ocr b f334 specification points

7/24/2019 OCR B F334 Specification Points

1/21

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton, 2014

A2 Unit F334: Chemistry of Materials

Topic 1: Whats in a medicine? (WM)

A study of medicines such as aspirin, their development, chemistry and synthesis, illustrating some of the features of the pharmaceutical industry.

The chemical ideas in this module are:

Phenols, carboxylic acids, esters, carbonyl compounds.

Acidbase reactions. Medicine manufacture and testing.

IR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy.

Topic AS code Number Assessable learning outcomesNumber of

questions

CGP-A2

Revision guide

(Page number)

Chemical

storylines

(Page number)

Chemical ideas

(Page number)

Equilibria

WM1i

Describe acids in terms of the BrnstedLowry

theory as proton donors, and bases as proton

acceptors.

5 4 180

WM1ii Identify the proton donor and proton acceptor in anacidbase reaction. 5 4 180

Bonding and

structure EL13i WM2

Draw andinterpretsimple electron dot-and-cross

diagrams to show how atoms bond through ionic,

covalent and dative covalent bonds.

2 5-6 36-37

EL13iii WM3 Describe a simple model of metallic bonding. 5 41

EL15 WM4

Use the electron pair repulsion principle to predict

and explain the shapes of simple molecules (such as

CH4, NH3, H2O and SF6) and ions (such as NH4+) with

up to six outer pairs of electrons. (any combination

of bonding pairs and lone pairs) (no treatment ofhybridisation or molecular orbitals is expected).

1 7 44-46


2/21


EL14 WM5

Recall the typical physical properties (melting point,

solubility in water, ability to conduct electricity)

characteristic of giant lattice (metallic, ionic,

covalent network) and simple molecular structure

types (synoptic).

6 117

Organic

functional

groups

WM6iRecogniseandwriteformulae for members of the

following homologous series: diols.1 8

WM6iiRecogniseandwriteformulae for members of the

following homologous series: diamines. 28

WM6iiiRecogniseandwriteformulae for members of the

following homologous series: dicarboxylic acids10

WM6ivRecogniseandwriteformulae for members of the

following homologous series:phenols.2 12 280, 303-304

WM6vRecogniseandwriteformulae for members of the

following homologous series: acyl chlorides.13 339-340

WM6viRecogniseandwriteformulae for members of the

following homologous series: acid anhydrides.340-341

WM6viiRecogniseandwriteformulae for members of the

following homologous series: esters. 6 10 307-311

WM7iUse systematic nomenclature to name and interpret

the names of diols.8

PR5iii WM7iiUse systematic nomenclature to name and interpret

the names of carboxylic acids.1 10

WM7iiiUse systematic nomenclature to name and interpret

the names of dicarboxylic acids.10

PR5i WM7ivUse systematic nomenclature to name and interpret

the names of aldehydes.1 14 316

PR5ii WM7v Use systematic nomenclature to name and interpretthe names of ketones. 14 316

WM7vi

Use systematic nomenclature to name and interpret

the names of other organic compounds whose

naming was required in the AS course (synoptic).

4 8


3/21


ES21,

ES23iiiWM8i

Recall the reactions (as described in the modules

named) of halogenoalkanes(ES).9 288-294

PR10i-

PR10iiiWM8ii


named) ofalkenes(PR).9 272-277

PR11i-

PR11iiiWM8iii


named) of alcohols (PR) (synoptic).3 9 317

WM9

Describe and explain the acidic nature of carboxylic

acids, and their reaction with alkalis and carbonates.

Drawa carboxylate ion and describeits properties.

4 10 317

WM10

Describe the reaction of alcohols with carboxylic

acids in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid or

concentrated hydrochloric acid to form esters.

5 10 305

WM11i

Describethe following properties of phenols: acidic

nature, and their reaction with alkalis but not

carbonates.

5 12 304

WM11ii

Describethe following properties of phenols: test

with neutral iron(III) chloride solution, to give a

purple colouration.

