Oceanography Final Exam Review:The Answers

Oceanography 2014

1. Chronometer

• Accurate maritime clock• Invented by John Harrison 1735

2. What contributions did the Chinese make to sailing?

MOST IMPORTANT = compass

3. Latitude and Longitude in the N Hemisphere

Calculated by…

• Latitude: measuring the angle between the horizon and the north star

• Longitude: knowing the difference between local time and Greenwich mean-time

4. Describe the purpose of the Challenger Expedition.

It was the first expedition devoted entirely to marine science

5. Define the 4 major categories of oceanography.

Physical: Study of Waves, Currents, and Tides

Geological: Study of Ocean Rocks, Sediment, & Volcanic Activity

Chemical: Study of Water Chemistry

Biological: Study of Ocean Life / Marine Biology

6. Who was the father of physical oceanography?

Matthew Maury

7. Life Style Groups

PLANKTONMicroscopic floating organisms, some photosynthesize and some eat other organisms

BENTHOSOrganisms that live on the ocean bottom, some can move and some are stationary

NEKTONOrganisms that can swim, includes many vertebrate animals and some invertebrates like squid

8. Light in the Ocean

PHOTIC

APHOTIC

ABYSSAL

9. What is taxonomy?

Grouping organisms together and determining their relationships

10. What are some ways taxonomy is useful?

• identifies the relationship between organisms

• requires that key characteristics be defined for each organism

• helps to avoid confusion

11. Who created the current classification system?

Carolus Linneaus

12-13. What groups are in this system? How can you remember them in order from largest to smallest?

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

D –earK –ingP –hillipC –ameO –verF –orG –reatS -paghetti

14. Examples of scientific names.

Genus species

Homo sapien (HUMANS)Felis catus (DOMESTIC CAT)Canis familiaris (DOMESTIC DOG)Ursus americanus (BLACK BEAR)

15-19. Characteristics of the Kingdoms

• Animalia (multicellular, heterotrophic)– Dog

• Plantae (multicellular, autotrophic)– Daisy

• Archaea (unicellular, autotrophic)– Extremophiles

• Eubacteria (unicellular, auto&hetero-trophic)– E. Coli

• Protista (unicellular, auto&hetero-trophic)– Algae, Kelp

20. Dichotomous KeyPurpose: Helps with identifying organisms based on appearance

Answers:1. Peacock Flounder2. Spotted Goat Fish3. Glassy Sweeper4. Squirrel Fish5. Spotted Eagle Ray6. Band-tail Puffer7. Spotted Moray Eel8. Glass-Eye Snapper9. Trumpet Fish

21. Phylogeny

Different from taxonomy because it groups organisms based on similar characteristics instead of ancestral relationships

22. What is it called when an organism is able to produce light?

Bioluminescence

23. Phytoplankton

Plankton that generate energy throughphotosynthesis

24. Echolocation

It is a series of high-pitched clicks and whistles used by whales and dolphins for communication

25. What is a cephalopod?

Squid and Octopi

Means: “head” – “foot”

26. Sea Sponge

• Benthic Marine Invertebrate

• Called “filter of the sea” because it is porous and feeds via filter-feeding

27. Bivalvia

• Clams and Oysters

• Marine Invertebrates with 2-half shells

28. Crustacea

• Crabs and Lobsters

• Hard Exoskeleton, segmented bodies

29. Echinodermata• Marine invertebrates such as starfish and sea urchins

• Have radial symmetry (same no matter which way you cut it)

30-36. Sharks30. Chordata ; Nekton

31. Cartilaginous

32. Large, fatty organ used to help sharks float

33. Hunting sharks eat dolphin, seal, and squid ; peaceful sharks eat plankton/algae

34. Valuable for soup in some Asian countries

35. Sharks are slow-growing to maturity and have few offspring

36. Sharks have skeletons of cartilage instead of bone, they give birth to live offspring instead of lay eggs, dermal denticles instead of scales, and fatty liver instead of swim bladder

37. Freshwater and Saltwater

• 3% Fresh• 97% Salt

38. H2O Molecule

+ +

-

39. What is a polar molecule?

Molecules with a positive end and a negative ends

40. What type of bonds hold water molecules together?

Covalent

41. What are the 5 Key Properties of Water?

1. Cohesion/Adhesion (water sticks to itself, and other objects)

2. Surface Tension (insect can walk on water)

3. Viscosity (water resists motion)

4. Liquid Water (exists as liquid not gas at room temp)

5. Ice Floats (solid is less dense than liquid)

42. What factors will affect the way sound moves through seawater?

• Temperature• Salinity• Pressure

43. SalinityThe measurement of dissolved solids in seawater

Measured in PPT (parts per thousand)

Average salinity of ocean = 35

44. Where does the salt in the ocean originate from?

Salt is washed into the ocean from sources on the land

45-47. pH

45. Acids and Bases, Concentration of ions in a liquid

46. Neutral = 7 (pure water)

47. Optimal for living things = 6-8

Basic

48. Density

D = M/Vthe measure of how compact a substance is per unit area

49. Why is water considered the universal solvent?

Because of its ability to dissolve most substances

50. Why is the Earth “unevenly heated” by the Sun?

Due to its…• rotation• tilt• imperfect shape

51. What are convection currents?

Air currents that cause polar air to sink and equatorial air to rise

52. Winds blow from regions of _________ pressure to regions of __________ pressure.

From regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure

53. What is the Coriolis Effect and why is it important?

Phenomenon caused by the rotation of Earth that leads to:Northern Hemisphere: ClockwiseSouthern Hemisphere: Counter-clockwise

Effects the paths in which winds/currents move

54. Earth’s Atmosphere

About 70-78% Nitrogen

55. Role of Trade Winds and Surface Currents on Exploration

• Created “paths” for sailing ships, expeditions followed the winds/currents

• Gyres provided “round trip” transport

56. World Gyres

GYRE: intersection of ocean currents that creates a circular pattern of water flow

57. What causes surface currents to form?

Wind

58. Thermohaline Circulation

• Caused by differences in density related to salinity and temperature

• Creates deep ocean currents