october 2002, vol 20

OCTOBEROCTOBEROCTOBEROCTOBEROCTOBER, 2002, 2002, 2002, 2002, 2002VOLVOLVOLVOLVOLUME 20, NUMBER 4UME 20, NUMBER 4UME 20, NUMBER 4UME 20, NUMBER 4UME 20, NUMBER 4

A H A

Imhotep ..... First, Last, and Alwaysby Samuel L. Ostrin, M.D.

Continued on page 4

Fellow medical practitioners who re-coil at jokes about doctors who think theyare gods, take comfort .... there was onewho made it. He was called Imhotep,Egyptian for ‘he who comes in peace’. (fig.1) Breasted1, the noted Egyptologist, re-calling the first 3,000 years of civilization,stated, “....the history of the world hadlargely been the irresistable drift of tradi-tion. The outstanding exception was thegreat architect-physician, Imhotep. Oth-erwise men had been but drops of waterin the great tide.”

Imhotep lived in the Third Dynasty ofEgypt (2780-2720 B.C.)* during the ruleof King Zoser. Born the son of the archi-tect, Kanofer, it was as an architect thatImhotep left his most visable foot printon history. He designed and built the firstpyramid. (fig. 2) The step pyramid ofSakkara, near Memphis was to serve as thetomb for King Zoser, and become the in-spiration for all monumental stone struc-tures which followed. When the step pyra-mid was unearthed in the 1920’s, the baseof a statue of Imhotep was found. (fig. 3)The inscription attests to his talents. “TheChancellor of the King of Lower Egypt,The First after the King of Upper Egypt,Administrator of the Great Place, Heredi-tary Lord, High Priest of Heliopolis,Imhotep, the Builder, the Sculptor, theMaker of Stone Vases.”3

The last and most innocuous title of‘maker of stone vases’ was perhaps themost prophetic legacy. The craftsmen ofhis time were molders of mud and strawbricks, makers of wattle houses, and pot-ters of clay. The product was like itsmaker.....perishable. Until Imhotep envi-sioned the pyramid, Kings were buried ina deep ditch covered by a dirt mound

*The Egyptian calender dates back to 4236B.C. (the Jewish 3760 B.C and the Mayan3372 B.C.). In 3100 B.C., Menes unitedthe kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt toform the First Dynasty.2

(mustaba) ..... which made them ripe pick-ings for grave robbers. The pyramid hebuilt for his Pharaoh became Zoser’s stonevase, his impenetrable vault of posterity.Since Imhotep, Man and his works havebeen endowed with a degree of perma-nence, and lasting value. Besides the obvi-ous esthetic and engineering marvels of thepyramid and related temples, the excava-tors must have felt caught in a time warp.They found Doric style columns, whichhad apparently been constructed 2,000years before the Greeks had inventedthem.3

an important mummy from this world tothe next, and guaranteed successful resus-citation of vital functions once it arrived.

As Sage and Scribe, Imhotep was thesource of proverbs and maxims.1 Althoughno actual quotes survive, his words awak-ened the conscience of his time, andserved as the commandments of daily life.It would take another 1,500 years beforeMoses would exodus Egypt (1250 B.C.)and receive more permanent guidelines.

If all these duties occupied his days,Imhotep, the Astronomer and Astrologer,spent his nights observing the heavenly

Fig. 1. Imhotep’s name written in hieroglyphics.

Pharaohs were divine bybirth, Imhotep had to workat it. As Chief Lector Priest,he was charged with negoti-ating with the fickle and de-manding gods. It was up tohis cunning and insight toanticipate their displeasuresand to avert natural disas-ters. Equally as important,he was responsible for per-forming the “Liturgy ofFunerary Offerings” and“The Opening of theMouth”.5 These were cer-emonies which transported

Fig. 2. The Step Pyramid of Sakkara

Imhotep excercisedboth secular and sacredduties. His secular sta-tus was essentially thatof prime minister andcabinet combined. AsGrand Vizier to Pha-raoh, his duties in-cluded being: ‘ChiefJudge’, ‘Overseer of theKing’s records’, ‘Bearerof the royal seal’, ‘Su-pervisor of that whichHeaven brings, theEarth creates, and theNile brings’, and ‘Su-pervisor of everythingin this entire land’.4

22222 BULLETIN OF ANESTHESIA HISTORYBULLETIN OF ANESTHESIA HISTORYBULLETIN OF ANESTHESIA HISTORYBULLETIN OF ANESTHESIA HISTORYBULLETIN OF ANESTHESIA HISTORY

Dear Dr. Cope:

The interesting device in MiguelColón-Morales’s lower photograph (Bulle-tin of Anesthesia History 2002;20(2):3) is aLeech pharyngeal bulb gasway.

