oceans’ pulse - university of...

ARGENTINA (11)

AUSTRALIA (158)

BRAZIL (7)

CANADA (100)

CHILE (8)

CHINA (11)

COSTA RICA (0)

ECUADOR (3)

EUROPEAN UNION (36)

FRANCE (150)

GERMANY (152)

INDIA (90)

IRELAND (4)

JAPAN (386)

SOUTH KOREA (101)

MAURITIUS (4)

MEXICO (0)

NETHERLANDS (18)

NEW ZEALAND (9)

NORWAY (7)

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (2)

SPAIN (2)

UNITED KINGDOM (105)

UNITED STATES (1746)

3110 Argo Floats February 2008

Satellite

PACIFIC PACIFIC

OCEANOCEAN

INDIAN INDIAN

OCEANOCEAN

ATLANTIC ATLANTIC

OCEANOCEAN

M A R K N O W L I N / T H E S E A T T L E T I M E SSources: www.argo.ucsd.edu, International Argo Information Centre

3,110 ARGO FLOATS (as of February 2008)

HOW THE FLOAT WORKS

THE ARGO FLOAT

COUNTRY (Number of Argo floats)

U. S. (1,746)Japan (386)Australia (158)Germany (152)

France (150)United Kingdom (105)South Korea (101)Canada (100)

India (90)European Union (36)Netherlands (18)Argentina (11)

China (11)Chile (8)New Zealand (9)Norway (7)

Brazil (7)Ireland (4)Mauritius (4)Ecuador (3)

Russian Federation (2)Spain (2)

UNITED STATES

A N T A R C T I C A

CHINA

R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N

JAPAN

C A N A D A

MEXICO

BRAZIL

ECUADOR

INDIA

MAURITIUS A U S T R A L I A

NORWAY

U.K.IRELAND

SPAIN

ARGENTINA

CHILE

NEW

ZEALAND

GERMANY

FRANCE

PACIFIC

OCEAN

INDIAN

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

Stabilitydisk

Battery

Gearmotor

Hydraulic pump

Hydraulic fluid

Bladder

Temperature/salinity probe

Satellite antenna

Satellitedish

Computer andcommunication

equipment

2. The float slowly descends to a depth of 1.2 miles.

5. During the 6-hour ascent, the float records temperature and salinity.

6. When the float reaches the surface, it transmits data to a satellite.

7. The data is sent to weather and climate forecasting centers, and posted on the Internet.

8. The float’s internal pump deflates the bladder, submerging the float and starting a new cycle.

4. The float’s internal pump inflates a bladder, which causes the float to rise to the suface.

3. The float drifts for nine days.

(6 to 12 hours)Ocean surface

3.6

feet

6.5 inches

Weight: 57.3 poundsOperating depth: 1.2 milesBattery life: 150 cycles

1. The Argo float is deployed from a research ship or aircraft into the ocean.

BY SANDI DOUGHTONSeattle Times science reporter

When Steve Riser sendshis research progeny outinto the world, he knowshe’ll probably never seethem again.

But they call home regu-larly.

“Here’s one that justcame up today, off Hawaii,”the University of Washing-ton oceanographer said,scrolling through a list onhis computer. A mouse clickreveals another one float-ing under the ice south ofAustralia. Dozens driftalong the coast of Washing-ton and Oregon.

Riser’s babies are torpe-do-shaped robots designedto measure ocean tempera-ture, salinity and currentsand beam the data back viasatellite. Scattered aroundthe globe, the probes arepart of the first worldwidenetwork to monitor the70 percent of the planetcovered with water.

“We’ve never had any-thing like this,” said Riser,who along with his col-leagues recently celebrateda milestone: deployment of

ROBOT BUOYS ARE TAKING THE

OCEANS’ PULSEOCEANOGRAPHY | Scientists at the University of Washington and elsewhere have deployed a flotilla of

more than 3,000 autonomous buoys that measure ocean temperature, salinity and currents and arehelping reveal how climate change is playing out around the globe.

