is a disciplined approach tokeep the workplace efficient and effective.

PLANNING



The 5S of Good Housekeeping

1. SEIRI -- Sort/ Clearing up

2. SEITON -- Systematize/ Organize

3. SEISO – Sweep/ Sanitize/ Clean

4. SEIKETSU – Standardize

5. SHITSUKE – Self-discipline/ Training



Clean your workplace



Maintain high standard of housekeeping



Do 5S spontaneously



Benefits of 5S

• Achieve work standardization

• Improve efficiency, quality and productivity• Increase profitability

• Simplify work environment

• Improve safety and enhance moral andpride of employees



• Sales

• Savings

• Standardization• Satisfaction

• Safety

Benefits of 5S



MONITORING

WHAT: Monitor how unit is meeting its plan

REFERENCE: Unit objectives and 5Simplementation plan

WHO MONITORS: Unit leaders/ supervisors

FREQUENCY: Weekly (Suggested)



EVALUATION

• Reports, photos, report findings and

recommendation.

• Evaluation criteria.

• Recognition.



BOSH - Fire Prevention and Protection



78

CONTENTS

Introduction to Fire Prevention and Protection Definition of terms

Basic elements of fire

Causes and classes of fires Extinguishing methods and materials

Fire fighting equipment maintenance

The hot work permit system

Emergency (Fire) Organization



Introduction:

Fire prevention is not just a fireman’s job;all of us have a responsibility to learn and beeducated on it!

Fire is the third leading cause of accidentaldeaths. Yet, most people ignore this. Morethan 150 workplace fires occur every day.




What is F I R E ?

Great warmth feeling towards the opposite sex; it isexcitement.

The heat or burning that destroy things, lives, orproperties.

Is a result from fast chemical reaction between acombustible substance and oxygen, accompanied by

the generation of heat.



Causes of Fire…

Electrical

(“Dagitab”)

Hot Work - Welding and Cutting

(“Pag-gamit ng mga bagay na may liyab”)

Stoves

(”Kalan”)

Smoking (“Paninigarilyo”)

Poor Housekeeping

(“Masamang Kaayusan”)




Results of Fire…

Besides the unimaginable devastation,

fire can burn victims wherein the average

hospital stay is:

Percentage of Burn Length of Hospital stay

(National Average)

1-10% 28 days

11-20% 37 days

21-39% 53 days

40-60% 88 days

61% and over 80% die




BURN: The Rule of Nines

9

18

Back: 18Up to 5 yrs. Old:

• 18

• 13.5




Results of Fire … Burn • Burn injury is a major injury that

affects all parts of the human system;

• The average burn patient takes 2-5 years to mentally recover;

• Most workers are hesitant to return to

same work situation in which they wereburned. Professional rehabilitation is

always necessary.




DEFINITIONS

COMBOROLOGY is the science thatdeals with the study of fire

FIRE PROTECTION is the field that

covers fire prevention, detection andextinguishment

FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING is

a highly developed & specialized fieldthat utilizes various engineeringdisciplines




DEFINITIONS

FLASHPOINT (FP) is the lowesttemperature at which a liquid will give

off enough vapors to ignite {flash} if it

comes in contact with an ignition source(such as a spark or flame)

FIRE POINT – is the lowest

temperature at which a flammable liquidvapor can be ignited and the

combustion is sustained.




DEFINITIONS

FLAMMABLE – FP is less than 100degrees Fahrenheit

COMBUSTIBLE – FP is at or above 100

degrees Fahrenheit




DEFINITIONS

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

(Or simply: Ignition Temperature)

The minimum temperature required for asubstance to self-ignite (no other sourceof ignition). The auto ignition temperature

is much higher than the flashpoint forany substance.



DEFINITIONS

FLASHBACK

Rapid travel of a spreading gas from asource of ignition back to the point at

which it originated.

Flashback occurs when a gas or vaporheavier than air travels at a low level

to an ignition source.




Fuel Heat

Oxygen

Chemical Reaction

(Uninhibited Reaction of Free Radicals)



Heat Is the energy necessary to increase the

temperature of the fuel to a point where

sufficient vapors are given off for ignition tooccur. (E.g.., sun, lightning, friction or super

hot objects)

The FLASH POINT (FP) of materials or fuelvaries; the lower the FP the more ignitable

(flammable or combustible) it becomes




Oxygen

The air we breathe which is about 21%

oxygen Fire only needs an atmosphere with at

least 16% oxygen

Oxygen at 19.5% = warning level Minimum air:fuel mixture = 15:1




Chemical Reaction

Occurs when the other three (3)

elements are present in the properconditions and proportions.