Leech invented his device in 1935, de-scribed its development in Anesthesia andAnalgesia in 1937 (Figure)1 and obtainedUS patent #2,099,127 on November 16,1937. The “core” of the device resemblesan elongated Connell airway, with aguarded tip similar to Miller’s modifica-tion of the Lumbard airway. The “bulb”was made of rubber, shaped “so that... thepharyngeal tissues will relax around andabout it.”1 It was manufactured in the USby the Foregger Company, with variousstyles of connectors. Leech himself rec-ommended a curved rather than an L-shaped connector.1

Letter to the Editor

CM from McGill University in 1925. Heestablished a practice in Regina,Saskatchewan and was director of anesthe-sia at Regina General Hospital from 1929-56.

Leech was one of Canada’s leading pio-neer anesthetists. He was a charter mem-ber of the American Society of Anesthesi-ologists, 1937; elected an honorary fellowof the Association of Anaesthetists of GreatBritain and Ireland and honorary mem-ber of the Section of Anaesthetics of theRoyal Society of Medicine, 1942; certifiedas a specialist in anesthesia by the RoyalCollege of Physicians and Surgeons of

Figure 1 - Leech pharyngeal bulb gasway

The Leech gasway provided a meansof delivering closed circuit cyclopropaneanesthesia as efficiently as with endotra-cheal intubation, but without time-con-suming laryngoscopy with a straightbladed laryngoscope that required deepanesthesia. It remained popular until theintroduction of succinylcholine in themid-1950’s. In 1957, Leech replied to aninquiry from a colleague, “I rarely use itmyself any more, since rapid actingmuscle relaxants have made intubation sosimple.”2

This airway, and similar ones reviewedby Rendell-Baker in 2000,3 preceded thelaryngeal mask airway (LMA) by nearlyfifty years. Dr. Archie Brain addressed

the question of Leech’s design being a fore-runner of the laryngeal mask LMA in1990.4 He pointed out that, anatomically,the tip of the Leech gasway reached thetip of the epiglottis, whereas the LMA liesmuch deeper with its tip at the upperesophageal sphincter. Functionally, theyare also different. The Leech airway formsa seal around the perimeter of the phar-ynx, while the LMA forms its seal at rightangles to this, around the perimeter of thelarynx. The mask and glottic apertures arethus facing each other, permitting blindintubation of the trachea via the tube ofthe LMA, or fiberoptic inspection of thelarynx or bronchial tree.

Dr. Beverley Charles Leech (1898-1960)was born in Brandon, Manitoba and gradu-ated from Brandon College.5 He served inthe Canadian Expeditionary Force duringthe First World War and graduated MD,

To whom it may concern,

My name is Steve Clark my wife isBonnie Clark, both of us are long timeresidents of Charlton Ma. We have re-cently purchased The Waters Mortonhouse which as you know is the boyhoodhome of William T.G. Morton. There wasa fire in the house in 1999 this accompa-nied with years of neglect make the housein major need of repair. The cost of therestoration is approximately $100,000-$150,000. We have lived in the Mary Wa-ters homestead for 18 years which is thehouse Israel Waters built for his motherwhich is in eye shot of the Waters-MortonHouse. We made the decision to take onthis large task. Our plans are to restorethe house while making it a practicalhome. The house is in need of a septic sys-tem, well, electrical, plumbing, windows,structural repair, fire damage repair, An-tique architectural repair, Carpentry,Heating system, chimney work and gen-eral modernization to the kitchen andbaths. Some of these are already in pro-cess. Our vision is to restore this greatstructure which is on the national regis-ter of Historic places. Included in ourplans are to put the front door to its origi-nal spot in the front of the house. Repairor restore the early paneled walls that wereremoved during the fire and to have aMorton Room which would include Col-lectable and historic books and items onanesthesia, ether, painless dentistry andsurgery.

I am writing to you to inform that wehave begun the process of restoring thiswonderful house and historically signifi-cant house to the Anesthesia world and toask if the American Society of Anesthesi-ologist or the Wood Library Museum ofAnesthesiology have funds available forgrants or low interest loans to help withthese type of restorations. If your organi-zation has interest in helping in some waywith the restoration or you would like tobe kept informed of our progress pleasecontact us via e-mail, mail or telephone.After we make significant progress on therestoration we would like to invite any ofyour members or historians of Anesthesiaand/or historians of historic places to joinus in a tour and possible dedication.

Thank you for your consideration.

