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Open your eyes to a world of discovery

Eye Wonder

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Eye Wonder

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4-5

Ocean zones6-7

The blue planet8-9

What is a fish?10-11

Fantastic fish12-13

Jellyfish14-15

Spectacular sharks

16-17Ocean giants

18-19Playful dolphins

20-21Gentle sea cows

22-23Soaring seabirds

24-25Ocean travelers

26-27

Octopuses and squid

Contents

Written and edited by Samantha GrayDesigned by Mary Sandberg, Janet Allis, and Cheryl Telfer

Publishing manager Mary LingManaging art editor Rachael Foster

US editors Gary Werner and Margaret Parrish Jacket design Chris Drew

Picture researcher Nicole KaczynskiProduction Kate Oliver

DTP Designer Almudena DazConsultant Sue Thornton

Thanks to Sarah Walker for editorial assistance

First American edition, 2001

02 03 04 05 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Published in the United States by

DK Publishing, Inc.375 Hudson Street

New York, New York 10014

Copyright 2001 Dorling Kindersley Limited

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American CopyrightConventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published

in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gray, Samantha.Ocean / by Samantha Gray.-- 1st American ed.

p. cm -- (Eye wonder) Includes index.ISBN 0-7894-7852-8 -- ISBN 0-7894-8180-4 (lib.bdg. :alk.paper)

I. Marine animals--Juvenile literature. [I. Marine animals.]I. Title. II. Series.

QL121.G725 2001591.77--dc21 2001017284

ISBN 0-7894-7852-8

Color reproduction by Colourscan, SingaporePrinted and bound in Italy by L.E.G.O.

See our complete product line atwww.dk.com

LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH,MELBOURNE, AND DELHI

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28-29Living together

30-31Down in the depths

32-33Life on the

seabed

34-35Coral reefs36-37

Life in acoral reef

38-39Icy waters

40-41Penguin party

42-43Kingdom of kelp

44-45Exploring underwater46-47

Glossary48

Index and

acknowledgments

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Schools of fish likethese silver snappersswim in the sunlit zone

A red arrow pointing to themiddle area of this picture

indicates sea creatures living in the twilightzone. Light becomes dim below 450ft (150m).The twilight zone reaches from here downto about 3,300ft (1,000m) deep.

Octopuses andsquid live in allthe ocean zones,including thetwilight zone.

Twilight zone

A red arrow pointing tothe top area of this pictureindicates sea creatures livingin the sunlit zone. Sunlight

reaches down to about 450ft (150m) deep.Most sea creatures live in sunlit water.Sunlight reaches through shallow seas andthe upper waters of the open ocean.

Sunlit zone

A red arrow pointing to the lowest areaof this picture indicates sea creaturesliving in the midnight zone. No sunlightreaches below 3,300ft (1,000m), so themidnight zone is pitch black and freezing

Midnight zone

Deep-sea hatchet fishhave lights along theirbellies and tails thatglow in the darkness.

The deepest ocean is the Pacific, followed bythe Atlantic, then the Indian. The Arctic is theshallowest of all the oceans.

Many sea creatures depend on ocean plantlifefor their food supply. Plants need sunlight to grow.

Coral and kelp only grow in sunlit seas.

Fishy facts

Ocean zonesOceans may be divided into three zonesaccording to how far down sunlight reaches.To see which zones creatures live in, lookfor the red arrow in the picture below.

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The blue planetOceans cover more than two thirds of theEarths surface. In this vast underwaterworld, many sea creatures live together,often hidden beneath the waves.

Sea turtlesThere are many types of seacreatures, including reptiles such

as turtles. These have to rise tothe surface to breathe. Theybreathe air through their nostrils.

Fishing for foodOceans are a sourceof food for seabirds,who fly or swim insearch of fish.

Green turtles live inwarm waters in the Atlantic,

Indian, and Pacific Oceans..

The Pacific Ocean coversmore than one third of theEarths surface.

Gulls swoopdown from thesky to scoop upa fishy snack.

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PlanktonThe sunlit oceanteems with tiny

life forms calledplankton. Theseare a vital foodsource for manysea creatures.

Breathing through blowholesWhales are mammals. Unlike fish, they cannotbreathe underwater. They surface to breathe airthrough their blowholes. Blue whales are the

largest mammals of all.

One big oceanIf you traveled in a boat, you

could sail to every ocean andsea because they all join up.

It could be said that

there is really onlyone vast ocean.

From space, Earthlooks blue because

water covers so muchof its surface.

The largest areas ofseawater are called oceans. Thesmaller ones are called seas.

Wind creates waves on theocean surface. Strong windsmake bigger waves.

All seawater is salty. One ofthe saltiest seas is the Red Sea.

Fishy facts

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Safety in schoolsSmall fish such as saupeoften swim in large groupscalled schools or shoals.There is safety in numbers!

Safety in schoolsSmall fish such as saupeoften swim in large groupscalled schools or shoals.There is safety in numbers!

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Swim like a fish!Fish swim like snakes wriggle. Their bodiesform S-shaped curves. Most fish use their tailsfor the main push forward. A few rowthemselves along with their fins.

How fish breatheOn land, oxygen is in the air.Water also contains oxygen.Fish gulp water and run itover their gills. Oxygen passesthrough the gills intothe fishs blood.

Super sensesFish can hear, smell, and taste.They have taste buds in theirmouths, fins, and skin. This

polka-dot grouper swims headdown while prowling for food.