Vapors of gases which are distilled

during burning process of a material are

carried into the flame.




Classes of Fires Class A Ordinary Combustibles

(Solids, normally organic nature)

Examples:

Paper, Wood, Rags,

Rubbish, Coal and

Natural Fibers




Classes of Fires

Class B Vapor/air mixture over

surface of flammable or

combustible liquidsExamples: Gasoline, Solvents,

Grease, Petrol, Hydraulic

fluids, Paint thinners andother volatile materials




Class C Energized Electrical

Equipment:

Examples:Appliances, switches,

panel boxes, power tools

and boards.

Classes of Fires




Class D Combustible metals:

Examples: Magnesium, titanium,zirconium, sodium,

lithium, potassium.

Classes of Fires

D




Classes of Fires

Class E Gases or liquefied

gases:

Examples: Methane, propane, and

natural gases.




Ways to Extinguish a Fire

Best for: Class A Fires

Class D Fires: use non-reactive

heat-absorbing medium

Cooling

– reducing the rate of energy input

– can use most common and cheapest form

of extinguishing medium (water)

– use pressurized water, foam or multi-

purpose dry chemical extinguishers




Smothering

Ways to Extinguish a Fire

Best for: Class B & E Fires

Works for: Class C Fires

-reducing the oxygen supply.

-use foam, carbon dioxide, ordinarydry chemical



3 METHODS OF FIRE

EXTINGUISHMENT vs.CLASSES OF FIRE (Summary)

COOLING : CLASS A

SMOTHERING : CLASS B,C & E

(SUFFOCATION)

STARVATION : CLASS A,B,C,D & E




METHODS OF FIRE

TRANSFER

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Direct Contact




METHODS OF FIRE

TRANSFER

Conduction

Travel of fire thru a heat

conducting medium like metals

Example – ignition of othervarious parts of a structure which

are contact with pipes, etc.




METHODS OF

FIRE TRANSFER

Convection

Travel of heat thru circulating

air or gases (hot-up, cold-down)

Example – fire from one part ofthe room may ignite all other

materials due to the hot gases




METHODS OF

FIRE TRANSFER

Radiation

Travel of heat from a source

by means of rays or radiation

Example – structure fire mayignite all other structure, etc. in

the immediate vicinity




METHODS OF

FIRE TRANSFER

Direct Contact

Direct travel of “fire” from oneburning material to anothercombustible material

Example – ignition of various partsof a structure as „touched‟ by thefire




Portable Fire Extinguishers

Appliances designed to be carried and

operated by hand.

They contain an extinguishing medium,

which can be expelled by action of

internal pressure and directed onto a

fire.



PRESSURE GAUGE

(not found on CO 2

ext inguishers)

DISCHARGE LEVER

DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN

AND SEAL

DISCHARGE HOSE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE

DISCHARGE ORIFICE

CARRYING

HANDLE

DATA PLATE

BODY

Fire Extinguisher Anatomy




Portable Fire Extinguishers &

their application

Water

(Distinguishing color: RED)

•Used to extinguish fires of common

materials such as wood, cloth, & etc.





their application

Dry Chemical

(Distinguishing color: BLUE)• Suitable for extinguishing flammable

liquids such as petrol, kerosene, oil, &

etc.• May also be used to extinguish fires in

electrical equipment..





their application Foam

(Distinguishing color: CREAM)• Suitable for extinguishing flammable liquid

such as petrol, oil bitumen, paints, etc.

• Must not be used to extinguish fires in live

electrical equipment, it is conductor of

electricity.





their applications Vaporizing Liquids

(Distinguishing color: YELLOW /GREEN)• Can be used on wood, paper, petrol, oils, fires

involving live electrical equipment.

• Chemical breakdown of these products are TOXIC.

• BCF/Halon 1211 & Halon 1301 had been phased

out to prevent ozone layer depletion and current

substitutes are the “Clean Agents” such as Halotron




H t U P t bl Fi



119

How to Use a Portable Fire

Extinguishers Pull the pin.

Aim the nozzle at the base of the

fire.

Squeeze the lever/trigger whileholding the extinguisher upright.

Sweep from side to side coveringthe area of the fire.

Remember: P – A – S – S



121

Maintenance & Inspection of Fire

Extinguishers Assign a person in the plant or organization

the responsibility to maintain and inspect all

the fire extinguishers.

Maintain a stock of consumable materials and

supplies of spare parts, like hoses, pins, tags,

etc., that will be used in replacing the parts.

Establish a record system and organized plan

for checking and inspecting fire extinguishers.