3 12 304

WM11iiiDescribethe following properties of phenols:

reaction with acyl chlorides to form esters.1 13 309

WM12i

Describe the following reactions involving carbonyl

compounds (aldehydes and ketones): formation of

carbonyl compounds by oxidation of alcohols using

acidified dichromate with the need to distil in the

case of aldehydes (synoptic).

14 318

WM12ii


compounds (aldehydes and ketones): the oxidation

of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using acidified

dichromate, under reflux.

1 14 318

WM12iii


compounds (aldehydes and ketones): reaction with

hydrogen cyanide to form the cyanohydrin.

3 15 319


4/21


WM13

Describethe techniques for heating and purifying

volatile liquids: heating under reflux and distillation

(synoptic).

2 14 367-368

WM13

Describe the mechanism of the nucleophilic addition

reaction between a carbonyl compound and

hydrogen cyanide, using curly arrows and bond

polarities.

3 15 319

Reaction

mechanisms WM14

Understandthat more effective medicines can be

obtained by modifying the structure of existing

medicines.

18 8-11

WM15

Discuss given examples and understandthat

combinatorial chemistry is used to make a large

number of related compounds together, so that

their potential effectiveness as medicines can be

assessed by large-scale screening.

18 159

ES14i WM16iRecall the meaning of the concept atom economy

(synoptic).1 16-17 334

WM16ii

Understand that most reactions used in chemical

synthesis can be classified as: rearrangement,

addition, substitution, elimination.

1 16 360

WM16iiiUnderstand that a condensation reaction is addition

followed by elimination.2 16 110

WM16iv

Recall andUnderstand that rearrangement and

addition reactions have a higher atom economy than

substitution and condensation reactions, which have

a higher atom economy than elimination reactions.

3 16-17 360-361

WM16v

Discuss the importance of atom economy and

reaction type in working towards the development

of environmentally friendly industrial processes in

the production of polymers and medicines.

6 19 362-364


5/21


WM17

Understandthat testing a medicine involves clinical

trials which answer the following questions about a

potential new drug:

Step IIs it safe?

Step IIDoes it work?

Step IIIIs it better than the standard treatment?

2 18-19 13-15 -

WM18i

Describe the technique of thin-layer

chromatography (TLC), including location of spots

using iodine or ultraviolet radiation, and interpret

results in terms of number of spots and matching

heights or Rf values with known compounds.

1 21 176-177, 369

Modern

analytical

techniques

WM18iiUnderstand that chromatography can be used for

the purification of an organic substance.21-22, 45 178

EL21ii WM19iInterpret and predict mass spectra: identifythe M+

peak and explain that it indicates the Mr (synoptic).23-25 6-7 139-146

WM19ii

Interpret and predict mass spectra: explain how the

molecular formula can be worked out from the high-

resolution value of the M+peak.

1 23-25 6-7 139-146

EL21iii WM19iii

Interpret and predict mass spectra: recall that other

peaks are due to positive ions from fragments and

the mass differences between peaks.

2 23-25 6-7 139-146

WM19iv

Interpret and predict mass spectra: suggestthe

origins of peaks, e.g. peaks at masses of 15 and 77

are usually due to the presence of the methyl and

phenyl positive ions.

1 23-25 6-7 139-146

WM19v

Interpret and predict mass spectra: indicate the loss

of groups of atoms, e.g. loss of a methyl group would

be indicated by a mass difference of 15.

3 23-25 6-7 139-146

WM20i

Use information given in the Data Sheet tointerpret

andpredictinfrared spectra for organic compounds,

in terms of the functional group(s) present.

8 20 5 132-139

WM20iiUnderstand that specific frequencies of infrared

radiation make specific bonds vibrate more.20 5 132-139


6/21



7/21


Unit 2: The Materials Revolution (MR)

A study of condensation polymers and other modern materials.


Condensation polymers.

Amines and amides.

Factors affecting the properties of polymers.