Opening to gills

Muted color camouflages fishin the open ocean.

Shapes andsizes of scalesvary in different fish.

Fish oftenhave excellent eyesight.

All fish have fins for swimmingand gills for breathing underwater. Fish also have theirown suits of armor! Most

are covered in overlapping scaleslike tiles on a roof. Some just haveextra-tough skin. They are slimy so thatthey can glide swiftly through water.

What is a fish?

Dogfish wiggle

from side to side.Lesser spotted dogfish9

Swim like a fish!Fish swim like snakes wriggle. Their bodiesform S-shaped curves. Most fish use their tailsfor the main push forward. A few rowthemselves along with their fins.

How fish breatheOn land, oxygen is in the air.Water also contains oxygen.Fish gulp water and run itover their gills. Oxygen passesthrough the gills intothe fishs blood.

Super sensesFish can hear, smell, and taste.They have taste buds in theirmouths, fins, and skin. This

polka-dot grouper swims headdown while prowling for food.

Openingto gills

Muted colorcamouflages fishin the open ocean.

Shapes andsizes of scalesvary in different fish.

Fish oftenhave excellenteyesight.

All fish have fins for swimmingand gills for breathing underwater. Fish also have theirown suits of armor! Most

are covered in overlapping scaleslike tiles on a roof. Some just haveextra-tough skin. They are slimy so thatthey can glide swiftly through water.

What is a fish?

Dogfish wiggle

from side to side.Lesser spotted dogfish

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Fantastic fishFish can be weird and wonderful!They vary in size from tiny seahorses to giant manta rays. Somehave unusual shapes that help

them to hide or scare off predators.

Manta rays flap with wide, winglike fins and glide through the water.

Gentle giantsThe vast, flat bodies of manta rays blend

in with the mud and sand of the seabed.Despite their size, manta rays are gentle

creatures. They eat mainly plankton.

Hidden on the seabedStonefish change color to blend in with

the seabed. They have spines on theirbacks for protection. Each spine injects

a deadly poison if touched.

Prickly beautyLionfish have striped bodiesto warn away other fish.Any predator that bites alionfish will be pierced bypoisonous spines.

1010

Fantastic fishFish can be weird and wonderful!They vary in size from tiny seahorses to giant manta rays. Somehave unusual shapes that help

them to hide or scare off predators.

Manta rays flapwith wide, winglikefins and glidethrough the water.

Gentle giantsThe vast, flat bodies of manta rays blend

in with the mud and sand of the seabed.Despite their size, manta rays are gentle

creatures. They eat mainly plankton.

Hidden on the seabedStonefish change color to blend in with

the seabed. They have spines on theirbacks for protection. Each spine injects

a deadly poison if touched.

Prickly beautyLionfish have striped bodiesto warn away other fish.Any predator that bites alionfish will be pierced bypoisonous spines.

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Dragon of the sea Leafy sea dragons livein shallow, seaweedywaters. Here, theyavoid predators bylooking like seaweed.Their other name isweedy sea dragons.

Puffed upWhen in danger, porcupinefish gulp down water andswell up like balloons.Now they are too largeand prickly for most

predators to swallow!

A puffed-up porcupine fish

has raised spines.Colorful ribbonRibbon eels can coilthemselves into crevicesthat seem too small fortheir long bodies. They

have sharp teeth forseizing prey.

E e

l s a r e f i s h

b u t

t h e y

l o o k

m u c

h m o r

e l i k e s n a ke s

!

A relaxed porcupine fish withspines lying flat.

11

Slimy, slippery skin

11

Dragon of the sea Leafy sea dragons livein shallow, seaweedywaters. Here, theyavoid predators bylooking like seaweed.Their other name isweedy sea dragons.

Puffed upWhen in danger, porcupinefish gulp down water andswell up like balloons.Now they are too largeand prickly for most

predators to swallow!

A puffed-up porcupine fish

has raised spines.Colorful ribbonRibbon eels can coilthemselves into crevicesthat seem too small fortheir long bodies. They

have sharp teeth forseizing prey.

A relaxed porcupine fish withspines lying flat.

Slimy, slippery skin

E e

l s a

r e f

i s h

b u

t t h

e y l o

o k

m u c

h m o r e l i k

e s n a k e s !

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O cean drifter

in w rmer p r s of he world, hePor uguese m n-of-w r dr f s on

he surf ce of he w ves. i s

held up by b lloonl ke flo .a rel ve of jellyf sh, s o hern me s blue jellyf sh. ic ches f sh n s long en cles.these shoo ny s ngs n o ny

n m l h ouches hem.People re some mes s ung by

Por uguese m n-of-w r. thes ngs re no f l o people,bu hey re very p nful!

Dinner deliveredLong en cles r lfrom he jellyf shs body.

When sm ll n m lsw ms n o hem, he

en cles spe r w hpo sonous s ngs.

adr f n he oce nss nce preh s or c jellyf sh re more h95% w er. they h ve

no br ns, bones, he r s, or eyethe r s ng ng en cles c lf sh ng l nes o c ch prey.

Underwater umbrella Jellyf sh h ve sof bod es

c lled bells. the bell movesn nd ou l ke n umbrell

open ng nd clos ng.th s dr ves he

jellyf sh long.

Jellyf sh

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Jellyfish may looklike a parachute butthey are probablytraveling upward!

