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GEOGRAPHY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

2013 – 2014

Occupational Structure

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Submitted by :

A.K.Ananda Krishnan

CLASS : XII – E

SCHOOL : K.V.PATTOM -1ST SHIFT

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master A.K.Ananda Krishnan has successfully completed the annual investigatory project in the academic year 2013 – 2014 as per the CBSE syllabus for Geography in Class XII in Kendriya Vidyalaya Pattom

Shift – 1.

Signature of :

……………………………. …………………………….

Teacher in Charge Principal

Date - ………………………….

Rubber Stamp

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This investigatory project on “ The General Occupational Structure of India based on a field survey ” has benefited from

the instructions given by the Central Board of Secondary Education as well as the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan and the assistance provided by K.V.Pattom [Shift-1] Trivandrum which

I am immensely grateful for.

I hold in high regard the approval of the Principal of K.V.Pattom S.Neerada Madam.

For acting as the Chief Supervisor of the Project and for guiding me throughout its formation with valuable and extensive

comments I recognize it as a privilege to thank Asha Devi.A Madam (PGT Geography).

Finally I would also like to thank all the respondents of our survey for cooperating with us completely and for devoting

their valuable time to help me excel in my academics.

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CONTENTS

Sl.No Topic Pg.No1. Meaning and Concepts 6

2. Study Area 9

3. Objective 10

4. Methodology 11

5. Analysis and Interpretation

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6. Findings 21

7. Reference 23

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Meanings and Concepts

Occupational Structure –

This refers to the aggregate distribution of occupations in society, classified according to skill level, economic function, or social status. The occupational structure is shaped by various factors: the structure of the economy (the relative weight of different industries); technology and bureaucracy (the distribution of technological skills and administrative responsibility); the labor-market (which determines the pay and conditions attached to occupations); and by status and prestige (influenced by occupational closure, life-style, and social values).

It is difficult to attach causal primacy to any one of these factors; moreover, their role in shaping the occupational structure changes over time, as society changes. For example, during the early phase of European industrialization, the dominance of manufacturing made for a preponderance of manual occupations, while in recent times the shrinking of this sector, together with the growth in services, has made for an expansion of white-collar occupations.

The distinction between manual and non-manual occupations has also become blurred.

The occupational structure is described and analyzed by means of various classificatory schemes, which group similar occupations together according to specific criteria such as skill, employment status, or function. Such classifications are also used as a basis for the empirical analysis of economic and social class.

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Primary Activities –

The economic activities which involve the direct usage of minerals and resources directly from nature are known as primary activities. The primary activities are more significant in developing and less developed countries while the other two are predominant in developing nations.

Secondary Activities –

The economic activities revolving around manufacturing, processing and construction work are known as secondary activities. These activities are concerned primarily concerned with adding value to the natural products. This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods. These products are then either exported or sold to domestic consumers and to places where they are suitable for use by other businesses

Tertiary Activities –

The economic activities which are concerned with the commercial output of services rather than the production of Tangible goods are known as tertiary activities. These rely more heavily on the expertise and skills provided by individuals rather than the production techniques and manufacturing technology.

Public Sector –

The public sector comes under the management and total supervision of the state. The sector not only tries to make profit but also ensures that the development of the state takes place. Mainly heavy industries come under this sector. The state takes such initiatives in areas where the private sector is not willing to go since instant profit is not available

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Private Sector –

This sector comes under the ownership of an individual or a group of individuals. It enjoys a lot of autonomy from the government and its intension is merely to accumulate profit rather than the state and its population’s welfare. The private sector is more significant in the capitalist economies.

Organized Sector –

A sector which act according to government rules with many employers and have a defined pattern of wages is called organized sector. The individuals employed under this sector have security and rights.