Mr. Mrs. Steven Clark9 Cemetery Road

Charlton Ma 01507Tel. 508-248-5150

E-mail [email protected]

Continued on page 11

BULLETIN OF ANESTHESIA HISTORYBULLETIN OF ANESTHESIA HISTORYBULLETIN OF ANESTHESIA HISTORYBULLETIN OF ANESTHESIA HISTORYBULLETIN OF ANESTHESIA HISTORY 33333

Servo-Anesthesia and the Search for a Residency

The paper by Spittler and coworkers1

brought to mind how different it used tobe in searching for a residency in anesthe-siology and in my own case how “servo-anesthesia” played a definitive role.

I was interning at the University ofChicago Clinics (Billings Hospital) at theend of the 50’s doing a rotating internshipand decided to do a month on the anes-thesiology service. The Professor andChairman was a charming, wonderfullyenthusiastic, World War 11 undergroundhero, clinician-teacher from Denmark, E.Trier Morch. As is well known, Dr. Morchwas a pioneer in the development of ven-tilators.2 Very quickly, the Professor bothcaptivated and captured me, and after do-ing a second month on his service, Ichanged my career goal from tropicalmedicine (sic!) to anesthesiology. The nextquestion that came up was where to do theresidency. Unfortunately, I was pulledmany ways and peppered with numbers ofsuggestions by numerous knowledgeablepeople. Dr. Morch suggested that I lookat the Massachusetts General Hospital andmy fellow intern and roommate, HarryWollman, decided upon going to the Uni-versity of Pennsylvania with Dr. Drippsand naturally thought I should applythere. I was pulled in two other directionswhen one of Dr. Morch’s staff thought Iwould enjoy a residency at the Universityof Colorado with Dr. Robert Virtue be-cause of his work in pharmacology andanother staff anesthesiologist, Dr.Geraldine Light, opined that the MayoClinic was the place for me. It must bepointed out that while there was an intern-matching plan, the specialty matchingcame much later. The process then was toconsult with your peers, speak to your fel-low intems, look over the literature pro-duced at the various institutions and thenmake an educated guess.

I applied to all the departments men-tioned above and received a very rapid re-sponse from Rochester, Minnesota andarranged for a visit to the Mayo Clinic inthe fall. I flew from Chicago to Minneapo-lis and then boarded a turbo-jet to Roch-ester, arriving in the early evening. Earlythe next morning, I presented myself atthe Chairman’s Office and spent time withDr. Albert Faulconer discussing my inter-ests and background and giving me an ideawhat the Mayo program encompassed. Therest of the day was a blur, visiting the “old”medical sciences research building whereI met Dr. Reginald Bickford, the Chief of

To the Editor:Electroencephalography; the wonderfulMayo Clinic Library; and the operatingrooms at both Methodist and Methodist-Worrall Hospitals where I had interviewswith Drs. Harry Seldon, (one of thefounders and editor of Anesthesia and Anal-gesia), Charley Restall, Ed Daw, J.T. Mar-tin, Howard Terry, and Bob Patrick.

The “piece de resistance” took placeearly the next day when I visited one of theoperating rooms to watch a surgical proce-dure where I was told “automatic” servo-anesthesia using pentothal would be used.Certain aspects of the event still stick-outin my memory. I do remember the injec-tion pump unit with it glass pentothal sy-ringe attached by tubing to a needle in anantecubital vein, and the large, speciallydesigned E.E.G.Unit with its primitive fre-quency analyzer. I was certainly awed bythe audacity of the concept as a tool forunderstanding anesthetic effects. Forty-twoyears later at the year 2000 ASA meeting,Peter Cohen and I presented a poster cov-ering Faulconer and Bickford’s work onE.E.G responses to thiopental, ether andnitrous oxide.

I returned to Chicago that evening hav-ing been most impressed with what I hadobserved. Above all, the Mayo plan ofbreaking for one or two years in order tofulfill the requirements for a Masters orDoctorate in Anesthesiology was most ap-pealing, especially with the excellent re-search facilities that were available. Theexciting experience of observing at first-hand the application of servo-anesthesiamade it quite easy for me to accept the resi-dency offer when it arrived in the mail aweek or so later.

Maurice S. Albin, M.D., M.Sc (Anes)Professor of Anesthesiology

University of AlabamaSchool of Medicine

at Birmingham

References1. Spittler KH, Bacon DR, Perkins WJ. The Quest

for Anesthetic Depth: Albert Falconer,Electroencephalography and the Servo-ControlledAnesthesia Machine. Bull Anesth Hist 2002;20:1,4-6.

2. Rosenberg H, Axelrod JK. Ernst Trier Morch:Inventor, Medical Pioneer, Heroic Freedom Fighter.Anes Analg 2000;90:218-221.

EXCITINGOPPORTUNITY!

THE WLMFELLOWSHIP

The WLM Fellowship will providerecipients with financial support forone to three weeks of scholarlyhistorical research at the WoodLibrary-Museum.