Ghostly glowM ny jellyfish re ne rly

r nsp ren . Some lsopro uce heir own ligh ,so h hey glow in rkw er. they m y only o

his when is urbe .

Up, up, and away Jellyfish re r c e

o ligh even houghhey h ve no eyes.

they swim ow r hew ers surf ce. thiskeeps hem wi hinr nge of foo .

invertebrate despi e heirn me, jellyfish re no fish.they re inver ebr es. aninver ebr e is n nim lwi hou b ckbone.

transparent a r nsp rennim l or objec is one h

c n be seen hrough.

G l o

w i n g j e l l y f

i s h r is i n g t o t h e w a t e r s s u r f

a c e o

n d a r

k n i

g

h t s h a v e b e

e n

m i s t a

k e n f o

r g h o s t s !

Fishy facts

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Sharks are survivors! Theyhave lived in the worldsoceans since prehistoric times.The largest of all fish, they

have muscular bodies, good hearing,and a keen sense of smell forsniffing out food.

Underwater leopardsLeopard sharks are named for theirgolden, spotted skin. This is good

camouflage on the seabed where theysearch for their favorite food clams.

Spectacular sharks

Head is shapedlike a hammer.

Sleek and streamlinedA strong swimmer, the sandbar

shark slices through the oceanat high speed. It swims vastdistances, traveling to warmerseas as seasons change.

Weird and wonderfulHammerhead sharks haveeyes at each end of theirunusual, wide heads. Thishelps them to see more!Hammerhead sharks liketo stick together. Theremay be as many as 100

of them in a school.

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Great whites havemore than 100razor-sharp teeth.

Worlds scariest sharkGreat whites are the largest carnivorousfish. Seen as ferocious man-eaters, theyhave been overhunted and are now

rare. In fact, great whites do not hunthumans. If they do bite people, theyusually spit them out!

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Whales are the largest creatures inthe ocean. Like all mammals, theybreathe air. Whales take in airthrough openings called blowholes

on their heads. There are two typesof whales baleen whales andtoothed whales.

Splashing aboutHumpback whales havelonger flippers than otherwhales. They slap theirflippers on the water tomake loud splashes. This

is called flippering!

Swimming lesson

A baby whale is called a calf.Humpback calves swim closeto their mothers. It takes timefor the calf to become astrong swimmer.

Ocean giants

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The blue whale is not onlythe largest whale, but thelargest animal of all time.

The biggest dinosaur wasonly about a quarter of theweight of a blue whale.

Killer teethKiller whales are toothed whales.Small, sharp teeth allow them tograb fish and other prey. Killerwhales are also called orcas. Theylive in social groups called pods.

What is a baleen whale?Humpback whales are baleenwhales. Instead of teeth, they havebaleen plates. They gulp water andsieve it out through the baleen,trapping tiny animals.

Barnacles are smallanimals with shell-like

plates. They often maketheir homes on whales.

Blue whale Human

Killer whale

L e a p i ng o u t o f t h e w a t e r is c a l l e d b r e a c h i n g

The big blue

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Dolphins are small, toothed whales. Intelligentand curious, they are friendly toward people.They have even rescued shipwreck survivorsand helped them back to shore! Speedy

swimmers, dolphins race along with long, low leaps.This is called porpoising.

Dolphin talkUsing a language of clicks and squeaks, pods ofdolphins find their way around the ocean. Theyorganize fish hunts by sending messages to each

other. To stun fish they may make very loud noises!

Playful dolphins

D o l p h

i n s s t

r o k e

e a c h o

t h e r w i t h t

h e i r f l i p p e r s t o m a k e f r i e n d s.

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Ocean acrobatsDolphins can leap high out of thewater. They may do this to avoidpredators or to herd fish bymaking loud splashes. Malessometimes leap to impress females.

Streamlined bodyslices through the water.

Curved flippers helpdolphins to steer andturn around.

Bringing up babyDolphins give birth to one calf at a time.The calf drinks its mothers milk and growsquickly. Other dolphins may babysit thecalf while its mother hunts for fish.

Dolphins live in groups called pods.These may join together to form a herd.

There are dolphins in all the worldsoceans, except for icy, polar waters.

If a dolphin is sick or injured, otherdolphins may support it with their bodiesso that its blowhole is above the surface.

Fishy facts

The long snoutis called a beak.

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Funny faceLike manatees, this

dugong has no frontteeth! Its teeth grow

only along the sides of its

mouth. Flippers steer andscoop up food.

Dugongs andmanatees lived inthe oceans during

the age of thedinosaurs.

In warm, shallow waters, largesea mammals called dugongs and

manatees live a peaceful life. Theyhave no natural enemies, eat onlyplants, and never fight.

Gentle sea cows

Underwater lawnmowerDugongs and manatees arethe only vegetarian seamammals. They swimslowly, grazing onsea grass.

Noises in the nightDugongs relax during the day and

spend most of the night eating. Likemanatees, they are noisy eaters.

There are loud sounds of chompingteeth and flapping lips!

Sea grass bedsare good feedinggrounds.

Dugongs often digdown into the sandto eat sea grass roots.

Manateessometimes havealgae growingon their backs.

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Motherly loveDugongs and manatees give birth toonly one calf every three to five years.The newborn calf rises to the surfaceimmediately for its first breath of air. Itstays with its mother for up to two years,clinging to her or resting on her back.

Calf stays closeto its mother.

Dugongs have a tail that ispointed at the ends. Manateeshave a paddle-shaped tail.