123

The HOT WORK PERMIT

A control system meant toprevent any unintendedignition of materials that may

lead to major fires




124

The HOT WORK PERMIT

It is to establish control overoperations using flames orproducing sparks such as welding

jobs, grinding, drilling, hammering,or where there is friction and/orelectrostatic discharge


HOT WORK PERMIT



HOT WORK PERMIT

CRITICAL ELEMENTS Balance of authority--responsibility--accountability

with both issuer and receiver for heat-producing jobs

Consistent and no-flaw in communication andcoordination between all involved – everyone isupdated on all developments

Isolation of combustibles.

Competent and duly trained individuals and groupsin both issuing and receiving ends (inspectors, firewatches, etc.)


HOT WORK PERMIT



126

HOT WORK PERMIT

CRITICAL ELEMENTS Physical features/requirements are evident and

conspicuously located – tags, warning systems, fireextinguishers, etc.

Required individual elements (personnel) arevisible and ready for any eventuality (fire watchwith fire extinguisher, etc.)

Last but not least … the TIME ELEMENT!

(Start, finish, fire watch

vigilance, extension)

Sample Form Courtesy of FM



127


FIRE CHRONOLOGY/STAGES



FIRE CHRONOLOGY/STAGES1. Fire Ignites/Starts from Tiny Spark (Incipient Phase)

2. The FIRE is Noticed/Detected (Free Burning Phase)3. Alarm Stage – Fire Notification

4. Activation of Emergency Organization

5. Emergency Organization/Brigade Response

6. Fire Control – fire extinguisher, fire hose, etc. 7. Sprinkler/Pump Tender Response

8. Electrical/Gas Switchman Response

9. Evacuation Leaders Response

10.Damage Control/Search & Rescue Response

11.Fire is Extinguished (Smoldering Phase)12.Normalization Stage

13.Back to Work (If & When Feasible)


E R



Emergency Response

Organization Requirements

Planned and directed movement of

building occupants.

First aid and medical self help

Fire fighting and control

Rescue of injured/trapped personnel Minimizing damage to or by utilities


T i l E O i ti



Typical Emergency Organization

Chairman

Assistant Chairman

Communication

Rescue

Evacuation

Damage Control

Medical Fire Brigade



ELECTRICAL

SAFETY

What are the Regulations ?

http://localhost/var/www/apps/Intro_definition.ppt




What are the Regulations ?

The OSHA HAS DEVOTED AN ENTIRE SECTION

OF ITS REGULATION TO RULES GOVERNING

ELECTRICAL WORK.

Your employer must train you in safe work practicesfor working with electrical equipment. The training

rules distinguish between workers who work on or

near exposed energized parts nd those who do not.

Even if you are not qualified to work on electrically

energized equipment, you must know the specific

safety practices which apply to your job.

HOW DOES ELECTRICITY WORK ?



HOW DOES ELECTRICITY WORK ?

To handle electricity safely, including working with

electrical equipment, you need to understand how

electricity acts, how it can be approached, the

hazards it presents, and how those hazards can becontrolled.

Basically, there ARE TWO KINDS OF ELECTRICITY:

* Static (stationary)

* Dynamic (moving)

HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY



HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY

Electricity is energy looking for some place to go.

When it finds the part of least resistance, whether it‟s

a light bulb, motor, or a human being, it is going to

take that path. Until a circuit is completed, electricityis in the form of potential energy, an energy waiting to

be used.

To understand the hazards of electricity, it is not

necessary to know precisely what it is, even thoughsuch knowledge might be helpful and desirable. What

is more important in handling electricity is to

understand the characteristics of electricity.

Characteristics of Electricity




1. What it is ?

2. What it does.

“The electric current is of practicalimportance as a means of transferring

energy to a distance and for the

transformation of energy, as in electric

furnace, electric light, in electrolysis, etc.”




3. How it acts.

a) Electricity, when it flows, can move from one

place to another as does water in pipe.

b) The quantity of electricity which moves is

measured in units called “amperes” (as gallons,

quarts, or liters for water) flow of electrons.

c) The pressure of the flowing electricity or“current”, or the force behind the “current” is

measured in units called “volts”, as water is

measured in “pounds” or “grams”.





d) As electricity moves, resistance is encountered, the

amount of resistance depends on the substance

encountered. ( The unit of resistance to electrical

current is called an “ohm”). Unit for resistance oropposition to the flow of current.

OHMS LAW

I (current) = V (voltage)R (resistance)


What are the HAZARDS of ELECTRICITY ?



What are the HAZARDS of ELECTRICITY ?

