occurrence, risk and prioritization of than 200 ... 2014_maja... · of more than 200 contaminants...
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Occurrence, risk assessment and prioritization of more than 200 contaminants in water and sediment of four Iberian rivers
Maja Kuzmanovića, Nuria De Castro Catalàb, Antoni Ginebredaa, Mira Petrovićc,d, Isabel Muñozb, Helena Guasche and DamiàBarcelóa,c
a Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA‐CSIC), Jordi Girona 18‐26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
b Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, 643 Diagonal Ave., 08028 Barcelona Spain
c Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
d Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
e University of Girona, Campus Montilivi s/n –Facultat de ciencias, 17071 Girona, Spain
2
IntroductionSources of contaminants
herbicides and pesticidesfertilisers... veterinary pharmaceuticals
...
industrial chemicalsmetals
human pharmaceuticalspersonal care productssurfactantspesticides...
Complex mixtures of antropogenic chemicals in natural systems
Introduction
EU Water Framework Directive
Goal: Good ecological status
Good chemical status‐ limited number of regulated pollutants
‐Environmental qualitiy standards (EQS) for priority pollutants and other relevant substances
+River basin specific pollutants
Emerging pollutants, not yet regulated
3Introduction
Aquatic species are exposed to complex mixtures of contaminants
Possible adverse effects
Protection of ecosystem
Objectives
•To define the composition of complex toxicant mixtures specific to each of studied river basins (Llobregat, Ebro, Júcar and Guadalquivir).
•To perform the ecotoxicological risk assessment of more than 200 measured chemicals with respect to three standard test species (algae, Daphnia sp. and fish).
•To identify hot spots of contamination and risk of exposure to detected compounds in each river basin.
•To prioritize the detected compounds according to their toxicity, detection frequency and concentration levels.
•Relationship with biolgical data
4Objectives
Database
5
Scarce database
More than 200 organic compounds:
•91 pharmaceuticals and hormones
•48 pesticides•21 perfluorinated compounds
•18 Illicit drugs•17 personal care products•14 industrial organic chemicals
Metals
•Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Co, As and Ni
Priority pollutants (pesticides, alkylphenols, metals)
Biological data
•(macroinvertebrate biodiversity, biomass, biofilm
properties)
Database
77 sampling sites in 2 campaigns
Metals‐19 sites
2010‐ intense precipitation, high flow
2011‐dry, low flow
Four river basins‐different pressures
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Urban and industrial‐lower partSalt mining Agriculture‐middle and lower partOrchard trees, grapes, vegetables
Agriculture‐ along basin and delta‐rice, fruit , grapes, cornurban and industrial in some parts
Lower part‐urban and agricultureMost of the basin agriculture‐citrus trees, rice, vegetables
Agriculture‐olive trees, grapes, cotton, sugarcane...
Barcelona
Valencia
Seville
Ebro Delta
Pamplona
Corine land cover‐modifiedStudy area
4. Prioritization‐Ranking index 1
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High toxic units‐possible acute effects
Low toxic units
“Negligible toxic units”
Rank frequency
Methods
RI= 0‐100%Gives the idea if the compound is frequently in high or low TU
Based on NORMAN2 group prioritization approach
1Kuzmanovic et al., 2014. Science of the Total Environment, doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.0562Von der Ohe et al., 2011, Science of the Total Environment, 409 (2011) 2064‐2077
Occurence
More than 50 organic chemicals and 5 ‐ 8 metals detected in each sample
Concentrations: metals>industrial organic>pesticides>pharmaceuticals>PFC
The most polluted basin‐ Llobregat (metals, industrial organics, pharmaceutical and perflourinated compounds)Júcar‐metals and pesticidesEbro metals, industrial organics, pharmaceuticals and perflourinated compoundsGuadalquivir‐ the least polluted (lower number of pharmaceuticals,high concentrations of alkylphenols and metals)
Corganic=7 µg/l(pharmaceuticals, industrial organics)Cmetals=83 µg/l
Corganic=4 µg/l(pesticides, industrial organics)Cmetals= 44 µg/l
wwtp
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GUADALGUIVIR 4Total metals=860µg/lTotal organics=2,2µg/l
LLOBREGAT 7Total metals=83µg/lTotal organics=6,6µg/lLLOBREGAT 5Total metals=450µg/lTotal organics= 3µg/l
EBRO 3Total metals=46µg/lTotal organics=1,6µg/l
JUCAR 7Total metals= 45µg/lTotal organics=1,4 µg/l
14Results
Results‐Spatial risk (Daphnia sp.)
Malathion Chlorpyriphos
Ethion
ChlorfenvinphosChlorpyriphos
Chlorpyriphos
Chlorfenvinphos
RiskLow Medium High
15Results
DiclofenthionChlorpyriphosAlkylphenols
Results‐Spatial risk (Fish)
DiclofenthionChlorpyriphosAlkylphenols
Results
Spatial riskThe most sensitive species
<<
666
16
TUorganic TUmetals
The most sensitive species
60% of the sites high risk of toxic effects in ecosystem
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Ebro, Zad log ∑TUalgae = ‐0,99
Llobregat, Anoia 3 log∑TU Daphnia = ‐0,97
Results
HerbicidesPharmaceuticalsTriclosan ...
InsecticidesAlkylphenols...