On meeting, sea cows grabeach others flippers then puttheir mouths together to kiss.

Manatees and dugongs canlive for as long as 60 years.

Fishy facts

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In the cloudsA small bird, theArctic tern flieslonger distances than anyother bird. It spends mostof its life in the air!

Some seabirds live along theshore. Others fly far out to sea.

All return to the shore to nest.Many nest in groups called

colonies. They often choose cliffs whereeggs and chicks are safe from predators.

22

Soaring seabirds

Long-distance flightsAlbatrosses fly for weeks at atime. With wings outstretched,they glide through the air. Theyare carried by the wind andhardly need to bother to flap!

Wing is longand strong.

Sea parrotsColorful beaksgive puffins thenickname parrotsof the sea. Largebeaks are usefulfor grabbing lotsof sand eels!

Birds with big appetitesPelicans fly or swim in search ofa fishy meal. When they spot fish,they dive down after them. Theyhave stretchy beaks for scooping

up lots of fish in one go.

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Guillemots are mainlyblack with whitechests and bellies.

Flying underwaterGuillemots fly in long linesof up to 40 or more birds.They dive deep into the seato snap up fish. Beating their

wings, they fly through thewater. Between dives, theyrest and preen themselves.

Many seabirds spotfish from the sky

then dive down tograb them.

Fishy facts

Seabirds have specialfeatures for life in the water,like webbed feet for swimming.

Water slides off their oilyfeathers so that they stay dry.

Gannets and some otherseabirds have extrastrongskulls. This allows them to hitthe water fast in pursuit of prey.

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Long-distance swimmersFemale green turtles travel to theplace where they were born to laytheir eggs, then swim back againacross the open ocean. With nolandmarks to follow, the turtles

probably find their way by thepositions of the Sun and the Moon.

Fishy facts

Californian gray whales feedin the Arctic Ocean then travelto warmer waters to breed.

Arctic terns fly further thanother seabirds, from the North

Pole to the South Pole and back.

Barnacles take long-distancerides on turtles and whales.

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Lobster line upTo escape storms, spiny lobsters walk along the

seabed to calmer waters. They march head to tail.

This makes it hard for predators to pick out one. 25

Eels at sea Eels travel from lakes andrivers to breed at sea. The

young eels (elvers) thenreturn to freshwater.

Broad flippers areused for rowingthemselves along.

Turtles surface tobreathe air throughtheir nostrils.

Some sea creatures make amazingjourneys, crisscrossing the oceans.They travel to find breeding grounds,food, or safety. This is called migration.

Ocean travelers

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Fast hunters, octopuses andsquid have long arms calledtentacles for seizing prey.They swim at high speed by

squirting jets of water from their baglikebodies. The force drives them along.This is called jet propulsion.

O c t o p u se

s a r e in t e l l i g e n t w

i t h l a r g e

b r a i n s .

Octopuses and squid

Sucker-studded tentaclesOctopuses feel and taste with theireight tentacles. Each tentacle hasrows of suckers. The suckers helpthem to grip prey and fastenthemselves to the seabed.

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Ink attack!To escape predators, octopuses and

squid have a trick up their sleeves.They squirt out a cloud of ink.

Hidden in murky water, they

make a getaway.

Nighttime prowlerIn the daytime, octopuses hide

alone in rocky dens. At nightthey come out to hunt. They

try to keep a tentacle on theseabed. If threatened, they

can pull themselvesback fast.

Speedy retreatWhen in danger, octopuses jet off.Their bodies form a torpedolikeshape to slice through water.Like squid, they can outswimmost predators.

27

Tentacles trail outbehind the body asthe octopus takes off.

Shimmering squidMany squid can produce their own light.They use this light display to signal to eachother or lure prey. Fire squid can even flashwhite, blue, yellow, and red light.

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Different sea creatures may live togetherin a variety of fascinating ways. Often

the arrangement suits both creatures,but sometimes only one benefits.

28

Living together

Cleaning serviceFish called cleaner wrasse set upcleaning stations in coral reefs. Theyeat parasites stuck to larger fish. Theircustomers wait in line. Even naturalenemies put aside their differences!

Brightly coloredclown fish cannothide easily.

Perfect partnershipClown fish escape dangerby darting into seaanemones. A coat of slimeprotects the fish andpredators dare not follow.

A cleaner wrassecleans the teethof a coral trout.

Sea anemoneshave poisonoustentacles.

Clown fishs color and pattern warn that the seaanemone is poisonous, soboth creatures benefit.

Boxing glovesBoxer crabs carry anemonesand wave the stinging tentaclesat predators. Anemones eatpieces of food the crabs drop.

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Angling for fishAngler fish have a longfishing-rod fin with a lightat the end. Small fish thinkthat this is food. Luredtoward it, they swim into theangler fishs open jaws.

No light reaches as far down asthe oceans midnight zone. Here,strange creatures live in freezingcold and total darkness.

They are small so they can surviveon little food.

30

Down in the depths

Fearsome hunterThe viper fish swims withits jaws open. It catchesfish with its extra-long,sharp teeth.

Mouth hasmore than350 lights.

Stretchy stomachexpands if the fishlures in a big meal.

Low lifeParts of the ocean floor looklike the surface of the Moon.Here, rattail fish dart in andout of crevices. Its easy tosee how they got their name!

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Ugly ogreThe gruesome looks of thefangtooth explain its othername, ogre fish. When afish or shrimp swims past,

the fangtooth sucks

them into itsgigantic mouth.

