ocean society of india - remote sensing of the oceans: an ......insat-3d for atmospheric & ocean...
TRANSCRIPT
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Remote Sensing of the Oceans:
An Indian Perspective
Ocean Society of India OSICON’13, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology , Pune , Nov. 26-28, 2013
Prakash Chauhan
Space Applications Centre,
Indian Space Research Organisation
Ahmedabad
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Why study the Ocean ?
• Ocean State Forecasting
• Numerical Weather Prediction – Monsoon
• Ocean Resources - Living and Non-living
• Monitoring of Coastal and Ocean Environment
• Ship Routing, Navigation
• Climate change and Simulation Modeling
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Seasonal monsoons & its variability
Severe weather events & cyclones (Average 5 cyclones
per year)
Intra-seasonal(30-60day) variations
Inter-annual variations: the Indian Ocean Dipole
Decadal variability and warming trends
Ocean circulations and biogeochemistry
Phailin
Ocean circulations
Indian Ocean is the poorly sampled region of the tropics
Indian Ocean Science Drivers
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Space Observations : Unique Advantages
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Wavelength Regions & Oceanic Parameters
Variable Wavelength Range &
Sensors
Spatial Scale Interaction Mechanism
Ocean
Colour
Visible Radiometers
(0.4 – 0.8 mm)
250m – 1Km Absorption & Scattering of Sun light
by Sea constituents
Sea Surface
Temperature
(SST)
Infrared Radiometers
( 3.0- 12.0 mm) &
Microwave Radiometers
( 4 -11 GHz)
1.0- 4.0 Km
25 Km
Emitted IR and Microwave radiation
Ocean
Winds
Microwave Scatterometrs
13.5 GHz
12- 50 Km Measure of Sea Surface Roughness
translated to wind speed & direction
Ocean
Surface
Topography
Microwave Altimeters
5- 36 GHz
8-20 Km Ranging of reflected microwave pulse
Sea Ice Visible Radiometers
Passive Microwave Rad.
1- 25 Km Reflected light in visible
Microwave emission
Sea Surface
Salinity
Passive Microwave
Radiometers ( 1.43 GHz)
50 Km 1.43 GHz frequency is sensitive to
salinity changes in sea water
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Virtual Constellations for Ocean Data
• Ocean Surface Topography
• Ocean Surface Winds
• Sea Surface Temperature
• Ocean Colour Radiometry
Ocean Remote Sensing –International Scenario
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Ocean Colour Instruments
NASA-MODIS
ESA-MERIS
ISRO-OCM
NOAA-VIIRS
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ISRO’s Tradition of Exploring Earth and Beyond
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Thematic Series
LAND RESOURCES
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Integrated Indian Ocean Observing System
Past
Satellite Variables
Bhaskara
SAMIR
Ocean State, Water Vapour, Liquid water
content
Oceansat-1 Ocean Colour, Chlorophyll, Ocean
Sediments (OCM), SST, Surface Winds
(MSMR)
Present
Oceansat-2
SARAL/Altika
INSAT-3D Imager
Ocean Colour, Chlorophyll, Ocean
Sediments (OCM-II),
Surface wind (Scatterometer), Sea Ice
Sea Surface Wind
Sea Surface Height, Currents
SST
Future
Oceansat-3
GISAT
Ocean Scat
Ocean Colour,SST
Ocean Colour, SST
Surface Winds
(Space Based & In-Situ Long-term Observation Network)
In-situ MeasurementsSatellite Systems
Oceanographic
Ship cruises
(a) (b)
Cal/Val sites
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Oceansat - 2 : Payloads
Ocean Color Monitor -2
• Band 765 nm 740 nm to
avoid O2 absorption
• Band 670 nm 620 nm for
better quantification of
suspended sediments
• Ku-band 13.515 GHz
• Spatial res., 50 km
• Ocean surface wind speed
from 4 m/sec to 24 m/sec
ROSADCG(M&R
)
DACS(M&R
)
PLC(R)
RECEIVER(M&R
)
DCG(M&R
)
DACS(M&R
)
PLC(R
)
DCG(M&R
)