Shock

Burns

Arc-blast

Explosions

Fires

SHOCK IS THE MOST SERIOUS



ELECTRICAL HAZARD

This happens when you touch a live wire, a tool or

machine with poor insulation. You then become a

conductor. The shock that you feel is the electrical

current going through your body.

RESULTS OF SHOCK

* Pain

* Loss of muscle control and coordination

* Internal bleeding

* Cardiac arrest

* Death

HOW SHOCK OCCURS



HOW SHOCK OCCURS

1. With both wires of the electric circuit.

2. With one wire of an average circuit and the

ground.

3. With a metallic part being in contact with anenergized wire, while the person is also incontact with the ground.

SEVERITY OF ELECTRIC SHOCK



SEVERITY OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

1. Amount of current flow through the body

2. Voltage of circuit in contact.

3. Resistance of skin or clothing or both.

4. Area of contact with live conductor.

5. Length of time in circuit (the longer time

the body is subjected to the circuit, the

less RESISTANCE the body has.

THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT THAT FLOWS



THROUGH A VICTIM’S BODY DEPENDS ON:

The voltage of the circuit

The insulating quality of the place he is

standing

The resistance of his skin

The area of contact with the conductor



Current flows through the bodyfrom the entrance point,

until finally exiting

where the body is closest to the ground.

Electrical Burns



Electrical Burns

Entrance Wound

Exit Wound



Arc or Flash Burns

Thermal ContactBurns

Internal Injuries



Internal Injuries

Involuntary Muscle Contraction



y

RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS



RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS

Most Metals - 10 - 50 Ohms

Human Body (dry skin ) - 100,000 – 600,000 Ohms

Human Body (wet skin) - 1,000 Ohms

Dry Wood - 100,000,000 Ohms

Wet Wood - 1,000 Ohms

Rubber - 100,000,000,000,000 Ohms

Reaction of the Body to Electric Shock




Fatal Shock (100 – 110 volts)

a. 50-200 milliamperes

– will cause death depending on length of time (

due to ventricular fibrillation)

Freezing to the line (100-110 volts)

a. 15-20 milliamperes

– will cause a painful shock and control ofmuscle is lost. Will cause death due to heart

collapse & stop breathing if left in contact too

long.





Sensation of Shock (100-110 volts)

a. 1-8 milli amperes

– is not painful and person can let go.

b. 8-15 milli amperes

– is painful and person can let go- may

lead to other accidents.

EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK ON BODY



EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK ON BODY

1. Chest muscle contraction- breathing interference

(death due to asphyxiation)

2. Temporary nerve center paralysis – respiration

failure.3. Heart (normal rhythm) interference – ventricular

fibrillation ( fiber of heart muscle create

uncoordinated manner, blood circulation ceases)

4. Heart action suspended by muscular contraction.

5. Hemorrhages and tissue destruction, nerve or muscle

damage caused by heat.

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS



ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

1. Defective appliances, equipment and tools.

2. Defective wiring installation.

3. Personal factor.

4. Lack of maintenance of equipment.

5. Using unapproved electrical equipmentappliances.

6. Failure to ground equipment.7. No proper rated protective device,

8. Overloading of circuits.

CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS:

( El t i l S f t D i )



( Electrical Safety Devices )

Grounding

Insulation

Enclosure

Fuse or Circuit Breaker

Lockout / Tag out

Maintenance of Equipment

RULES TO FOLLOW



RULES TO FOLLOW

1. Do not guess – every line should be assumed energized..

2. Use right instruments to test.

3. Inspect regularly..4. Use appropriate PPE, fuse tongs & insulated tools.

5. Use Lockout/Tagout

6. Never work alone on electrical lines..

RULES TO FOLLOW



RULES TO FOLLOW

7. Make temporary wirings safe..

8. Observe NEC during installation

9. Only qualified electricians should be allowed to work onelectrical jobs.

10. Never use metallic ladders when working on electricity.

11. Never bridge a fuse with wire.12. Always have a high respect for electricity.

RESCUE TECHNIQUES



RESCUE TECHNIQUES

Cut off electrical source immediately.

Break connection between the victim and

the power source, or remove the victimfrom the current source without endangering

yourself.

As soon as you can touch the victim safely,

apply artificial respiration (CPR)

immediately.



Lockout/Tagout Standard

Proper LO/TO Procedure

Lockout



Lockout is a technique used to prevent the

release of hazardous energy, or to prevent

the hazardous energy from escaping.

A padlock is placed on the appropriate

energy isolating device that is in the off or

closed position.



Definitions, cont.



,

Energy Isolating Device - A mechanical

device that physically prevents the

transmission or release of energy.

