oceanographic history part 2. the middle ages vikings westward exploration began in the 9 th...
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Oceanographic HistoryOceanographic History
Part 2Part 2
The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages
VikingsVikings Westward exploration Westward exploration
began in the 9began in the 9thth century century Discovered Iceland and Discovered Iceland and
GreenlandGreenland Leif Eriksson landed in Leif Eriksson landed in
North America at North America at Newfoundland, CanadaNewfoundland, Canada
ChineseChinese Invented the first compass Invented the first compass
in 1000 A.D.in 1000 A.D. Built ships with central Built ships with central
rudders and watertight rudders and watertight compartmentscompartments
European Voyages of DiscoveryEuropean Voyages of Discovery1400-17001400-1700
Needed a route around Africa for tradeNeeded a route around Africa for trade Prince Henry the Navigator of PortugalPrince Henry the Navigator of Portugal
Mapped the African west coast Mapped the African west coast Bartholomeu DiasBartholomeu Dias
Completed the first voyage around the Cape Completed the first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487of Good Hope in 1487
Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama Led the first expedition around the Cape of Led the first expedition around the Cape of
Good Hope to India in 1497Good Hope to India in 1497
Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus
Was seeking a route to Asia for tradeWas seeking a route to Asia for trade Landed in the CaribbeanLanded in the Caribbean
Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan
In 1519, he set sail to circumnavigate the In 1519, he set sail to circumnavigate the world.world.
Left with 5 ships and 260 menLeft with 5 ships and 260 men 1 ship returned in 1522 with 18 men1 ship returned in 1522 with 18 men Magellan diedMagellan died on the voyage in the on the voyage in the
PhilippinesPhilippines
Francis DrakeFrancis Drake
Completed the second circumnavigation of Completed the second circumnavigation of the world.the world.
Birth of Marine ScienceBirth of Marine Science1700-19001700-1900
Cook’s ExpeditionsCook’s Expeditions Different from other Different from other
expeditions because expeditions because they were launched they were launched with science and with science and exploration goalsexploration goals
In 1735, Cook In 1735, Cook invented the invented the chronometer.chronometer.
• An accurate clock the An accurate clock the allowed the allowed the determination of determination of longitude at sea.longitude at sea.
Cook’s DiscoveriesCook’s Discoveries
He was sent to He was sent to discover the unknown discover the unknown southern continent.southern continent.
Found islands and Found islands and explored Australia.explored Australia.
Never found Never found Antarctica but knew it Antarctica but knew it existed.existed.
United States ExplorationUnited States Exploration
Congress authorized 5 ships to explore Congress authorized 5 ships to explore southern oceans in 1836.southern oceans in 1836.
Found AntarcticaFound Antarctica
Matthew MauryMatthew Maury
Father of Physical Father of Physical OceanographyOceanography
In 1855, he published In 1855, he published the first textbook on the first textbook on modern physical modern physical oceanography, oceanography, The The Physical Geography Physical Geography of the Seaof the Sea
Darwin and the H.M.S. BeagleDarwin and the H.M.S. Beagle
5 year voyage during which he made 5 year voyage during which he made observations about coral reefsobservations about coral reefs Stated that coral reefs grow as the seafloor Stated that coral reefs grow as the seafloor
sinkssinks In the Galapagos Islands his observations In the Galapagos Islands his observations
led him to create his theories on natural led him to create his theories on natural selection and evolution.selection and evolution.
The Challenger ExpeditionThe Challenger Expedition
Launched in 1872Launched in 1872 First voyage launched solely for marine First voyage launched solely for marine
sciencescience Discovered the Marianas Trench and the Discovered the Marianas Trench and the
Mid-Atlantic RidgeMid-Atlantic Ridge Made the first soundings over 4000m deepMade the first soundings over 4000m deep Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new
speciesspecies
2020thth Century Marine Science Century Marine Science
3 expeditions3 expeditions The MeteorThe Meteor
• Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in 2 years beginning Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in 2 years beginning in 1925in 1925
• Established patterns of circulation in the AtlanticEstablished patterns of circulation in the Atlantic• Made the first detailed ocean floor mapMade the first detailed ocean floor map
The AtlantisThe Atlantis• First ship specifically designed and built for ocean First ship specifically designed and built for ocean
studiesstudies
2020thth Century Marine Science Century Marine Science
The Challenger IIThe Challenger II• Launched in 1951Launched in 1951• Located the Challenger DeepLocated the Challenger Deep
Deepest known spot in the oceanDeepest known spot in the ocean In the Marianas TrenchIn the Marianas Trench 10,838m (35,558 ft) deep10,838m (35,558 ft) deep
Types of SubmersiblesTypes of Submersibles
3 types used for underwater research3 types used for underwater research BathyspheresBathyspheres
• Simple sealed spheres suspended by a cableSimple sealed spheres suspended by a cable• No longer usedNo longer used
BathyscapesBathyscapes• Untethered craft that function like an underwater Untethered craft that function like an underwater
blimpblimp• TriesteTrieste is the only vessel to visit the bottom of the is the only vessel to visit the bottom of the
Challenger DeepChallenger Deep Deep diving submersiblesDeep diving submersibles
ROVs and AUVsROVs and AUVs
ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle)ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) Small unmanned submarine with propellers, Small unmanned submarine with propellers,
video camera and chord to the surfacevideo camera and chord to the surface AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)
Untethered robotic devices propelled through Untethered robotic devices propelled through the water by self-contained power systems.the water by self-contained power systems.
Piloted by an onboard computerPiloted by an onboard computer
SatellitesSatellites
LORAN-CLORAN-C Long range navigationLong range navigation Used land based transmitters along the coastUsed land based transmitters along the coast Accuracy varies with distanceAccuracy varies with distance
SatellitesSatellites Assist with global observations of the oceanAssist with global observations of the ocean Assist in understanding oceanic effects on Assist in understanding oceanic effects on
global climate systemsglobal climate systems Help to validate computer modelsHelp to validate computer models