DACS(M&R
)
PLC(R)
RECEIVER(M&R
)
DCG(M&R
)
DACS(M&R
)
PLC(R
)
Pencil Beam Scanning
Scatterometer • Frequency of operation - LI & L2 of GPS
• Codes used - C/A and P code
• Horizontal resolution - 300 Kms
• Vertical Resolution - 0.3 Kms (lower
Troposphere)
1 – 3 Kms (high
Troposphere)
• Accuracy - 1K for Temperature
- 10 % or 0.2 g/Kg for
Humidity
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Mesoscale Oceanography using SARAL/Altika
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INSAT-3D for Atmospheric & Ocean Observation
6 Channel IMAGER
Spectral Bands (µm)
Visible : 0.55 - 0.75
Short Wave Infra Red : 1.55 - 1.70
Mid Wave Infra Red : 3.70 - 3.95
Thermal Infra Red – 1 : 6.50 - 7.10
Thermal Infra Red – 2 : 10.30 - 11.30
Water Vapour : 11.30 - 12.50
• Resolution : 1 km for Vis & SWIR
4 km for MIR & TIR
8 km for WV
Spectral Bands (µm)
Short Wave Infra Red : 6
Mid Wave Infra Red : 5
Long Wave Infra Red : 7
Visible : 1
Resolution (km : 10
19 Channel IR SOUNDER
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Ocean Surface Winds (OCEANSAT-2 Scatterometer)
• Ocean Surface winds provides momentum to ocean
circulation.Winds also impact oceanic surface currents
• OCEANSAT-2 Scatterometer is operationally providing
Global Ocean surface wind vector with in 3 hrs
• NRT global winds at 50km resolution are used by ocean
and atmospheric community
• High resolution wind product at 12.5 km scale
developed
Winds from OSCAT (a) standard wind product (50 km) and (b)
High-resolution-wind as value-added product for Thane Cyclone
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Prediction of Global Tropical Cyclogenesis using OSCAT
Data
(Average Lead Time = 96 H)
Cyclone
Name
Formation
Time
(mm/dd/hh)
Prediction
Time
(mm/dd/hh)
Prediction
Lead Time
(hours)
EMILY 08/01/23Z 07/28/13Z 104
HARVEY 08/19/18Z 08/15/17Z 97
IRENE 08/20/23Z 08/19/15Z 32
KATIA 08/30/09Z 08/26/09Z 91
LEE 09/02/18Z 09/01/18Z 24
MARIA 09/06/21Z 09/04/00Z 69
NATE 09/07/21Z 09/05/18Z 51
OPHELIA 09/21/03Z 09/12/14Z 205
Cyclone
Name
Formation
Time
(mm/dd/hh)
Prediction
Time
(mm/dd/hh)
Prediction
Lead Time
(hours)
MUIFA 07/28/00Z 07/26/03Z 45
MERBOK 08/03/12Z 08/01/03Z 57
FERNANDA 08/16/15Z 08/12/19Z 92
GREG 08/17/06 08/12/04Z 123
ROKE 09/13/18Z 09/09/03Z 111
SONCA 09/15/12Z 09/14/02Z 34
HILLARY 09/21/18Z 09/14/18Z 167
HAITANG 09/25/06Z 09/20/04Z 122
EMILYHARVEY
IRENE KATIALEE
MARIA
NATE
MUIFA
MERBOKHAITANG ROKE
HILLARY
GREGFERNANDA OPHELIA
SONCA
Peak Intensity
achieved by TC
after formation
Tropical Storm
Hurricane-1
Hurricane-2
Hurricane-3
Hurricane-4
Hurricane-5
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9-10-2013 (Noon) 09-10-2013 ( Mid Night)
Cyclogenesis for Cyclone Phailin using OSCAT
10-10-2013 ( Mid Night)
11-10-2013 ( Mid Night) 12-10-2013 (Noon)
Wind Speed
Advance forewarning
of cyclones using
OSCAT data
based on
Cyclogenesis studies
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Severe Cyclonic storm LEHAR
Captured by OSCAT, INSAT-3D
INSAT-3D Imager
25-11-2013 1600 hrs
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Cyclone Phailin: As Seen by SARAL/Altika
( Significant Wave Height)
Before Cyclone During Cyclone
3rd to 7th October, 2013 8th to 12th October, 2013
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Ocean Currents
OSCAT & Altimeter derived ocean currents
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Ocean Surface Currents (m/s) derived from satellite
Observations for October 12, 2013.
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(a) (b)
N1
N2
N3N4N5
F1F2
F5
F3
F4
Climatic (1979-2002) maximum SIE
OSCAT derived Sea Ice Extent (SIE)
Land-ice-ocean contamination mask
Sea ice extent overlaid on the OSCAT data
(a) November 2009 spring month and (b) February 2010, a summer month.