Energy Control Procedure - Safety program

adopted by the employer that includes energy

control procedures plus provisions for

inspecting the procedures and trainingemployees for lockout/tagout.

The “Fatal Five” Main Causes of

Lockout/Tagout Injuries



Lockout/Tagout Injuries

Failure to stop equipment

Failure to disconnect from

power source Failure to dissipate (bleed,

neutralize) residual energy

Accidental restarting of

equipment

Failure to clear work areas

before restarting

Hazardous Energy Sources

Found in the Workplace



Found in the Workplace

Electrical

Generated

Static

MechanicalTransitional

Rotational

Thermal

Machines or

Equipment

Chemical

Reactions

Potential

Pressure

Hydraulic

Pneumatic

Vacuum

Springs

Gravity

Types of Lockout Devices



yp

Plug Locks

Ball Valve Lockout

Gate Valve Lockout Group Lockout

Hasp

Electrical

Hydraulic,

pneumatic, and

other pressurizedsystems

Lockout Procedure



Alert the operator (s) that power is being

disconnected.

Preparation for Shutdown

Equipment Shutdown

Equipment Isolation

Application of Lockout Devices

Control of Stored Energy

Equipment Isolation-Verification

Removal of Lockout



Ensure equipment is safe to operate

Safeguard all employees

Remove lockout/tagout devices. Except in

emergencies, each device must be removed

by the person who put it on.

Last person to take off lock

Follow checklist

Temporarily Reactivating

Equipment



Equipment

Remove unnecessary tools from the work

area and make sure everyone is clear of the

equipment

Remove lockout/tagout devices and re-

energize the system

As soon as the energy is no longer needed,isolate the equipment and re-apply

lockout/tagout, using the six step procedure.

Special Situations



Servicing lasts

longer than one

shift.

Contractors are

performing service

or maintenance at

your workplace

Worker who applied

lock is not available

Tidbits of Info.



Never attempt lockout/tagout procedures

unless you have been trained and certified by

your employer under an approved Energy

Control Program.

Never loan or share your lock, combination,

or key with anybody else.

Always be sure all lockout/tagout devices arecompatible with the environment in which

they will be used i.e. corrosive, humid, etc.



Personal Protective

Equipment

ACCIDENT THEORY





WORKER

MACHINEENVIRONMENT

MATERIAL

Work Methods

Personal Protective Equipment





Personal protective equipment arevariety of devices and garmentsdesigned to serve as a barrierbetween workers and workplacehazards.

PPE: Last line of defense

Three areas where hazards can be controlled



Engineering Control :

Elimination of the hazard

Minimization of the hazardIsolation of the hazard

Redirection of hazard

Point of contact:

>PPE

Workplace WorkerManagement

Administrative Control :

Exposure time limitations ,Safe work practices

Alarms and Warning signs, Training and Education

Guidelines in Selecting PPE



g

1. Identify the hazard

2. Understand the effect

3. Recommend the proper equipment

4. Train on proper usage and maintenance

Personal Protective Equipment:

Worker‟s Last Line of Defense



Different occupations expose workers to the possibility of injury,illness or even death due to the various hazards present in the

workplaces. These hazards, though in some ways minimized, can

not be entirely eliminated by both engineering and administrative

control measures. There is still a need for another form of

protection that will serve as a barrier against workplacehazards…the Personal Protective Equipment .

Personal protective equipment or PPE is not a mere substitute

for engineering and/or administrative controls. Rather, it should be

used in conjunction with these controls to better provide foremployee safety and health in the workplace. In this light, PPE that

is made available for workers‟ use must be appropriate and of

approved type.

Personal Protective

Equipment





Eye & Face Protection

Respiratory Protection

Head Protection

Hearing Protection

Hand & Arm Protection Foot Protection

Fall ProtectionTorso Protection

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE%20-Respiratory%20Protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE_Hearing%20Protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE_Hand%20&%20Arm%20Protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE_Foot%20Protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE_Fall%20protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE_Torso%20Protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE_Torso%20Protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE_Fall%20protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE_Foot%20Protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE_Hand%20&%20Arm%20Protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE_Hearing%20Protection.ppt

http://localhost/var/www/apps/PPE%20-Respiratory%20Protection.ppt



Characteristics of a Good Quality Hard Hat



HARD HAT must be able to absorb the shock of

the blow from falling objects, be able to resist

penetration from sharp objects and must be a

good insulator against electrical hazards.

Additional characteristics of a hard hat is its abilityfor low water absorption and slow flammability

rate of the shell.






Care and Maintenance

Wash with mild soap and water.