Disposal of polymers.

Topic AS Code Number Assessable learning outcomesNumber of

questions

CGP-A2

Revision guide

(Page number)

Chemical

storylines

(Page number)

Chemical ideas

(Page number)

Bonding and

structure

ES6 MR1i Explain the term electronegativity. 1 26-27 40-41

MR1iiRecall qualitatively the electronegativity trends in the

Periodic Table.26-27 40-41

MR1iiiUse relative electronegativity values to predict bond

polarity in a covalent bond.97

MR1iv

Decide whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar from

its shape and the polarity of its bonds. 27

ES7i MR2i

Explain, give examples of and recognise in given

examples the following types of intermolecular bonds:

instantaneous dipoleinduced dipole bonds (including

dependence on branching and chain length of organic

molecules).

3 27 93-98

ES7ii MR2ii



permanent dipolepermanent dipole bonds.

2 27 93-98

PR1i MR2iii



hydrogen bonds (synoptic).

2 27 93-98


8/21


MR3i

Explain and predict the effect of temperature on the

properties of polymers: intermolecular bonds have

more effect as the temperature is lowered; a polymer

softens above its Tmand becomes brittle below its Tg.

3 34 111

MR3ii

Explain and predict the effect of crystallinity on the

properties of polymers: (regular packing of the chains,

due to the regular structure of the polymer)the

chains are closer and the intermolecular bonds have

more effect, leading to greater strength.

6 34 107-108

MR3iii

Explain and predict the effect of chain length on the

properties of polymers: there are more intermolecular

bonds leading to greater strength.

34 112

MR3iv

Explain and predict the effect of chain length on the

properties of polymers: explain that flexibility depends

on the ability of the polymer chains to slide over each

other.

1 34 107-108

MR4

Explain the following ways that chemists can modify

the properties of a polymer to meet particular needs:

cold drawing to make the structure more crystalline,

copolymerisation and the use of plasticisers.

3 35 113

MR5

Understand that the properties of all materials depend

on their structure and bonding andexplain examples

given relevant information.

1 34-35 113

Organicfunctionalgroups

MR6iRecognise members of the following homologous

series: amines.2 28 320

MR6iiRecognise members of the following homologous

series: amides.6 29 323

MR7

Use systematic nomenclature to name and interpret

the names of aliphatic primary amines and diamines

(use the prefix amino- for the NH2group together with

the parent hydrocarbon, e.g. 2-aminopropane, 1,6-

diaminohexane).

4 28 320


9/21


Organic

reactionsMR8

Explain the difference between additionand

condensationpolymerisation.1 31

107, 110, 324-

325

MR9

Predict the structural formula of the condensation &

addition polymers formed from given monomer(s), and

vice versa.

10 31-32 19-20 107,110

MR10

Describe the hydrolysis of esters and amides by both

aqueous acids and alkalis, including salt formation

where appropriate.

3 29

309-310

(esters)

323-324

(amides)

MR11Describe the following reactions of amines:

neutralisation by acids, acylation to form an amide.1 19 322-323

MR12i

Recall the procedure for purifying an organic solid

product by recrystallisation, and explain that the

solvent used must be one in which the substance is

very soluble at higher temperatures and insoluble, or

nearly so, at lower temperatures.

2 30 369-370

MR12ii

Recall the procedure for purifying an organic solid

product by recrystallisation, and explain that the

solvent used is saturated by the substance at higher

temperatures, and on cooling the substance then

crystallises out, to leave the impurities in solution.

2 30 369-370

Reaction

mechanisms MR13

Explain the basic nature of the amino group, in terms

of a lone pair on the nitrogen accepting a proton to give

a cation.

2 28 321

Applications

MR14i

Understandhow the principles of green chemistry are

important in the manufacture, use, recycling and the

eventual disposal of polymers, including: minimising

any hazardous waste during production of raw

materials and their resulting polymers to reduce any

negative impact on the environment.