Regions marked by N1 to N5 and F1 to F5 denote some important Antarctic
sectors experiencing changes
November 2009 February 2010
Basis:
Sigma-0,
APR
(NO GR?)
Algo-AS-OSAlgo-AS-OS
OSCAT +
OS/AS GR
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3-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 >25
Melting Index
MI = Σ (σw - σsi)Where, σw =Winter Average winter
Sigma-0 (Match-September); and σsi =
Sigma-0 of summer months (i=
Oct,Nov,Dec & Jan)Drop in Sigma-0 is an indicator of surface melting (of snow/ice).
Hence, MI, which is an accumulated drop in Sigma-0, is an indicator of
total surface melting observed during the summer period
Data used: 4.45 km
enhanced resolution
OSCAT Sigma(VV)
obtained from BYU site.
Year-to-Year Change in Antarctica Surface MeltingObserved from Oceansat-2 OSCAT Scatterometer
Image is showing the
average winter Sigma-0
MI (2012-13) > MI(2011-
12)
2011-122012-13
1
2
3
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Sea Surface Temperature from Geo Platform Diurnal Variation of SST using INSAT-3D Imager data
Six Band Imager of INSAT-3D has split channel SST bands at
10.2-11.2 mm & 11.5-12.5 mm
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RISAT Data RV Polarisation
June 28, 2012
Dominant wave
lengths & Directions
WL (m) Dir (deg)
115.2 0.0
158.0 354.0
86.8 356.7
139.6 0.0
182.0 350.9
179.2 346.5
Subset of the RISAT Image
2-D Ocean Wave Spectrum
by Synthetic Aperture Radar
Ocean Surface Waves
• Ocean Surface waves using RISAT-1 SAR data has
been estimated
• Two dimensional wave spectrum of RISAT SAR data
shows dominant wavelengths and direction
• Algorithms for Significant wave height (SWH) using
altimeters have been developed
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16.2 0
130
110
90
70
Wavelength
(meters)
Ocean Surface Waves using RISAT-1 SAR data
& Coastal Bathymetry
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Island Wake effect detected
using RISAT-1 FRS Data over
Waya Island, Fiji, Pacific Ocean
Little Islands Big wakes
Island wakes
RISAT-1 FRS DATA VV
28-8-2012
• Waya Island in Fiji is a volcanic
feature having max. height of
1300 ft
• Such feature obstructs wind flow
on the Lee ward side
• The surface roughness reduction
on the Lee ward side is captured
in RISAT-1 FRS data
• This ocean-atmospheric
process is called Island wake
effect
Island wakes around
Hawaii
Waya Island
Hawai
RISAT20 Aug 2012
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Sea Surface Salinity & Fresh water Flux
• Inputs on fresh water flux in ocean model
enhance prediction of ISV of SSS
• Satellite derived precipitation estimates
improves ocean model predictability
• Efforts are being done to validated SMOS
and Aquarius data for Indian Ocean region
R² = 0.791
30
32
34
36
38
40
30 32 34 36 38 40
AQ
UA
RIU
S S
SS
(p
su
)
ARGO SSS (psu)Annual Averaged SSS (psu) from Aquarius
Salinity image of Aquarius
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Ocean State Forecast models at NODPAC, Indian Navy
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Biological Oceanography
• ISRO has launched two Ocean Colour
Monitor (OCM) sensors
• Algorithms for atmospheric correction
of bio-optical algorithms developed
• Ocean Colour data is operationally
used to asses marine living resources,
primary productivity, algal bloom
detection and bio-physical coupling
studies
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OCM – Global Area Coverage (GAC)
July-2012 OCM2 destriped nLw -443 nm MODIS (July 2012) nLw (4km) -443 nm
Global
Coverage
in 8 days
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Global Data by OCM : Coral Reefs of Bahamas
03APR2012
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05JUN2012
Great
Barrier Reefs
Australia
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Space Based Potential Fishries Forecast
• Oceanic fronts are associated with zones of
elevated primary and secondary productivity
and fishery grounds
• Upwelling zones, eddies and rings are
known to be rich in nutrients leading to higher
productivity
• Persistence ocean features are relatively
good for fishing for longer duration
• PFZ activity in mission mode and various
modes of dissemination
PFZ Text Page PFZ Web-GIS Page
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Noctiluca Bloom
Remote Sensing for Algal Blooms
Extensive Noctiluca bloom
March 2008
OCM-2
10 Feb 2010
Arabian Sea
Goa
Trichodesmium
Bloom
•Ocean Colour Data from OCM and
MODIS has been used to Monitor