If you have seen a firefly sparkle on asummers evening then you have

seen a creature that producesits own light. For fish in thedark depths of the ocean, the

light serves a purpose. It helpsthem to find food or lure prey.

31

Shining like starsA bladelike, silverybody gives hatchet fishtheir name. They havelight organs alongtheir belliesand tails.

Daggerlike teethline the fangtoothshuge jaws.

A LL AgLoW

Large eye helpsthe fish to spot

prey in the dark.

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S p o n g e s c a n g r o w s o b ig t h a t a pe r so n c o u l d h a v e a b a t h

i n o n e !

Life on the seabedA few seabed animals can survive along the lowerseashore. Most live on the deeper seabed wherethey are always underwater. These creatures oftenlook like plants but they are really animals.

Seabed chimneysSponges come instrange shapes andmany colors. Theyfeed by capturingplankton as theypump water throughtheir bodies.

Sponges attachthemselves tothe seabed.

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Hungry starfishStarfish eat mussels and

clams, using the suckers ontheir feet to pull the shells

apart. Then they pushtheir stomachs intothe gap and eat up

their prey.

In the slow laneSea cucumbers crawl

along the seabed at a

snails pace. They suckin food that sticks totheir slimy tentacles.

33

Starring roleBrittle stars have brittle, easily brokenarms. This does not matter because theycan grow new ones! Like starfish, brittlestars do not have a brain.

Pair of tentacleshelps sea slugsseek out food.

This common

starfish has12 arms.

Tentacles canbe pulled backinside the body.

Row of feet

Colorful characterThis sea slug is called aSpanish shawl because itappears to have an orangefringe. The vivid colors of seaslugs warn predators that theyare poisonous and taste awful.

Spines coverbody and arms.

Fishy facts

Many seabed animals feelor grasp things with flexiblebody parts called tentacles.

The other name for seaslugs is nudibranches.

Sea slugs eat anemones,corals, sponges, and sometimeseven other sea slugs!

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Fishy facts

Coral reefs grow in tropicaloceans where sea temperatureis never below 68F (20C).

Australias Great BarrierReef is so large that it can be

seen from space.

New coral reefs will oftengrow on the seabed wrecksof ships and aircraft.

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OrganpipesA new layerof coral grows fromeach tiny pipe oforgan-pipe coral.

Coral is built by tiny animals calledpolyps. Each builds a chalky, cup-shaped shelter to protect its soft body.The reef spreads as young polyps build

new shelters on old ones. Different corals forma variety of amazing shapes and colors.

C o l o r f u l c o

r a l r

e e f s l

o o k l

i k e u n d e r w

a t e r g a r d e n s .

Coral reefs

Rose coralCorals have namesthat tell you howthey look. Thiscoral is like a rose.

Scallops oftenmake their homein rose coral.

Sea fansThe treelike formsof these coralssometimes join up in

the shape of a fan.

Brain coralBrain coral is a grayishcolor and looks likea human brain!

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Coral reefs eem in heday ime wi h beau ifuland bizarre crea ures.A nigh , many re rea

in o caves o res . Now a newpar y begins! Differen fish leave

heir hideou s o look for food.

Life in a coral reef

Underwater angelsWi h heir slim bodies, emperorangelfish can dar in and ou ofgaps in he coral. Angelfishpar ners s ay oge her for life.

S eA SerpeNt StorieS

tales of man-ea ing sea serpen s oncemade people wary of eels. today,divers s ill ell s ories of moray eelsgripping hem in heir oo hy jaws.Divers mos ly have only

hemselves o blame. Some pokeheir hands in o coral-reef caves.

this can give an eel res ing ahome an unwelcome surprise!

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Slippery as an eelMoray eels have sl my, snakel kebod es. they sl her n o caves andcrev ces o h de dur ng he day.the r po n ed faces peer ou from

he coral. A n gh , hey hunfor food.

A twist of the tailto anchor hemselves, seahorses w s he r a lsaround coral. if anenemy appears, hey

change coloro ma ch he r

surround ng.

Lettuce leaf L ke o her seaslugs, le uceslugs are rela ed

o garden sna ls.these fr lly slugs

may look l ke salad, buhe r sk n produces a sl meha as es revol ng.

Coral reefsoffe r many

h d ng places

for small f shescap ng fromlarger preda ors.

House-hunting hermitsHerm crabs of en make he rhomes ns de he emp y shellsof o her an mals. they mayalso move n o small caves n

he coral reef.

Sea horses areamong thetiniest fish ina coral reef.

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The seas around theNorth and South polesare partly frozen. Animalsthat live here have a

thick layer of fat, called blubber.This helps to keep them warm.

Icy waters

Pups arecompletelycovered inwhite fur.

Coming up for airLike all mammals, seals breatheair. They gnaw at sea ice withtheir sharp teeth to keep openair holes for breathing.

Snow-white seal pupsHarp seal pups are born with white fur that camouflagesthem on the ice. This is useful because they often waitalone for their mothers to return from feeding.

Noisy walrusesWalruses live in large

groups around the NorthPole. These noisy animalsbark, growl, and whistleto each other. Theyhave two long frontteeth called tusks.

A walruss tusks can growup to 3ft (1m) long.

Polar bears haveblack skin undertheir white fur.