TU at sites with highest risk in Ebro and LLobregat
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Llobregat, Llob 7log∑TU Algae, metals = ‐0,25log∑TU Algae, organic = ‐1,75
Jucar, Juc 7log∑TU Daphnia, organic = ‐0,04log∑TU Daphni, metals = ‐1,96
Metals
Insecticides
Prioritization results‐water
Compound Llobregat Ebro Júcar GuadalquivirAlgae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish
Cu X X X X X X X X X X X X
Zn X X X X X X X
Ni X X X X X X
Chlorpyriphos X X X X X X
Fe X X X X X X
Chlorfenvinphos X X X
Diclofenthion X X X X
Pb X X X X
Diazinon X X X X
Prochloraz X
Ethion X
Carbofuran X
OPs/NPs X X
Diuron X
Mn X
Compounds frequently in high toxic unitsRI >12.5 %
• Pesticides • Industrial compounds • Metals Underline: WFD SP
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Compound Llobregat Ebro Júcar GuadalquivirAlgae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish
Sertraline X X X XArsenic X X X X XCobalt X X X X X X X X
Triclosan X X X X
Parathion‐Ethyl X XCaffeine X X X X
Terbutrine X X
Isoproturon X XLosartan X X X
Imazalil X X X X X
Tolytriazol X X X X
Simazine X X X
Atrazine X X X
Azinphos Ethyl X X X
Malathion X X X X X X X
Azinphos Methyl X X
Thiabendazole X
Methiocarb X X XVenlafaxine X X X XGemfibrozil X X
Pyriproxyphen X X
RI higher than 0, lower than 12,5 %. In low TU at many sites in rivers (pharmaceuticalsand metals) or in high TU at few sites(pescides).
• Pesticides • Industrial compounds • Pharmaceuticals • Personal Care • MetalsUnderline: WFD SP
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Compound Llobregat Ebro Júcar GuadalquivirAlgae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish
Chlorpyriphos X X X X X X X X
Chlorfenvinphos X
Nonylphenol X X X X X
Diazinon X X X
Malathion X
Ciprofloxacin X X
Methiocarb X
Methylparaben X X X
• Pesticides • Industrial compounds • Pharmaceuticals • Personal Care Products• Metals Underlined: WFD SP
Sediments
Sediments
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Other important compounds according to ranking indexLLOBREGAT EBRO JUCAR GUADALQUIVIR
Compound Algae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish Algae Daphnia Fish
Octylphenol X X X X X X X
Dexamethasone X X X
Acetaminophen X X X
NP1EC X X X X X X X X X
Ofloxacin X X X X
Carbendazim X X X X
Dimetridazole X X X X X
Triclosan X X X X X X X X
Cocaine X X X X
Sertraline X X X X X X X
NP2EO X X X X
Bisphenol A X X X X X X X X
(‐)‐Δ9‐Thc X X X X X X X X
Metronidazole X X X X X X
Thiabendazole X X X X X X X
Fluvastatin X X X X X X X
Propylparaben X X X X X X X X
Tebuconazole X X X X
TCCP X X X X X X X X
Imazalil X X X
Tolytriazol X X X X X X X X X X X X
Trazodone X X X X X X
1h Benzotriazole X X X X X X
Carazolol X X X
Albendazol X X X
Loratidine X X X X X X
Ketoprofen X X X X
Diazepam X X
Methadone Hydrochloride X X X
Estradiol X X X
Trichlorocaraban X X X
PFBA X X X
TUDaphnia sp. – Macroinvertebrates biodiversityTUorganic TUmetals TUmetals/organic TUmax Macroinvertebrate biodiversity
EBR1 0,15 0,01 0,15 0,06 2,08 3,29EBR2 0,23 0,04 0,23 0,16 0,32 1,25EBR3 0,17 0,05 0,17 0,10 1,04 2,97EBR5 0,21 0,03 0,21 0,12 0,50 1,92LLO3 0,05 0,00 0,05 0,06 3,06 3,73LLO4 0,04 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,79 1,40LLO5 0,06 0,14 0,14 0,13 1,57 3,24LLO6 0,05 0,06 0,06 0,05 1,06 2,55LLO7 0,06 0,21 0,21 0,20 0,34 1,50JUC1 0,12 0,01 0,12 0,07 1,45 2,57JUC2 0,64 0,01 0,64 0,37 0,57 2,16JUC4 0,86 0,01 0,86 0,33 0,61 1,80JUC5 0,82 0,02 0,82 0,39 0,17 0,81JUC6 0,92 0,01 0,92 0,43 0,46 1,81GUA1 0,10 0,05 0,10 0,04 2,82 3,74GUA4 0,05 0,12 0,12 0,10 0,72 2,28
Pearson TUorganic ‐0,47 ‐0,48TUmetals ‐0,19 ‐0,12
TUmetals or organic ‐0,52 ‐0,53TUmax ‐0,61 ‐0,62
23TUmax Ebro and Júcar‐Chlorpyriphos and ChlorfenvinphosTUmax Llobregat and Guadalquivir ‐Cu
Conclusions
24Conclusions
•The study confirmed the presence of complex mixtures of unregulated contaminants of various origins in Iberian rivers, raising concern about their potential interactive effects.•Industrial organic chemicals most frequently detected and in highest concentrations, while pesticides and metals were the most important chemical group concerning the risk for aquatic ecosystem.•Typically >50 compounds were detected per site.
•Four basins: around 60% of the sites with the high risk of adverse effects.•The highest risk – Júcar more than 70% of sites with high risk (organic compounds‐insecticides)•Guadalquivir‐lowest risk 30% of sites with high risk (metals and organics)•Llobregat‐metals •Several compounds of ecotoxicological concen (typically 2‐3)
•Most important compounds: Metals (Cu, Zi), pesticides(chlorpyriphos and chlorfenvinphos) and alkylphenols
•Emerging contaminants like industrial compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products were in low toxic units in water (but not negligible). Therefore,their chronic effects might be of special concern.