Inspection

1. The suspension system – look for frayed, worn,



y y

or cut straps.2. The hard outer shell – must have no cracks.



Head protectionshould be worn

whenever there

is even a

remote chancethat a head

injury could

happen!

Eye & Face Protection



Protective eye and face

equipment shall be requiredwhere there is a reasonable

probability of injury that can

be prevented by such

equipment.






1. Safety Spectacles2. Eye Goggles

3. Face Shields

Eye and Face Protection (ANSI Z87.1 – 1989)

Safety Spectacles or Glasses are primary

protective devices intended to shield the wearer‟s

eyes from flying and striking objects glare and



eyes from flying and striking objects, glare and

injurious radiation hazards.

Sideshield is an integral device or an accessory

attached to spectacles that provides side exposure

protection to the eye.



Face Shield is a protective device intended to

shield the wearer‟s face, or portions thereof

from striking objects or chemical, heat and

glare hazards.

Welding shield is a protective device

i t d d t hi ld th d f f



intended to shield the eyes and face from

optical radiation and impact.

Characteristics of a Good Quality

Spectacles, Goggles and Face Shields



•Provide adequate protection against the particularhazards for which they are designed

•Be reasonably comfortable when worn under the

designated conditions

•Fit snugly without interfering with the movements or

vision of the wearer

•Be within tolerable refractive power

•Be durable•Be capable of being disinfected

•Be easily cleanable






Use of Eye and Face Protections

"A a general rule, face shields should be wornover suitable basic eye protection."

- National Safety Council

Hearing Protection



The Need for Ear Protection and

Prevention of Excessive Noise Exposure



Exposure to high noise levels can cause

hearing loss or impairment. It can create

physical and psychological stress. There isno cure for noise-induced hearing loss, so

the prevention of excessive noise exposure

is the only way to avoid hearing damage.

Types of Hearing Protectors

Earplugs



Earplugs

Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block out

noise. To work effectively, they should fit snugly into

the ear canal.

Earmuffs

Types of Hearing Protectors



Earmuffs

A device composed of a headband with two

cushioned ear cups that form a seal around the

outer ear, covering it completely and blocking

out the noise.

Selection



• proper fit

• the employee‟s noise exposure

• the employee‟s hearing ability

• communication needs

• other constraints specific to job tasks

ARM’S LENGTH RULE



“If two people (with no hearing impairment) have

to raise their voices or shout to be heard in a

distance of less than an arm‟s length from eachother, the sound level is potentially hazardous.”

blah, blah, blah…



Noise Levels

PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURE

Duration Per Day Sound Levels



Duration Per Day

(Hours)

Sound Levels

(dB)

8 90

6 92

4 95

3 97

2 100

1½ 1021 105

½ 110

RESPIRATORY HAZARDS



Acids/Mists

Solvents/Vapors

Gases / Smoke

Dusts/Particulates

Heavy Metals/Fumes



RESPIRATORY PROTECTION



ß Filtration respirator

ß Chemical respirator

ß Air-supplying respirator

FILTRATION RESPIRATORS

or Mechanical Respirators

t d t f i t



screen out dust, fume, mist

and smoke. Such Filters

need to be replaced at

frequent intervals.

CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE

DEVICES remove

contaminants by passing the

tainted air through materialthat traps the harmful portions.

There are specific cartridges

for specific contaminants.

AIR-SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS



Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

Supply air from an air tank is strapped at theperson’s back.

Hand and Arm Hazards



1. Temperature extremes

2. Chemical exposures and splashes

3. Sharp objects

4. Fire

5. Abrasive materials

6. Live Electrical Conductors



Skin Protection



The job of protective

clothing is generally to

protect the skin against

chemicals, cuts, bruises,and extremes of

temperatures. It is

therefore, important to

choose the right material forhands protection and arms

protection.



GLOVES continued…



Rubber gloves

protect you whenworking around

electricity.

Welder’s gloves

protect your handsfrom heat and

flames

GLOVES continued…



Latex disposable gloves

are used to protect your

hands from germs andbacteria

Lead-lined gloves are

used to protect your

hands from radiationsources.

Cotton gloves help

grasp slippery

objects and protect

against slivers, dirt,

moderate heat or

cold.

Reminder !



FOOT PROTECTION



Safety Shoes

Steel toe cap

footwear protects

your toes from being

crushed by falling

objects.Mid-sole steel plate

protects the foot from

punctured hazards.

Safety Shoes and Boots



VINYL footwearresists solvents,acids, alkalies, salts,water, grease, andblood.

NITRILE footwearresists animal fats, oils,and chemicals.