3 32-33 26 364-366


10/21


MR14ii



eventual disposal of polymers, including: reducing

carbon emissions resulting from the life cycle of a

polymer.

32-33 364-366

MR14iii



eventual disposal of polymers, including: recycling to

produce energy and chemical feedstocks.

32-33 364-366


11/21


Unit 3: The thread of life (TL)

A study of proteins and enzymes. DNA and its use in synthesising proteins.


rates of reaction;

enzymecatalysis;

optical isomerism;

amino acid and protein chemistry;

the structure and function of DNA.

Topic AS Code Number Assessable learning outcomesNumber of

questions

CGP-A2

Revision guide

(Page number)

Chemical

storylines

(Page number)

Chemical ideas

(Page number)

Kinetics TL1i Explain and use the terms: rate constant, including units. 2 39

TL1ii Explain and use the terms: rate of reaction. 36 210

TL1iiiExplain and use the terms: order of reaction(both

overall and with respect to a given reagent)38 219-220

TL2iUse empirical rate equations of the form: rate =

k[A]m[B]nwhere m and n are integers. 2 38

TL2ii Carry out calculations based on the rate equation. 1 37-41 225

TL2iiiUnderstand that the rate constant k increases with

increasing temperature.1 38 221

TL2ivDescribe of the concentration of reactants affects the

rate of reaction.

TL3i

Understand that these experimental methods can be

used in a school laboratory for following a reaction:

titration.

2 36

TL3ii



colorimetry.

4 36 224

TL3iii



measuring volumes of gases evolved.

2 36 216-217


12/21


TL3iv


used in a school laboratory for following a reaction: pH

measurement.

1 36

TL3v



measuring mass changes.

1 36 217

TL4i Design experiments to calculate the rate of reaction. 2 36 216-225

TL4ii Calculate the rate of the reaction. 2 36 216-225

TL5 Use given data to calculate half-lives for a reaction. 1 40-41 221-228

TL6

Use experimental data (half-lives or initial rates when

varying concentrations are used) to find the order of a

reaction (zero-, first- or second-order), and hence

constructa rate equation for the reaction.

5 40-41, 44 223-228

TL7Use the term rate-determining step to describe the

slowest step in a reaction.2 42 225

TL8i

Explain the shape of the rate versus substrate

concentration curve for an enzyme-catalysed reaction in

terms of the rate-determining step: at low

concentrations of substrate the order with respect to the

substrate is one.

2 43 230-231

TL8ii

Explain the shape of the rate versus substrate

concentration curve for an enzyme-catalysed reaction in

terms of the rate-determining step: at higher

concentrations of substrate the order with respect to the

substrate is zero.

1 43 230-231

TL8iii

Explain, given the necessary data, the useful information

about the mechanism of a reaction that can be obtained

from the rate-determining step.

1 42-43 225-228

Organic

functional

groups

TL9

Recognise and describe the generalised structure of

amino acids and recall that proteins are condensation

polymers formed from amino acid monomers.

5 45-46 38 326

TL10iDescribe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of

proteins.1 46 39-40 328


13/21


TL10ii

Explain the importance of amino acid sequence in

determining the properties of proteins, and account for

the diversity of proteins in living things.

46 36-40

TL11

Explain the role of hydrogen bonds and other

intermolecular bonds in determining the secondary and

tertiary structures, and hence the properties of proteins.

1 47 39-40 328

Organicreactions

TL12 Describe the acidbase properties of amino acids. 1 45 326

TL13

Recall that amino acids usually exist as zwitterions. and

describetheir properties. 3 45 326

TL14iDescribe the formation and hydrolysis of the peptide link

between amino acid residues in proteins.1 329

TL14ii

Describe the use of paper chromatography to identify

amino acids, including the need for a suitable locating

agent, such as ninhydrin.