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Swimming under icePolar bears hunt prey in icy Arcticseas. Their slightly webbed toeshelp them to swim. They paddlewith their front legs and steer withtheir hind ones. In the snow,creamy fur is perfect camouflage.

Fishy facts

Harp seal pups drink theirmothers milk for about twoweeks, then find their own food.

Growing up to 10ft (3m)high, polar bears are nearly

twice as tall as a person.

Polar bears build snow densto shelter their cubs. Theyalways have twins!

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Penguin partyAll penguins live south of the Earthsequator. They have thick fat calledblubber to keep them warm in icywaters. Shiny, waterproof feathersprevent their skin from getting wet.They make deep dives to catch fish.

Daring diversAdlie penguins arethe most commonSouth Pole penguins.They dive into theicy water to huntfor fish and squid.Swimming at highspeed, they canlaunch themselvesfrom the wateronto the shore.

Streamlinedshape slicesthrough water.

Flipperlike wingrows penguin alongunderwater.

Webbed foothas claws.

Making a splashPenguins are speedy swimmers,but they have no defense againstpredators. In water, their darkbacks and light-colored belliesact as camouflage. This isknown as countershading.

Fishy facts

Penguins can dive downto about 870ft (290m), takingthem into the twilight zone.

The emperor penguin isthe largest penguin of all.

Many penguins live in thecoldest, wi ndiest place in theworld the South Pole.

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Nursery on the iceEmperor penguin chicksand adults huddle togetherin groups of up to 5,000birds. It is much warmerinside the huddle thanoutside it. Penguins movearound slowly, so that thoseon the outside have a turn

in the middle to warm up!

Perfect parentAfter laying eggs, female king penguins

return to the sea. Through the icywinter, the males keep the eggs warmon their feet. When the chicks hatch,their mothers reappear to feed them.

Dinner is servedPenguin parents feed their chicks fishysnacks until the chicks can hunt forthemselves. Emperor penguin chicks havegray, fluffy feathers. Later, they grow blackand white feathers like their parents.

Penguins are birds but theycannot fly. They waddle slowly onland but swim swiftly in the sea.

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Roaring sea lionsSea lions get their name fromroaring like lions. They also barkand honk. In the kelp, they searchfor clams, crabs, fish, and lobstersto eat. They are fast swimmers,with winglike front flippers.

Super snacksKelp attracts schools of smallfish. This does not go unnoticedby harbor seals. They can scoopup a good meal, then relax inthe canopy of kelp leaves nearthe waters surface.

Kelp is a typeof giant seaweed,and the largest ofall ocean plants.

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Kingdom of kelpHidden under the waves, kelp forests provide foodand shelter for a wealth of creatures. A towering kelpplant is like a high-rise apartment, providing homesfor sea creatures at every level.

Hanging out in hammocksSea otters lie in hammocks of kelp. Theirwaterproof fur is so thick that their skinnever gets wet! They use their stomachsas a table for laying out meals.

Some fishgraze on thekelp, whileothers hunt

for prey.Shady sharkHorn sharks huntfor sea urchinsand shellfish atnight. Their eyesare sensitive tolight, so they sleepduring the day inthe shade of largekelp leaves.

Forest f lameFlame-coloredgaribaldis have smallterritories in the kelp.If a neighbor gets tooclose, the garibaldisconfront each otherface to face. They wave

their tails furiously.

Kelp is attached tothe seabed by rootlike

anchors called holdfasts.

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Scuba divers studyfish and the seabedin shallow waters.

Scuba divingScuba (Self-ContainedUnder-water BreathingApparatus) allows divers tobreathe from tanks of airstrapped to their backs.

Exploring under waterOceans have yet to be fully explored.They still have secrets to reveal.To survive under water, diversneed special clothing and

equipment. Today, they can alsotravel in under water machinescalled submersibles.

BUBBlE TrOUBlE

Scuba equipment allows diversto study shallow-water fish inthe wild. The problem is thatfish like hammerhead sharksare sensitive to the noise

made by air bubbles. They maybe so scared that they swim away.

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Diving machinesSubmersibles are the onlyway to explore the deepocean. In them, divershave discovered undersealife never seen before.

They are protected fromthe huge pressure ofwater that occurs at lowlevels. The submersibleNautile can dive to nearly20,000ft (6,000m).

Lights forvideo camera

Pilot sits in a metalcabin with a thick,flexible glass window.

Submersibleis powered tomove forward.

Diver studyinga shipwreck onthe seabed.

Seabed wrecksShipwrecks come to rest onthe seabed. Scuba diverscan explore them in shallow

seas. Here, algae andsometimes coral grow onthe wrecks as time passes.

Disaster in the AtlanticIn 1912, the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank onits first-ever voyage. The advent of submersiblesmeant that the wreck could finally be explored.Nautile took nearly two hours to reach it.

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Glossary Oxygen a gas that is found inboth air and water. All livingthings need oxygen to breathe.

Parasite an animal that livesin, or on, another animal.A parasite benefits at theexpense of the other animal.

Plankton tiny plants andanimals that live in the ocean.They are food for many other,larger sea creatures.

Polar region the area near theNorth Pole or the South Pole.

Predator an animal thathunts other animals for food.

Prey an animal that is huntedby other animals for food.

Scale a small, thin plate.Overlapping scales protectthe skin of fish and reptiles.

Sea smaller areas of saltwaterare called seas. Larger areas

of saltwater are called oceans.Species a group of animalsor plants made up of relatedindividuals who are ableto produce young withone another.Seashore the land alongthe edge of seas and oceans.