Safety Shoes and Boots



ELECTROSTATICDISSIPATING footwearconducts staticelectricity to floors thatare grounded.

ELECTRICAL HAZARD footwearare insulated with toughrubber to prevent shocks andburns from electricity.

FALL PROTECTION



Full-body Harness

(BS: 1397:1979)

FALL PROTECTION



• Body Belt -

Used to restraint

a worker‟s movement

to a certain area

Resistance of employees to PPE



Discomfort

Inaccurate risk perception

Lack of education and training



LIMITATIONS OF PPE



1. The hazard still exists.

2. A defective PPE offers no protection

3. The PPE may introduce additional hazard.

4. Most PPE are not for continuous use.

5. Improper wearing may not give maximum

protection.6. It may transfer hazard to another location.

OSHSRULE 1080:

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & DEVICES



PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & DEVICES

1081 General Provisions:

1081.01 Every Employer:

1) Shall at his own expense furnish his workers with

protective equipment for the eyes, face, hands and feet,protective shields and barriers whenever necessary byreason of the hazardous nature of the process orenvironment, chemical or radiological or other mechanicalirritants or hazards capable of causing injury or

impairment in the function of any part of the body throughabsorption, inhalation or physical contact.



1081.02

All protective equipment shall be of approved design and constructionappropriate for the exposure and the work to be performed.

1081.03

The employer shall be responsible for the adequacy and propermaintenance of personal protective equipment used in his workplace.

1081.04

No person shall be subjected or exposed to hazardous environmentalcondition without protection.



– Power and Hand Tool Safety

– Machine Shop Safety



WHATEVER TYPE OF TOOLS

YOU ARE USING



• Keep tools in good condition.

• Support the work.

• Concentrate on what you are doing.


YOU ARE USING



• Protect your “off -hand”

• Beware of electrical hazards


YOU ARE USING



• Keep the work within easy reach



Safety Points to Remember:• Adjustable wrenches have the advantage of fitting

any size fastener but they offer the least secure

grip. DO NOT USE an adjustable wrench to free a

frozen nut or in any other situation requiring a lot

of force.

• Socket or box type wrenches are generally safer

and more secure than open ended or adjustablewrenches of the same size.



• When using an open ended, box or socketwrench, ALWAYS select a wrench with anopening that fits the fastener exactly. Use metricsized wrenches for metric fasteners and American

standard inch wrenches for American standardinch fasteners.

• When using adapters, always make certain thatyou are staying within the safe limits of the

sockets and the handle. This is especially truewhen you are adapting “down” (using a bighandle on a small socket).



• NEVER use a “cheater ” pipe to extend the

handle of any wrench.

• NEVER strike an ordinary wrench. If a nut is

frozen, use penetrating oil.

Important: If you have a choice, always

PULL the wrench rather than push it. You will

be less likely to fall if the wrench slips or the

bolt suddenly breaks loose.

Safety points to remember:



Sa ety po ts to e e be

• Do not use a screwdriver with a rounded or

otherwise damaged tip.

• Be certain the screwdriver tip matches the slop in

the head of the screw perfectly.

• If the tip is wider than the screw, it will damage the work.

• If the tip is too narrow or if it is fatter than the slot, it will slip

easily.• Do not confuse cross-slotted screws with standard Philips

head screws. They require different screwdrivers.



• Never hold the work in one hand while using a

screwdriver with the other. Set the work down on

a flat surface or secured it in a vise.



• Make sure the screwdriver shank is in line with

the crew and the screwdriver is perpendicular to

the head of the screw.

• The larger the diameter of the screwdriver handle,

the more force you can apply. Use a screwdriver

that is big enough for the job.



• You can make it easier to drive a screw by

applying wax to the threads. Heavy grease

works equally well, although it may stain the

wood.

• Drilling a pilot hole will make driving screw

considerably easier. When working with

hardwoods or with large screws, pilot holesare usually necessary.



• Never use a screwdriver in place of a chisel,

star drill or other struck tools.

Important: The purpose of ordinary plastic

handle is to make a screwdriver more

comfortable to use - NOT TO PROVIDE

ELECTRICAL INSULATION.



Safety points to remember:• Do not use pliers on nuts and bolts. A properly

sized wrench is more secure, and reduces the

chances of slipping or of damaging the fastener.

• Never use pliers for cutting hardened wire unless

they have been manufactured for this purpose.

• Do not extend the handles on a pair of pliers oruse force beyond hand pressure. Instead, use a

larger pair of pliers or, if necessary, cutters.



• Never expose pliers to high temperatures. You

stand a good chance of ruining the tool.

