ocean acidification: biological impacts and research robert foy and tom hurst 2014 aoos ocean...
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Ocean Acidification: Biological Impacts and Research
Robert Foy and Tom Hurst2014 AOOS Ocean Acidification Workshop
Linking Knowledge to Need: Responding to Ocean Acidification (OA) in Alaska
Alaska Fisheries Science Center
December 2, 2014
NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center Research Approach
Focal species groups• Commercially important fish and shellfish species; • Their prey (calcareous plankton);• And shelter (corals).
Objectives•Ocean pH monitoring•Understand species-specific physiological responses;•Forecast population impacts and economic consequences.
King and Tanner Crab Research
2006-2007 pilot experiments: effects of pH change on growth and survival of blue king crab.
2008 AFSC ocean acidification research plan
2008-2009 methods development: —water chemistry and mineral measurement method development—effective CO2 delivery system designed for red king crab—Additional response variables
2010-2013 experimentation: —Red king crab larval growth and survival response to increased pCO2
—Golden king crab adult physiological response to increased pCO2
—Tanner crab larval and adult response to increased pCO2
W. Christopher Long, Katherine M. Swiney, and Robert J. Foy
• Long, Swiney, Foy. 2013. Effects of Ocean acidification on embryos and larvae of red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 69: 38-47.
• Long, Swiney, Harris, Page, Foy. 2013. Effects of ocean acidification on juvenile red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi). PLoS ONE 8(4).
red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus)
blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus)
golden king crab (Lithodes aequispinus)
King and Tanner Crab Research
• Important shell (cuticle) components are chitin, calcium carbonate and protein
• Calcium carbonate occurs mainly as calcite although the amorphous form sometimes occurs
Why Crab??
Depth distributions
Life Stage Intertidal Subtidal Middle Outer Upper Lower Upper LowerRed King Crab Mature 3-300
Juvenile 0-200Larval 0-100Egg 0-200
Blue King Crab Mature 0-200Juvenile 0-200Larval 0-100Egg 0-100
Golden King Crab Mature 100-1000Juvenile >1000Larval 200-1000Egg 100-1000
CanyonSlopeShelf
As depth increases: (pressure increases, temperature decreases, and pH decreases) – all of which promote the dissolution of CaCO3.
Affected by pH?
Affected by CaCO3 saturation state?
King and Tanner Crab Research
Experiments: Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) adult females
Red king crab embryos and larvae
Red king crab juveniles
Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) juveniles
Golden king crab (Lithodes aequispinus) adults
Response variables: Survival, fecundity, morphometrics (image analysis), growth (width and wet mass), calcification
Treatment system:• Flow through CO2 delivery system
• pH control
• Daily pH, temperature, and salinity measurement
• Weekly water samples taken for DIC and Alkalinity
King and Tanner Crab Research
Kodiak Fisheries Research Center Seawater FacilityOA Treatment system:• Open, flow through CO2 delivery system• 2 L/min – 10 L/min• Current capability: 1 control, 4 CO2 treatments• In construction: 2 controls, 8 CO2 treatments, 3 temperature
treatments, variable control• pH control
• Daily pH, temperature, and salinity measurement
• Weekly water samples taken for DIC and Alkalinity
Red King Crab Embryos• Adult females collected from Bristol Bay fishery• pHs: Ambient and 7.7 (~2100)• Decreased pH associated with smaller eggs and
embryos and larger yolks.
• Larvae collected as they hatched• Starvation survival experiments fully
crossed with “mom” treatments• 5 replicates with 20 larvae• pHs: ambient and 7.7
• Calcification increased • Morphometrics varied• Survival decreased
Red King Crab Larvae
Day
0 5 10 15 20 25
Mo
rtal
ity
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 AAACCACCAA AC CA CC
control “mom” and control larvae
acidified “mom” and acidified larvae
Embryonic treatment
Control Acidified
Per
cen
t C
a (
m/m
)
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
InitialControlAcidified
a
bc
a
bc
Larval treatment
• Crabs held in individual containers• Control, pH 7.8, pH 7.5• 30 crabs/treatment• Check for molts/mortalities• Measure pH/temp• Growth (length and mass) reduced• Calcium content did not change
Red King Crab Juveniles
Control pH 7.8
Co
nd
ition
ind
ex
120
140
160
180
200
220
Control pH 7.8
% C
alc
ium
(dry
ma
ss
)10
12
14
16
18
20
Car
apac
e le
ng
th (
mm
)
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5ControlpH 7.8ControlpH 7.8
Degree days
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750
Wet
mas
s (g
)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
a
b
Tradeoff?
Days
0 50 100 150 200
Pe
rce
nt s
urv
iva
l
0
20
40
60
80
100ControlpH 7.8pH 7.5
• Crabs held in individual containers• Control, pH 7.8, pH 7.5• 30 crabs/treatment• Survival decreased with decreasing pH
Red King Crab Juveniles
Bristol Bay red king crab fishery:•OA scenarios based on trends in recruitment •Forecasts based on bioeconomic model linked to a population dynamics model
King Crab Population Effects
UAF
USCG
Michael Dalton, Andre Punt
stock dynamics without OAKing Crab Population Effects: Red King Crab
• At a pH of 7.8 stocks and catches decline
• Under current catch levels fishery would be closed in about 2100
• Punt, Poljak, Dalton, Foy. 2014. Evaluating the impact of ocean acidification on fishery yields and profits: The example of red king crab in Bristol Bay. Ecological Modeling. 285: 39-53.
stock dynamics with OA
Ocean Acidification outreachOcean Acidification outreachKodiak Fisheries Research Center Ocean Science Discovery LabOcean Science Discovery Lab
NMFS and Kodiak Island Borough School District collaboration
Goal: to improve Ocean Science LiteracyOcean Science Literacy in grades K -12
• Middle School: What is OA? How do you measure ocean pH?• Intro to pH scale and ocean chemistry• Algal growth and plankton exposure
experiments
• High School: HS Oceanography class• Local OA background• Global OA implications• Climate change