Streamlined a smooth shapethat allows some sea creaturesto travel faster.

Submersible a diving machinefor exploring the deep ocean.

Tentacles long feelers, likebendable arms, for grasping.

Territory an area defended byan animal, or animals, againstothers of its kind.

Algae plants that live in water.They have no roots, stems, orleaves. Seaweed is a sea algae.Animal an animal is anyliving creature that is not a

plant. For example, dolphins,fish, and starfish are animals.Antarctic the cold areaaround the South Pole, whichincludes the southern parts ofthe Atlantic, Indian, andPacific oceans.Arctic the cold area aroundthe North Pole, which includes

the Arctic Ocean. Baleen baleen is made ofthe same material as humanfingernails. Some whales havebaleen plates instead of teeth.

Blubber a thick layer of fatthat keeps polar animals andwhales warm in cold waters.

Breeding when animals

give birth to young.Camouflage for animals, thisis usually skin coloring thatmakes them look the sameas their surroundings. They arethen less likely to be attacked.Canopy the topmost layers ofleaves in a forest. Kelp forestshave a canopy.

Carnivore an animal that eatsthe flesh of another animal.Coast the border of the landwhere it meets the sea.Continental shelf the shallowpart of the seabed around landthat ends in a steep slope tothe ocean floor.Countershading this is the

effect of having a darker back

and paler belly. From above,a dark back blends in with thedarkness of the deep sea. Frombelow, a pale belly blends inwith the light from the sky.Crustacean a type of animalwith jointed limbs. Crabs,lobsters, and shrimp areexamples of crustaceans.

Echinoderms animals withspiny skins and tubed feet. Seacucumbers, sea urchins, andstarfish are echinoderms.

Equator an imaginary linearound Earth that is equallydistant from the North andthe South poles.Gills the part of a fishsbody that absorbs oxygenfrom water so that fish canbreathe under water.

Holdfast the rootlikeanchors attached to kelp.

Invertebrate an animalwithout a backbone.

Kelp a type of giant seaweed.Luminous this describes theeffect of giving off light. Somefish have light organs thatmake them luminous.Mammal a warm-bloodedanimal that breathes oxygenfrom the air. Femalemammals produce milkto feed their young.Mollusc animals that havea soft body and no backbone.Clams, octopuses, sea slugs,and squid are molluscs.Oceanography the studyof the oceans is called

oceanography.46

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Animal alphabetEvery animal pictured in this book is listed here, along withits page number and the parts of the ocean in which it lives.

A lbatross 22 A seabird with a hugewingspan that spends most ofits life over the open ocean.Angelfish 36 Marine angelfish live in coralreefs, such as the GreatBarrier Reef off the coastof Australia.Angler fish 30 Deep-sea angler fish live inthe twilight and midnightzones of the open ocean.Arctic tern 22, 24 A seabird that flies hugedistances to migrate. Itbreeds in the Arctic summer,then flies south to theAntarctic to avoid thenorthern winter.

Boxer crab 28 A crab that lives in coralreefs, in the tropical seasbetween the Indian andPacific oceans.

Brittle star 33 An echinoderm that liveson the seabed in the Indianand Pacific oceans.

C leaner wrasse 28 Fish that are widespreadthrough the Pacific andIndian Oceans, and theRed Sea.Clown fish 28 Fish that live in coral reefsamong the stinging tentaclesof anemones.Coral 5, 34-37, 45 A tiny animal that lives inhuge colonies in shallow,tropical seas.Coral trout 28 Fish that live in theGreat Barrier Reef.

Dolphin 18-19 A mammal that lives mainlyin the oceans sunlit zone.Dugong 20-21 A mammal that livesin the warm, shallowwaters of the Pacific andIndia oceans.

Eel, European 25 moray 36, 37ribbon 11

Fish that usually hide in holesin coral reefs during the dayand come out to hunt atnight.

F angtooth 5, 31 Fish that live in the twilightand midnight zones oftropical and temperate seas.

G aribaldi fish 43 Fish that live on the seabedand on kelp forest floors off

the coast of California.Guillemot 23 A seabird that is known asthe Northern Penguin. Itlives along the shore butdives down to the seabed.

H atchet fish 5, 31 Fish that live in the twilightand midnight zones of theopen ocean.

Hermit crab 37 A crab that lives on theocean floor.

Jellyfish 12-13 A group of invertebratesthat lives in all zones ofthe open ocean as wellas along the shore.

Leafy sea dragon 11 A relative of sea horses thatlives in cool, rocky reefs offthe south and west coastsof Australia.Lesserspotted dogfish 9 A relative of sharks thatlives along the shore inthe oceans sunlit zone.Lettuce slug 36 A species of sea slug thatlives in coral reefs.Lionfish 10 A coral-reef fish.

M anatee 20-21 A mammal that lives inwarm, shallow waters alongthe coast, rarely swimminginto the open ocean.Manta ray 10 Relatives of sharks, mantarays live in tropical seasall over the world.

Octopus 4, 26-27 Molluscs that live in all

ocean zones.Pelican 22 A seabird that lives alongcoastlines.Penguin, Adlie 40

emperor 40-41 king 41

A seabird that lives inthe Antarctic.Plankton 7, 32 Tiny animals that liveon or near the surfaceof all oceans.Polar bear 38-39 A species of bear witha whitish coat that livesin the Arctic.Polka-dot grouper 9 Fish that live in the sunlitzone of warm seas.Porcupine fish 11 Fish that live around coralreefs in the sunlit zone of seas.Puffin 22 A seabird that livesalong coastlines.

