occupational safety & health historical perspective
TRANSCRIPT
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Semester I, Session 20212022
BEE12202
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Lecturer’s name: Ts. Dr. Muhammad Hazli bin MazlanLecture’s department: Department of Electronic Engineering
Lecture’s website/email: [email protected]
Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health in Malaysia
1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
gold miners.
Early Recognition Of Occupational
Diseases
Company should
provide a ventilation
for miners.
He recognized the dangersof
metal fumes and described
symptoms andpreventive
measures.
In 1473 a German physician, Ellenborg, published the
first known pamphlets on occupational disease from
In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola,described the
diseases of miners.
In 1713 Ramazzini,who is regarded as the father of
occupational medicine, suggested that in diagnosis
doctors should ask patients about their occupations.
A book, “The Diseases of Workmen”
described the symptoms of mercury and
lead poisoning and issues with silica.
Industrial accidents arose out of the Factory System
during the Industrial Revolution in Britain in 18th Century
(1700s).
Women and children worked as heavy labourers under
unsafe and unhealthy workplaces.
Emergency Of Industrial Accident
Industrial accidents arose out of the Factory System duringtheIndustrial Revolution in Britain in 18th Century(1700s).
In 1833 English FactoryAct was the first effective
industrial safety law.
It provide compensation for accidents rather than to
control their causes.
Insurance companies inspected work places and
suggested prevention methods
Problem:Safety became injury and insurance
oriented.
Industrial Safety Legislation
Role of HerbertW.
Heinrich (1930’s),
Developed Domino
Theory and promoted
control of workers
behaviour.
Problem:
Focused on
worker behaviour
and not
management
Caused people to
think that safety is
about policing worker
Emergency Of Safety Management
Frank Bird (1970)
developed Loss Control
Theory.
Suggested that underlying
cause of accidents are
lack of management
controls and poor
management decisions.
Problem:
Not so popular: blames
management
(responsibility and control).
In 1980’s,Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) was introduced;
Based on Heinrich’s findings.
Work by recognizing safe work habits and offering rewards
and punishment.
Problem:
Focuses on workers and not on hazard ormanagement
Reward and punishment system haveflaws
Safety Management Systems
Lord Robens,Chairman of a Royal SafetyCommission
Report noted that:
there was too many OSH legislation,
was fragmented,
limited in coverage (specific hazards & workplace),
out of date and difficult to update,
inflexible,
people thought that safety was what government inspectors
enforced.
Lord Robens recommended :Self regulation
A Self-Regulation Legislation
In principle, self-regulation offers greater speed, flexibility,
sensitivity to market circumstances and efficiency than
government regulation.
Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992 Bright
Sparkler accident in Sungai Buloh
A Self-Regulation Legislation
Bright Sparklers Fireworks 1991
Factory caught fire in
Sg.Buloh
Huge explosion
26 died and over 100
injured
BRIGHT SPARKLER, SG BULOH 7th MAY 1991
Legislation follow major accidents and reinforce need for
management system
ACCIDENT
Flixborough (1974)
REGULATION/PROGRAMME
CIMAH regulations 1996
Bhopal (1984) “Responsible Care” /
Process safety
Piper Alpha (1988) Risk Assessment /
Management system
A Self-Regulation Legislation
2. OSH PROGRAMME
OSHA 1994 requires to have written policy,organisation
and arrangements.
Purpose of OSH programme is to ensure:
Implementing the goals of OSH policy
Minimum compliance with national laws and regulations
Good operation of the organisation’s OSH management system
Continual improvement in OSH performance
Creating OSH Policy, Organisation &
Arrangements
Begin with:
1. Goals of the organisation written in the policy
2. Legal and other requirements
3. Identified hazard and risks
Prioritise the needs of these requirements and set
objectives and target for the organisation to achieve.
Set objectives and targets.
Create action plans with datelines and
responsibilities for completion.
Planning An OSH Programme
Overall responsibility
Provide resources to
implement the policy
Day-to-day programme
tasks and responsibilities
Ensuring that OSH is
managed within theirarea
of operations.
Responsibilities For The Implementation
of OSH Programmes
Tocooperate
Obey rules and
regulations
Reporting
Involvement in
consultations
A B C
General responsibility
AA.TopManagement
BB.Line Management and
Supervisors
CC.Employee
Information,instruction,training:
OSH promotion
Awareness programme
Training / induction and other training
Signs and labels
Tool box meeting
Communicating and consultation
OSH Programmes
A formal procedure to
minimise remaining risks:
Cleaning and maintenance
operations.
Working alone.
Breakdowns.
Emergencies.
Should have safe working
procedures @ S.O.P for
all jobs.
Safe System of Work
IMPLEMENT!!
Electrical work,especially athigher
voltages.
Entry into confined spaces e.g.vessels.
Excavation work or demolition activities.
Presence or possible release of
Radiation or flammable gases, liquid or dusts
(possible risk of ignition by hot work, electrical
or electrostatic sources).
Lone working in hazardous environments.
Safe System of Work Permit-To-Work
Required
May include the“Buddy System”:
(a) Challenge-check system.(e.g.aircraft checklists)
(b) Lifeguard system.(e.g.jobs requiring lifelines and special
protective gear)
(c) Two-person system.(e.g.in electrical substation
operations)
Safe System of Work – Lone Working
Human factors can lead to accidents:
General health and fitness.
Complacency (satisfied).
Fatigue,Boredom.
Rushing (cutting corners).
Panic in emergencies.
Over eagerness (not following procedures).
Build in fail-safe mechanism or remove the risk
The Importance Of Human Factors