Unorganized Sector –

In this sector – the employees do not obtain any such rights; they may or may not be provided adequate wages. The individuals employed in this sector do not have security and the state has limited powers in enforcing its labor norms here

Physical Labor –

Manual labor (or manual work) is physical work done by people usually involving the usage of their hands and movement of their body. Eg : - Gardener

Mental Labor –

Mental labor (or intellectual work) on the other hand emphasizes on the usage of knowledge more than muscle power. Such activities are performed by well qualifies individuals on various subjects.

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Study Area

The study area “ Thiruvalla ” is located in the capital city Trivandrum of the State of Kerala. Here in this residential area we have people

performing various professions living together. The study area comes under the well off places of

the administrative headquarters. However the area facilitates all and not only those in the

public sector. Thus the respondents are mainly engaged in tertiary activities and those who are

not even employed are highly educated.

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Objective

1. Through this investigatory project the student group’s principal aim is to get the basic or general outlook of the occupational structure of our country.

2. To focus on the nature of occupations of both male and female as well as to root out if any profession has the predominance of one gender.

3. To analyze the share of population engaged in the different types of economic activities and seek the activity which employs the most number of individuals.

4. To observe the employment opportunities provided by both the public and private sector as well as to identify the sector which provides more opportunities.

5. To find out the distribution of the population amongst the organized and unorganized sector.

6. To note down the number of people performing physical and mental labor.

7. To focus on the employment opportunities based on level of literacy as well as the income obtained by each person.

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Methodology

The investigatory project is mainly carried out through a field survey.

The students opt for a familiar place as their study area to carry out the date collection.

For the field survey the students mainly visit around 20 – 25 household.

In each household they provide the resident with a questionnaire.

The resident is requested to fill up the questionnaire for all the residents of that household.

The students after collecting the necessary information, compiles them as well as perform an analysis and interpretation.

They form tables based on the data and produce graphs based on it.

The students on the basis of this arranged data make their findings and observations.

The students also provide the necessary meanings and concepts of the project at the beginning for thoroughly understanding the work

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Analysis and Interpretation

Table No.1

Type of Economic Activity

Tally(No. of Individuals)

Total No. of Individuals

Primary 0

Secondary 0

Tertiary 32

Quaternary 0

Quinary 1

13

97%

3%

The population share in the different types of economic activites

Primary Activites

Secondary Activties

Tertiary Activties

Quaternary Activties

Quinery Activties

There is a clear cut predominance of tertiary activities

Table No.2

Sector of Employment

Tally(No. of Individuals)

Total No. of Individuals

PublicSector

9

Private Sector

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14

Public Sector27%

Private Sector73%

Population share in the different types of employment sectors

The private sector as usual provides employment to many individuals

Table No.3

Type of Labor Tally(No. of Individuals)

Total No. of Individuals

Organized 31

Unorganized 2

15

94%

6%

Share of Population in the two types of Labor

Organized Unorganized

The majority of the respondents being concerned with the tertiary activities find themselves placed in the organized sector.

Table No.4

Nature of Labor Tally(No. of Individuals)

Total No. of Individuals

Mental Labor 30

Physical Labor 3

16

Mental Labor91%

Physical Labor9%

Population share in the various natures of Labor

It is evident that most of the respondents are engaged in tertiary activities and hence the predominance of mental labor

Table No.5

Genders Tally(No. of Individuals)

Total No. ofIndividuals

Male 21

Female 12

17

64%

36%

Gender based distribution of workforce

MaleFemale

The males contribute to the larger part of the workforce

Table No.6

Gender Tally(No. of Individuals)

Total No. of Individuals

Male 16

Female 17

18

Male48%Female

52%

Gender based Distribution of the Unemployed

The unemployment rate is marginally more amongst the females

Table No.7

Gender Tally (No. of Employed

Individuals)

Total No. of EmployedIndividuals

Tally(No. of

Unemployed Individuals)

Total No. of UnemployedIndividuals

Male 21 16

Female 12 17

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Male

Female

57%

41%

43%

59%

Share of employment amongst males and females

Employed Unemployed

The unemployment rate seems high here because there is a huge dependant population here – housewives, students and the elderly.