45 369

TL15iDescribe the characteristics of enzyme catalysis,

including:temperature sensitivity.3 54 44

TL15iiDescribe the characteristics of enzyme catalysis,

including: specificity.54 42

TL15iiiDescribe the characteristics of enzyme catalysis,

including:inhibition.55 43

TL15ivDescribe the characteristics of enzyme catalysis,

including:pH sensitivity.1 54 41-45

TL16i

Explain these characteristics of enzyme catalysis in terms

of a three-dimensional active site (part of the tertiary

structure) to which the substrate forms intermolecular

bonds.

3 54 41-45

TL16iiRecall that molecules acting as inhibitors bind to active

sites but do not react.55 41-45 230

TL17

Understand that DNA is a condensation polymer formed

from nucleotides, which are monomers having three

components: phosphate, sugar and base.

1 48 46-49


14/21


TL18

Explain, using the structures on the Data Sheet, how:

phosphate units join by condensation with deoxyribose

to form the phosphatesugar backbone in DNA.

1 48 46-49

TL19i

Explain, using the structures on the Data Sheet, how: the

four bases present in DNA join by condensation with the

deoxyribose in the phosphate sugar backbone.

1 48 46-49

TL19ii

Explain, using the structures on the Data Sheet, how:

two strands of DNA form a double-helix structure

through base pairing.

2 49 46-49

TL19iiiUnderstand that various models were devised before

the currently accepted version was formulated.2 48

TL20

Using the structures on the Data Sheet, describe and

explain the significance of hydrogen bonding in the

pairing of bases in DNA, and relate to the replication of

genetic information.

2 50 49

TL21Use the diagram on the Data Sheetto explainhow DNA

encodes for an amino acid sequence in a protein.2 52-53 50-52

Isomerism

DF19 TL22

Draw andinterpretstructural formulae (full, shortened

and skeletal).

DF20 TL23i

Use the concept of repulsion of areas of electron density

to deducethe bond angles in organic molecules

(including double bonds, no treatment of small deviation

of angle due to lone pair repulsion required)

56 269, 273

DF21 TL23iiRelate molecular shape to structural formulae and use

wedges and dotted lines to represent 3D shape.1 56-57 44

DF23 TL23iii Recognise anddraw structural isomers. 56 47-50

PR13i TL23iv

Recognise where E/Zisomerism occurs, explaining it in

terms of lack of free rotation about C=C bonds when

there are two different groups on each carbon.

4 56 50-51


15/21


PR13ii TL23v

Draw andinterpret diagrams to represent E/Z isomers

for alkenes which have the same groups on both sides of

the double bond (Eopposite sides of bond; Zsame

side of bond); in such molecules, describe E as trans

and Z as cis and extend this cistrans nomenclature to

other, more complicated, alkenes (synoptic) (knowledge

of CahnIngoldPrelog priority rules will not be required)

56 50-51

TL24i

Draw andinterpret diagrams to represent optical

stereoisomers of molecules. 1 57 52-54

TL24ii Explain and usethe term chiral as applied to a molecule. 7 57 52-54

TL24iiiExplainthat enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror

image molecules.4 57 52-54

ApplicationsTL25

Understandthat DNA analysis can be used for genetic

fingerprinting.1 51 53-54

TL26Discuss the ethical issues of using and storing data from

human DNA analysis, given examples.1 51 53-54

TL27

Givenexamples, understandthe industrial importance

of enzymes and of their contribution to green chemistry

processes.

53 363-364


16/21


Unit 4: The Steel Story (SS)

An account of the production, properties and uses of steel, with reference to other metals.


Redox reactions.

Electrode potentials.

d-block chemistry.

Colorimetry.

TopicAS

CodeNumber Assessable learning outcomes

Number of

questions

CGP-A2

Revision guide

(Page number)

Chemical

storylines

(Page number)

Chemical ideas

(Page number)

Formulae,

equations

and

amount of

substance

SS1iUse the concept of amount of substance to calculate

molecular formulae.