Please see > BUOYS, A9

T-A1 CMYK

T-A1CMYKT-A1 CMYK

T-A1CMYK• •

• •

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 2, 2008

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seattletimes.com

Rep. Jim McDermott

was ordered to payHouse MinorityLeader John Boehnerover $1 million forlegal fees in a fightover an illegallytaped phone call. > Local B4

Immigration: TheBush administrationwill waive laws andrules to finished aborder fence thisyear. > Close-up A3

Tainted pet food: Atentative deal wasannounced in class-action suits. > A4

Elementary crime:

Plotting to attacktheir teacher,third-gradersbrought a steakknife and handcuffsto school, Georgiapolice said. > A4

Iraq: The U.S. wascaught off-guard byan Iraqi-led militaryoffensive and itsweak results. > A7

Drugs: Police saythe prescriptionpainkiller OxyContinis rivaling metham-phetamine in popu-larity and as a lurefor crime. > Local B1

Bothell: Work startsthis week on a newaccess route thatwill open the doorto higherenrollment at UWBothell and CascadiaCommunity College.> Local B3

Microsoft: Surface,the company’stabletop computer,will debutcommercially as anaid to shoppers at 5AT&T stores. >Business D1

Opinion: When itcomes to onstagesmoking, govern-ment should buttout, writes BruceRamsey. > B8

BY JIM BRUNNERSeattle Times staff reporter

Let’s get this out of the way.Former Sonic “Downtown”

Fred Brown’s proposal to build aprivately funded $1 billion bas-ketball and hockey arena with aretractable roof and adjoiningexposition center is not an AprilFool’s joke.

But the plan, announced Tues-day at a Seattle marketing firmcalled WongDoody, left a lot ofunanswered questions about theproposed Emerald City Center.

Brown and his business part-ner, public-relations executiveDave Bean, acknowledged that

Just add$1 billion,a team— anda site

NEW ARENA PLAN

Proposal by ex-Sonicand partner is long onhope, short on details

M I K E S I E G E L / T H E S E A T T L E T I M E S

Fred Brown proposes a privatelyfunded basketball-hockey arena.

Please see > ARENA, A9

Danny Westneat: Sonicsstill here but joy long

gone > B1

Steve Kelley: Too manychefs in Sonics kitchen > C1

Fred Brown’s longest shotyet? > C1

BY LYNN THOMPSONSeattle Times Eastside bureau

Administrators in the Northshore School Districthave bought big-screen TVs, camcorders, home-thea-ter equipment and iPods for personal use, all with tax-payer money. What’s more, if the employees leave the

district, they get to keep the equipment.There’s nothing illegal about it. A contract provision

makes the purchases part of the compensation pack-age for about 90 top district administrators.

But with the district in the midst of a controversialproposal to cut $3.4 million from the 2008-09 budget,the purchase of $1,800 HDTVs, a $1,200 digital cam-era, GPS systems and even a $218 digital pictureframe strikes some as questionable.

“To buy things for purely personal use out of taxpay-

As schools face cuts, top bosses enjoy perks

Personal technology purchases

A provision in their contractallows top managers andsupervisors in theNorthshore School Districtto buy personal technology.Here’s a sampling of thepurchases and the range of costs:

HDTV monitors $1,438-$1,800

iPods and accessories $530-$858

Home-theater receivers$405-$600

Digital cameras andcamcorders $217-$1,800

Digital picture frame $218

Source: Northshore School District

NORTHSHORE D ISTRICT | Administrators inthe cash-strapped district are able to buygadgets for personal use — with public funds.