R attail fish 30 Fish with ratlike tails thatlive near the seabed.Remora fish 29 Fish that are parasitesand travel with sharks.

S aupe 8 Fish that live in the oceanssunlit zone.Sea anemone 28 Relative of jellyfish thatlives in coral reefs.Sea cucumber 33 An echinoderm that liveson the ocean floor.Sea horse 37 Small fish that live in shallowtemperate and tropical seas.Sea lion 42 A mammal that is widespreadalong coastlines, particularlyoff the Pacific Ocean.Seal, harbor 42

harp 38-39 A mammal that lives inthe sunlit zone of oceansand seas near the shore.

Sea otter 43 A mammal that lives on

rocky Pacific Ocean coasts.Sea slug 33 A mollusc that lives onthe ocean floor.Sea sponge 32 A sponge that lives indeep and shallow seas.Shark, great white 15

hammerhead 14, 44horn 43leopard 14sandbar 14

Fish that live in the oceanssunlit zone. (Horn sharkslive in kelp and cavesonthe seabed.) Spiny lobster 25 A crustacean that livesin caves and crevices onrocky reefs in the western-Atlantic Ocean, from Brazilto Bermuda.Squid 4, 26-27 Relatives of cuttlefish andoctopuses that live in allocean zones.Starfish 33 An echinoderm that lives

on the seabed and shore.Stonefish 10 Fish that live in shallow,tropical seas of the Indianand Pacific oceans.Surgeonfish 29 Coral-reef fish.

Turtles, green 6, 24-25, 29 Plant-eating reptiles thatlive in warm waters of theAtlantic, Indian, andPacific oceans.

V iper fish 30 Fish that live in the oceanstwilight and midnight zones.

W alrus 38 A mammal that lives inthe Arctic.Whale, blue, 7, 17

humpback, 16-17killer, 17

A mammal that livesin the open ocean.

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abyss, 5algae, 20, 45

Arctic Ocean, 5, 39Atlantic Ocean, 5baleen whales, 16-17barnacles, 17, 24birds, 6, 22-23blowholes, 7, 16, 19blubber, 38, 40breathing, 6-7, 9, 16,

38, 44camouflage, 9, 14,

38-39, 40colonies,seabirds, 22

coral reefs, 34, 37, 45crabs, 28, 37dinosaurs, 17diving, 44-45Earth, 6-7eggs, 24, 41exploration, 44-45

feathers, 40-41fins, 9fish, 8, 11flippers, 18-21, 25fur, 38, 43

sea serpents, 36seabed, 5, 10, 32-33seas, 4, 7seaweed, 42-43shipwrecks, 34, 45South Pole, 24, 38, 40submersibles, 44-45suckers, 26, 33Sun, 24sunlight, 4-5, 30sunlit zone, 4swimming, 9, 40taste buds, 9tentacles, 12, 26-27,

33Titanic, 45toothed wales, 16travelers, 7, 24-25trenches, 5tusks,

walruses, 38twilight zone, 4, 30-31waves, 7whales, 7, 16-17, 24winds, 7wrecks, 34, 45zones, 4-5

Index

AcknowledgmentsDorling Kindersley would like to thank: Hilary Bird for compilingthe index, Emily Bolam for original artwork, Penelope York foreditorial assistance, and Jon Hughes for additional design work.

Picture credits:(Key: a = above; b = below; c = center; l = left; r = right; t = top)Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following for their kindpermission to reproduce their photographs / images:

gannets, 23gills, 9Great Barrier Reef, 34gulls, 6ice, 38-39icebergs, 45Indian Ocean, 5ink, 27invertebrates, 13jet propulsion, 26kelp, 5, 42-43light, 4-5, 13, 27,

30-31mammals, 7, 16, 20-21midnight zone, 5migration, 24-25Moon, 24Nautile , 45nests,

seabirds, 22North Pole, 24, 38-39

octopuses, 4, 26-27oxygen, 9Pacific Ocean, 5, 6parasites, 28-29pods,

dolphins, 19poisons, 10, 12, 28polar regions, 38-39polyps, 35porpoising,

dolphins, 18predators, 10-11,

27, 28Red Sea, 7reefs, 34, 37salty water, 7

scales, 9schools of fish, 4, 8, 42scuba diving, 44-45sea anemones, 28sea cows, 20-21sea grass, 20

Robert Wu 30tl. Oxford Scientific Films: David B. Fleetham 13tr,20cl; Doug Allan 23c; Herb Segars 12tl; Howard Hall 12br, 13t, 18c,25br; Konrad Wothe 19tr; Laurence Gould 45c; Paul Kay 32b; PeterParks 30clb; Tamy Peluso 27br; Tobias Bernhard 20cr. PictorInternational: 4l. Planet Earth Pictures: 34c, 35bc, 35r, 36c, 37r; A.Kerstitch 33tl; Ashley J. Boyd 37b; David Seiferi 18bl; Doug Perrine29c; Gary Bell 2l, 3r, 28bl; Mark Conlin 20b; Norbert Wu 31bc, 43ac;Pieter Folkens 38tr; Tom Walker 17tr. Science Photo Library: ArtWolfe 40c, 41tr; Douglas Faulkner 21c; F.S. Westmorland 1c.