ES1ii SS1iiUse the concept of amount of substance to calculate

percentage yields.357-358

DF1i SS1iiiUse the concept of amount of substance to calculate

volumes of gases.

10-11

ES1v SS1ivUse the concept of amount of substance to calculate

volumes of solutions of known concentrations.2 12-13

SS1vUse the concept of amount of substance to calculate

balanced chemical equations (synoptic).

ES1iii SS1vi

Use the concept of amount of substance to calculate

amount of substance to calculate mass/amount of

reactant or product.

59 8

EL1iii SS2iWrite andinterpret balanced equations, given the

necessary information (synoptic).5 7

ES1vii SS2ii Write andinterpret balanced ionic equations given thenecessary information (synoptic).

5 85, 250

ES2 SS3

Given the necessary information,describe andexplain

procedures for acidbase (synoptic) and redox titrations

and carry out non-structured calculations based on the

results.

7 59


17/21


Bonding and

structure

SS4i Use andexplain the term coordination number. 2 68-69 258-260

SS4ii

Draw andname the shapes of complexes with

coordination numbers 4 (square planar and tetrahedral)

and 6 (octahedral).

3 68-69 258-259

Redox

SS5i

Given the necessary information,describe redox reactions

of d-block elements (and main group elementssynoptic)

in terms of electron transfer.

1 60 193-194

SS5ii


of d-block elements assigning oxidation states. 5 60 194-197

SS5iii


of d-block elements using half-equations to represent the

oxidation and reduction reactions (synoptic).

2 61 198-199

SS5iv


of d-block elements combining half equations to give the

overall equation for the reaction.

5 60-61 199

SS5v


of d-block elements recognising the oxidising and

reducing agents.

8 60-61 198-199

SS5vi


of d-block elements defining oxidation and reduction in

terms of loss and gain of electrons.

2 60-61 198-199

SS6

Usesystematic nomenclature to nameand interpretthe

names of inorganic compounds [ie copper(II) sulfide,

lead(II) nitrate(V), potassium manganate(VII), not complex

ions]

1 196-197

SS7Recalland explainthe procedure for carrying out a redox

titration involving manganate(VII) ions.59

SS8i

Describethe construction of simple electrochemical cells

involving: metal ion/metal half-cells. 1 62 199-204

SS8ii

Describethe construction of simple electrochemical cells

involving: half-cells based on different oxidation states of

the same element in aqueous solution with a platinum or

other inert electrode.

1 62 199-204


18/21


SS8iiiDescribethe construction of simple electrochemical cells,

involving acidified cells.62 199-204

SS9i

Explainand use the term standard electrode potential and

understandhow a standard electrode potential is

measured using a hydrogen electrode (details of electrode

not required).

62 199-204

SS9iiExplain the action of an electrochemical cell in terms of

half-equations and external electron flow.62 199-204

SS10i Usestandard electrode potentials to calculateEcell. 3 63 203-204

SS10iiUsestandard electrode potentials to predict the feasibility

of redox reactions.4 63 206-208

SS10iii

Understand that the rate of reaction may be an important

factor in deciding whether the reaction actually takes

place under standard conditions.

208

SS11

Describerusting in terms of electrochemical processes

involving iron, oxygen and water, and the subsequent

reactions to form rust.

64-65 204

SS12i

Describeandexplain approaches to corrosion prevention:

sacrificial protection by galvanising and use of zinc blocks. 64-65

SS12ii

Describeandexplain approaches to corrosion prevention:

barrier protection using oil, grease, paint or a polymer

coating.

64-65 67-68

SS13i

Describe andexplain the issues involved in the recycling

of iron and steel: all steel packaging except aerosols can

be recycled.

64-65 69-70

SS13iiDescribe andexplain the issues involved in the recycling

of iron and steel: cleaning by incineration.64-65

SS13iii


of iron and steel: ease of sorting using magnetic

properties.

64-65

SS13iv


of iron and steel: composition of new steel easily

adjusted.

64-65


19/21


SS13v


of iron and steel: scrap is used to adjust temperature of

furnace.