Noctiluca Bloom in Arabian Sea
• Nitrogen fixing Trichodesmium
bloom in the Arabian Sea occurs in
April-May
• This bloom is captured using
Ocean colour data
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• Oceanic Primary Production is important for
ocean carbon cycle, carrying capacity of marine
eco-system & climate-change studies
• Operational column primary production
estimates are generated using OCM data
• New production using satellite PP images and
modeled f-ratio based on in-situ data
• Bio-geographic provinces identified for carbon
source and sinks
Ocean Primary Productivity
mgCm-2 d-1
New ProductionEuphotic Production
100 500 1000 1500 2000 50 100 150 200 300 400 600 1000
Bio-Geographic Provinces of the Arabian Sea
Primary Productivity map
Northern Indian Ocean
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Cyclone Induced
Ocean Productivity
Cyclone Phailin
Capture by
OCEANSAT-2 OCM
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Satellite Gravity using Altimeter
Subsurface Modeling over Sumatran
Earthquake Region
seamounts
Identification of new seamounts and paleo-propagators in
Arabian Basin
• Satellite Altimeter
data over oceans
have been used
for Gravity
Anomaly
• Sea Mounts and
Paleo-propagators
have been
identified
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OCM -2 & OSCAT
Using Kavaratti site (in-situ) data
Vicarious Gain Coefficients computed from site
using RT Model
Lunar Calibration
Comparison of sensor measured with modeled
Lunar surface radiance for Highland, moon-disc and
mare soil targets
Geo-physical product validation
Using Kavaratti, coastal and Aeronet-OC sites
Calibration of OSCAT º
Saral/Altika – Tide gauges being installed
Development of Land site
Thar & Kutch sites identified using HySI & Multi-date
LISS-3
Site characterization initiated
Megha-Tropiques
Micro rain radar & Disdrometer installed at Kavaratti
Calibration/Validation
Activities Kavaratti
AWSMicro Rain
Radar
Disdrometer
Radar
Gauge
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Cyclone detection and prediction Extended range prediction for (15-day ahead)
cyclogenesis and cyclone tracks with Multi-
model approach
GIS based cyclone analysis system &
SCARPIO web portal
Image-based nowcasting ofUttarakhand Heavy Rain
MOSDAC Portal for Atmospheric & Ocean Data Dissemination
MOSDAC : NEW VERSION RELEASED
Data Released: MEGHATROPIQUES & SARAL DATA
PRODUCTS
Validated Products released
• OSCAT VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS
• WRF FORECAST (5X5 km grid)
• KALPANA Winds & Hydro Estimator Rain
• INSAT-3D Geophysical Products
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OCEANSAT-3Global Ocean Coverage
Payloads
• 13 Band Ocean Colour Monitor
• 2 Bands for SST
• Ku Band Scatterometer
Status
• PSLV Launch 2015/16
Future EO Satellites for Ocean Observation
OCEANSAT-1 OCEANSAT-2 RISAT-1 SARAL INSAT-3D OCEANSAT-3 INSAT-3DR GISAT
Ocean
&
Atm
os
ph
ere
Continuity of space observations…..
1999 2009 2015
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• India contributes to science working groups of
IOCCG to enhance the science of ocean colour
• Contributions towards ocean colour data sharing
with global community
• Mission requirements for future ocean colour
sensors
• ISRO is CEOS chair for 2012
• Actively contributing towards virtual constellation for
- Ocean Surface Winds (OSW-VC)
- Ocean Surface Topography (OST-VC)
- Ocean Colour Radiometry (OCR-VC)
International Ocean-Colour
Coordinating Group (IOCCG)
Committee on Earth
Observation Satellites (CEOS)
International Initiatives
• Collaboration on OCEANSAT-2 OCM &
Sctterometry
• Development of dual frequency L & S
band SAR
• Coordination on Coastal &
Ocean Applications
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Challenges Ahead
• Next generation of satellite altimetry with high
spatial & temporal resolution
• Direct observations for ocean surface currents
using high frequency radars and
interferometers
•Improved coverage of SAR instruments for
operational ocean waves
•Need for high resolution SST (< 2 km) without
cloud cover for weather prediction and feature
identification
•Ocean Salinity at better spatial scales
•Continuity of space observations for long term
calibrated Climate Data Records generation
Thank You
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Light reflectance ratio
865 nm
26 Oct 2009 30 Oct 2009
Plume Extent
Detection of Jaipur Oil Fire Plume using
OCEANSAT-2 OCM data