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Secretsof IndianspicesMore than curryto add to your dishes

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“TOXIC TOYS”:OFF SHELVESBY NEXT YEARGovernor signs strict law

LOCAL > B1

Texaslong ballkills M’s comeback

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HARARE, Zimbabwe – Signal-ing that impoverished Zimba-bwe could be on the verge of ahistoric change, opposition lead-ers, who say they won this week-end’s election outright, were re-portedly in talks to pushlongtime President Robert Mu-gabe from office.

Because the country’s securityforces have stayed on the side-lines so far, there was specula-tion that main opposition leaderMorgan Tsvangirai, who ap-peared to be leading in the vot-ing, eventually could succeedMugabe.

The 84-year-old president hasgoverned this nation of 12 mil-

Mugabe’sgrip on Zimbabwewaning?

OPPOSITION LEADERCLAIMS VICTORY

Talks reportedlyunder way to oust longtime president

Please see > ZIMBABWE, A8

http://stories.lib.seattletimes.com/stories/story?p=P20080402E4A00&t=T021E2J5G

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Originally published April 2, 2008 at 12:00 AM | Page modified April 2, 2008 at 11:36 AM

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Robot buoys are taking the ocean's pulse Scientists at the University of Washington and elsewhere have deployed a flotilla of more than 3,000 autonomous buoys that measure ocean temperature, salinity and currents and are helping reveal how climate change is playing out around the globe.

By Sandi Doughton Seattle Times science reporter

When Steve Riser sends his research progeny out into the world, he knows he'll probably never see them again.

But they call home regularly.

"Here's one that just came up today, off Hawaii," the University of Washington oceanographer said, scrolling through a list on his computer. A mouse click reveals another one floating under the ice south of Australia. Dozens drift along the coast of Washington and Oregon.

Riser's babies are torpedo-shaped robots designed to measure ocean temperature, salinity and currents and beam the data back via satellite. Scattered around the globe, the probes are part of the first worldwide network to monitor the 70 percent of the planet covered with water.

"We've never had anything like this," said Riser, who along with his colleagues recently celebrated a milestone: deployment of their 3,000th robotic float.

That's the target the team set nearly a decade ago, when it first made its pitch that scientists need to know what's going on in the oceans in order to understand climate change. Even before the network — called Argo — was complete, it helped refine forecasts of global warming's likely impacts on sea level and patterns of drought.

"The Argo floats are creating a revolution in oceanography and our ability to do climate prediction," said Kevin Trenberth, head of climate analysis at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. "They must be kept going."

Riser and other members of Argo's steering team are fighting to ensure that the international collaboration doesn't unravel for lack of maintenance money.

"We have 3,000 floats now — but you have to keep replacing them," Riser said. "This is only the beginning."

But it's a good position, considering skeptics said the project would never work.

TOM REESE / THE SEATTLE TIMESUniversity of Washington oceanographer Steve Riser, shown here with graduate student Alison Rogers, helped design the network of 3,000 Argo floats. About 850 floats were built at the UW.

Related How the buoys work (PDF)

Information

Read more about Argo and the research it supports: http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/

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It's not that anyone doubted the powerful role oceans play in global climate. Warm currents in the Atlantic keep England and northern Europe from being as frigid as the Canadian plains. When the equatorial Pacific heats up, the resulting El Niños can change weather patterns around the world.

As greenhouse gases from cars and power plants trap more heat in the atmosphere, the oceans — which absorb much of that heat — will largely determine which places will get rainier, which will dry out and how storm patterns will shift.

What worried skeptics was the technical difficulty in pulling off the $80 million plan. Previously, ocean monitoring was a laborious and costly job, requiring a research ship and crew to maintain the finicky instruments.

It was the development of compact, automated sensors capable of withstanding years of battering in the ocean that made Argo possible. The first buoys were deployed in 2000.

A probe's cycle

At about 5 feet tall and weighing less than 60 pounds, the probes are considerably smaller than the oceangoing marvel for which they were named: The mythical sailing ship that carried Jason and his Argonauts on their quest for the golden fleece.