Important: Many pliers have plastic or rubbercushioned handles. This does not

necessarily mean they are insulated against

electricity! Unless tools are labeled

“insulated”, never assume they will providedany protection from electric shock.



Safety points to remember :

• Do not use a tool designed for soft metals on

hard metals.

• Use hand pressure alone to make the cut. Do

not extend the handles with “cheaters” to

increase leverage. Do not hammer on the

handles or tips. If snips or cutters will not cutunder hand pressure, then get a larger pair or

use a different type.



• Stay clear of sharp metal edges. Keeping snips

at a 90º angle to the metal will produce a

smoother, less sharp edge.

90º



• Do not cut wire on a diagonal, creating a sharp

point and beware of metal bands under tension,

which may spring out suddenly when cut.



Safety points to remember :

• Always deliver a blow with the striking face of

a hammer. NEVER strike with the side orcheek of a hammer.

• Do not use hammer to strike another.



• Do not use a hammer or any other strikingtool if the handle is damaged or if the head is

not securely on the handle.

D di il h d i



• Do not use an ordinary nail hammer to drivehardened steel nails or to strike steel or concrete

chisels, or other hardened struck tools. Use a

hammer made of metal designed for the purpose,

like ball peen hammer.

K tti t l h

MAINTAINING TOOLS



• Keep cutting tools sharp• Keep tools clean

• Keep bolts and screws properly tight

• Keep moving parts properly lubricated• Do not use a striking tool with a damaged or

loose handle

Important: If a damaged toolcannot be properly repaired,

DISCARD THE TOOL!



• Pay close, constant attention when using any

power tool.

• Be certain the tool is in good condition.

• Be certain that all parts of the power source arein good condition.

• DO NOT wear loose clothing or jewelry that could

become caught in the tool.



• DO wear eye protection.

• DO NOT let either hand get near the operating

point of tool.

Read manufacturer’s instructions. Know the

correct way to maintain, adjust and operate

any power tool before using it!



BASIC SAFETY REQUIREMENTS



• Shirt Sleeves

• Wool or Knit Sweaters

• Work Aprons

• Ties, Jewelries and Watches

• Hairnets

DRESS




• Safety Glasses or Goggles

• Hearing Protection

• Gloves

• Footwear

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT




• Back Injuries

• Wrist Injuries

AVOIDING STRESS AND STRAIN



• LIGHTING

• Individual Machines

• Overall Shop



• HOUSEKEEPING

• Floors• Work Surfaces

• Care and Storage of Tools

• Storage of Stock and Supplies

• Clearly Marked Work Areas



• MECHANICAL

• Points of Operation• Shear Points

• Nip Points

• Power Transmission Points



• ELECTRICAL

Indications of Possible Electrical Trouble:• Mild shock or tingling sensation from

contact with the machine

• Frayed or exposed wiring

• An excessively hot motor



• ELECTRICAL

Indications of Possible Electrical Trouble:• Inoperative or erratic switches

• Unusual or erratic machine operation

• Unusual odors such as burning insulation

• Sparks

• Smoke



• ELECTRICAL

NOTE:If you notice any signs of electrical

trouble, turn off the machine and have a

qualified electrician check it out before

you attempt to operate it again.



• ELECTRICAL

IMPORTANT: Before attempting non-routineadjustments, or any repair or maintenance of

a machine, you must perform an electrical

lock-out on the machine to prevent injury

from an unexpected start up or theunexpected release of energy.



• ELECTRICAL

Common Procedures to the lockout of any machine:• Make sure all of the machine‟s controls are in the

“off” position.

• Disconnect and look out all energy sources

supplying the machine.



• ELECTRICAL

Common Procedures to the lockout of any machine:• Make sure any secondary sources of energy,

such as flywheels or hydraulic or pneumatic

accumulators, have been disconnected or that

their energy has been dissipated.



• ELECTRICAL

Common Procedures to the lockout of any machine:

• Test or try the machine to make sure it is getting

no power.

• Notify everyone who may be affected by the

lockout before you begin the lockout and then let

them know when you are finished and the

machine has been re-energized.



• CHEMICAL

Chemical hazards are generally related to contact

with:

• various types of coolant fluids like water, soluble

oils or specialized synthetic mixtures;

• Petroleum oils and greases or special synthetics

used as lubricants; and,



• CHEMICAL

Chemical hazards are generally related to contact

with:

• Solvents used to coat or clean many kinds of

metal stock and finished workpieces.



• WORKPIECES

• Heat

• Sharp Edges and Burrs

• Chips

• Motion



SAFETY IS

EXPENSIVE...

TRY ACCIDENT!!!



TRY ACCIDENT!!!



THANK YOU.

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