Table No.8

Income Category Tally(No. of Individuals )

Total No. of Individuals

Below Rs.40,000 4

Rs.40,000 – Rs.70,000 19

Above Rs.70,000 10

20

No. of Individuals belonging to the income categories

4

19

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Workforce Distribution amongst the various income categories

Above Rs.70,000 Rs.40,000 - Rs.70,000Below Rs.40,000

The respondents are primarily performing tertiary activities and hence the high income levels.

Table No.9

No. Of Working DaysPer Week

Tally (No. Of Individuals)

Total No. of Individuals

5 days 10

6 days 20

7 days 3

21

No. of Individuals

10

20

3

Workforce Distribution according to the no.of working days per week

7 days 6 days 5 days

Since most of the respondents are engaged in the organized sector, they can avail leave and other benefits.

Findings The study area being located in the state capital shows a

desired predominance of tertiary activities and even an absence of primary activities which however can’t be found

throughout the country. Based on this study alone we shouldn’t conclude tertiary activities are taking over the economy since

primary activities basically agriculture remains the backbone of India. In Kerala particularly the capital city we have to take an

exception due to the human development such as high literacy rates and development of information technology.

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Even after being situated in the administrative headquarters the private sector clearly shows an upper hand in terms of

providing employment opportunities to the population while the public sector too remains significant. Both public and

private sector mainly provide job opportunities in the tertiary sector here. The population too being highly qualified in terms

of education are capable of availing these

Since the overwhelming majority of the population is performing tertiary activities they are categorized under the

organized sector. Here they find themselves secure as well as availing certain benefits such as leave, additional pay and holidays. They are subjected to certain norms and rights.

The population is not only engaged in tertiary activities but are mainly performing those services which require mental labor

more than any physical activity. Being highly skilled and educated, the workforce prefers these to manual work. It is also interesting to note that this reluctance of the original

population here makes way for internal migrants from other states to take over the physical work.

The workforce continues to be dominated by males but the share of female workforce has increased. But the growth is not uniform throughout the country. We should first acknowledge the fact that Kerala is the state leading in Female Sex Ratio as

well as in Female literacy. In the rest of India, usually the females who are mainly illiterate are engaged in farming. Thus

the females here may take over job opportunities of males even in the tertiary sector however it remains true that this is

not the story everywhere.

In the unemployed population we find the female share is more this is not because of education or illiteracy or lack of job

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opportunities. It is because they may choose not to work due to personal reasons. However this is much less compared to the

rest of India.

We find the dependant population’s share more here because those above 15 years of age usually students prefer not to work

till they complete their higher education.

The population is considerably well off from their sufficient income. This population being mainly engaged in tertiary

activities does not face any of the difficulties exposed to the Indian farmer.

The study here ultimately does not reflect the Indian reality. This is because the study area here is from the capital city of a South Indian State where agriculture is remotely practiced. It may be quiet surprising but the rest of India is dominated by

poverty (low incomes), primary activities, physical labor and the unorganized sector. But from the study here we can conclude

India is developing – soon like in developed countries the population will be able to avail good quality education and the

tertiary sector will take over.

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Reference

Books / Papers –

1. “Values, Ideologies, and Frames of Reference in Industrial Relations” -- Budd, John W. and Bhave, Devasheesh (2008) in Sage Handbook of Industrial Relations, Sage.

2. “Theoretical Perspectives on Work and the Employment Relationship” -- Kaufman, Bruce E. (2004, Industrial Relations Research Association)

Websites -

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

2. http://www.encyclopedia.com

Ward No.

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House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

26

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

27

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

28

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

29

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

30

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

31

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

32

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

33

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

34

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

35

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

36

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

37

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

38

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

39

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

40

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

41

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

42

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

43

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

44

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ward No.

45

House No.

Sl.No Name Age Gender Occupation EducationalQualification

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sl.No

TypeOf

EconomicActivity

SectorOf

Employment

TypeOf

Labor

NatureOf

Labor

MonthlyIncome

No. of working days in a week

1.

2.

3.

4.