Each probe is programmed to sink to a depth of more than a mile, then drift in total darkness for nine days — deeper than submarines prowl. Every 10th day, the probes ascend, collecting temperature and salinity measurements as they go. At the surface, they transmit their data, then descend to start the cycle anew.

"This is an entirely new way of observing the oceans," said steering team member Dean Roemmich, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego.

Whereas data from ships provide only scattered snapshots, Argo buoys are deployed about 180 miles apart and provide regular updates. Riser likens the network to the weather balloons and other meteorological instruments that take the atmosphere's pulse several times a day for weather forecasting.

"We now have a similar sort of grid over the ocean," he said.

For the southern hemisphere, a place where few ships travel, the number of deep measurements gathered by Argo exceeds the entire historical record.

All the data is available free on the Internet, where scientists can also track individual robots, or floats.

Like bemused dads, Riser and his colleagues marvel at some of the pickles their instruments land in.

One was trapped by tides in a shallow lagoon near New Guinea. "It's a very remote place, so we figured we'd never be able to retrieve it," Roemmich said. But 10 days later, the float popped to the surface — right on schedule — and winds blew it through a narrow passage, back to the open ocean.

Another vanished from the coast of Australia, then started transmitting from downtown Brisbane. A local researcher crisscrossed the city with a receiver, trying to pinpoint the signal as it jumped from place to place.

The mystery was solved only after she inquired at a local fishing dock. A trawler had dredged up the buoy, and the captain was driving around with it in his truck. He planned to use the shell as a mailbox.

Most of the buoys come to quieter ends, sinking to the bottom when their batteries die after four to five years.

Maintaining the network

Each buoy costs about $20,000 to build and deploy. To keep the network at its current strength will require about 700 replacements a year, at a cost of $14 million. More than 20 nations have contributed to the project so far, with the U.S. picking up half the tab.

"This is the most international experience in the history of oceanography," Roemmich said.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration pledged to continue its support, at least in the short term. But funding from other nations is more uncertain.

Steve Piotrowicz, who manages the program for NOAA, is relying on the "scream factor" to keep the project alive: The more useful Argo becomes, the more people will scream if it goes away, he said.

Already, shippers and seafood fleets are turning to Argo data to help plot currents, routes and promising fishing grounds. More than 1,000 scientific papers have drawn on measurements from the network.

For climate modeling, Argo is indispensable, said Trenberth, who is not involved in the project. Most of the heat from global warming is absorbed by the oceans, but the temperature increases aren't uniform, he said. This differential heating can change ocean circulation, which affects temperature and rainfall around

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the planet.

Changing weather also influences the ocean. Argo measurements have shown that much of the Pacific is becoming less salty, as a result of increased rainfall. Since salty water is denser than fresh, shifts in salinity will affect currents and circulation.

"The oceans are the big flywheels in the climate system," Piotrowicz said.

As oceans heat up, they expand, contributing to sea level rise — a process Argo can monitor with unprecedented accuracy.

Argo data also are pointing up weaknesses in the current understanding of climate change. Between 2003 and 2007, Argo floats measured no appreciable warming in the upper oceans — despite the fact that temperatures on land have continued to break records. At the same time, sea level is rising faster than can be explained by melting glaciers alone, said Josh Willis, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab.

"The lack of warming over a period of a few years isn't really that surprising, because of all the natural variability," he said. "It's a bit of a mystery what's going on with sea level."

Which is all the more reason to make sure Argo keeps running, Trenberth said.

A new generation of robots is already in the works, to gather more information at lower cost.

Riser is tinkering with sensors to gauge the oceans' biological productivity, measure wind speeds and estimate rainfall. Roemmich is shrinking the instruments down.

The scientists also have developed a system any parent would envy: a satellite cellphone link that will allow them to beam instructions to the robots, instead of having to wait for their creations to call in.

Sandi Doughton: 206-464-2491 or [email protected]

Copyright © 2008 The Seattle Times Company

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