64-65

Inorganic

chemistry

and the

Periodic

Table

SS14

Given the necessary information,explain the chemical

processes occurring during the extraction and purification

of metals from their ores.

1 65 59-63

EL16i SS15i

Recall that the Periodic Table lists elements in order of

atomic (proton) number and groups elements together

according to their common properties.

66

ES11ii SS15iiRecall the classification of elements into s-, p- and d-

blocks.66 26-30

ES11iii SS15iii

Recall and explain the relationship between the position

of an element in the Periodic Table and the charge on its

ion.

66 33-35

ES11iv SS15ivRecall the names and formulae of NO3, SO42, CO32, OH,

NH4+, HCO3-.2 70

SS15vWrite formulae for compounds formed between these

ions and other given anions and cations (synoptic).6

SS16i

Recall that transition metals are d-block elements forming

one or more stable ions which have incompletely filled d-

orbitals.

1 66 251-253

SS16iiRecall the common oxidation states of iron and copper

and the colours of their aqueous ions.2 67

SS17i

Describe the colour changes in and write ionic equations

for the reactions of: Fe2+(aq), Fe3+(aq) and Cu2+(aq) ions

with sodium hydroxide solution.

3 70

SS17iiDescribe the colour changes in and write ionic equations

for the reactions of: Cu2+(aq) ions with ammonia solution.70

ES3 SS18

Use conventions for representing the distribution of

electrons in atomic orbitals (no treatment of the shapes of

atomic orbitals is expected).

66 252


20/21


ES4 SS19i

Write out the electronic configuration, using sub-shells

and atomic orbitals, for atoms and ions of the first row of

the d-block elements (and the main group elements up to

kryptonsynoptic).

4 66 252

SS19ii

Use the electronic configuration, using sub-shells and

atomic orbitals, for atoms and ions of the first row of the

d-block elementstoexplain the existence of variable

oxidation states, in terms of the stability of d orbital

electron arrangements.

71 255-256

SS20i

Explain the catalytic activity of transition metals and their

compounds: homogeneous catalysis in terms of variable

oxidation states.

4 71 256-257

SS20ii

Explain the catalytic activity of transition metals and their

compounds: heterogeneous catalysis in terms of the

ability of transition metals to use (3)d and (4)s electrons of

the atoms on the catalyst surface to form weak bonds to

reactants.

1 71 256-257

SS21i Explain anduse the terms: ligand. 1 68 258-261

SS21ii Explain anduse the terms: complex/complex ion. 68 258-261

SS21iii Explain anduse the terms: ligand substitution. 68 258-261

SS22

Recall the formulae of the following examples of complex

ions from the chemistry of: iron: [Fe(H2O)6]2+, [Fe(H2O)6]3+;

copper: [Cu(H2O)6]2+, [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [CuCl4]2-.

3 68 261

SS23

Describe the formation of complexes in terms of

coordinate (dative) bonding betweenligand and central

metal ion.

2 68 258-261

SS24Explain the terms bidentate and polydentate as applied to

ligands, exemplified by ethanedioate and EDTA4.1 68 260-261

SS25iRecall that the ions of transition metals in solution are

often coloured.3 72 262-263


21/21


SS25ii

Explain that this is because they absorb in specific parts of

the visible spectrum and transmit the complementary

frequencies (no explanation in terms of energy levels is

required in this unit)

2 72 262-263

SS26i Describe andexplain a simple colorimeter 72-73 372-373

SS26ii

Use colorimetric measurements to determine the

concentration

of a coloured solution:

(i) Choose suitable filter/set wavelength.(ii) Make up standard solutions of coloured solution.

(iii) Zero colorimeter with tube of water/solvent.

(iv) Measure absorbance of standard solutions.

(v) Plot calibration curve.

(vi) Measure absorbance of unknown.

(vii) Read off concentration from calibration curve.

4 73 372-373

ocr b f334 specification points

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