The Board of Trustees of theWood Library-Museum invitesapplications from anesthesiologists,residents in anesthesiology, physiciansin other disciplines, historians andother individuals with a developedinterest in library and museumresearch in anesthesiology.

For further information, contact:Librarian, Wood Library-Museum ofAnesthesiology, or call(847) 825-5586. Visit our Website at <www.ASAhq.org/wlm/fellowship.html>.

Complete proposals must be receivedbefore January 31, 2003, for consider-ation.

The Wood Library-Museum servesthe membership of ASA and theanesthesiology community.

Wood Library-Museumof Anesthesiology

520 N. Northwest HighwayPark Ridge, IL 60068-2573

(847) 825-5586www.ASAhq.org/wlm

T H E W O O D

LIBRARY-MUSEUM

OF

ANESTHESIOLOGY


Imhotep. . .Continued from page 1Continued from page 1Continued from page 1Continued from page 1Continued from page 1 Unfortunately, no records ofImhotep’s activities as a physi-cian have been unearthed. In1957, Professor W.B. Emery ex-cavating in the Sakkara area6,7,came across some tantalizingfinds to suggest that Imhotep’stomb must be near by. His deathin 1971 ended seven years ofsearching. Thanks to Erman8,we can be confident thatImhotep walked this earth dur-ing Zoser’s time. In the absenceof the man, we are left with themyth.

When one of messianic pro-portions dies, the myth mush-rooms. His death didn’t dimin-

ish Egypt’s dependence on him. Peoplewere drawn to his place of interment. Indeath, as in life, they brought their suf-fering for his succor. He didn’t abandonhis patients. Imhotep’s healing powersstretched from beyond the grave.

It’s true. You just can’t keep a good Docdown. To accomodate his new stature,Imhotep was elevated to the rank of ademi-god, or saint. As a new cult figure,temples were built in his honor, and ranksof priests flourished in his adoration. Thetemples became sacred places of contem-plation and incubation sleep. The powerand revelations of dreams were highly re-garded in Egypt. The supplicants wouldbe visited by Imhotep as they slept. Hewould cure the easy cases over night. Forthe more complicated ones, he would pre-scribe incantations and treatments whichwould affect the cure. Miracle hearingsbecame commonplace, Just as his archi-tectural visions foreshadowed the sky-scrapers, his worship presaged dreamanalysis, the power of positive thinking,suggestive therapy, bio-feedback and thelike.

What a fountain of hope and compas-sion he must have been. Consider the beau-tifully lyrical passage from the Papyrus ofAni (The Book of the Dead), which isthought to have originated aroundImhotep’s time.

When thou worshippest thy god,do it quietly and without ostentationin the sanctuary of god, to whomclamour is abhorrent. Pray to himwith a longing heart, in which allwords are hidden. So will he grantthy offerings.4

These instructions are reminiscent ofthose issued in the Sermon on the Mount(Matthew: chapter 6, verse 6).

Fig. 3. Statue of Imhotep from Kunstmuseum inBerlin, Germany

Fig. 4. Imhotep as Deityof Medicine

bodies for omens and portents.Imhotep was more than ‘the first out-

standing individual in human history’, asBreasted claims. Johnson3 more aptly re-fers to him as ‘The Leonardo of Memphis’.Imhotep preceeded the Renaissance by 43centuries. Human events would have towait that long for a standard worthy ofcomparison.

In spite of all his other accomplish-ments, Imhotep is best remembered as thefirst great physician. (fig. 4) In the daysof the Pharaohs, physicians were also ma-gicians. Magic has always been the Motherof Medicine. A potion was only as good asthe power of the physician’s magic tomake it work. Physiology and pharmacol-ogy notwithstanding, what practicing phy-sician would deny that magic is still op-erative in medicine today (the power ofthe placebo, good bedside manner etc.)?Ancient scrolls like the Berlin, Smith, andEber’s papyri remind us that the Egyp-tians practiced remarkably imaginativetherapeutics ...... and powerful magic.

But thou, when thou prayest,enter into the closet, and when thouhast shut thy door, pray to thy Fa-ther which is in secret; and thy Fa-ther which seeth in secret, shall re-ward thee openly.

Even though sainthood followedshortly after death, his apotheosis took2,500 years (525 B.C.). His elevation to afull fledged god demanded repackaging.A god needed a god for a father. Themighty Ptah was the obvious choice. Thelion-headed Sekhmet became his newmother. Together, they formed the Triadof Memphis.5,9 The symbolism of the trin-ity (two gods and one goddess) was anEgyptian hallmark.

Imhotep’s fortunes fared better than hisbeloved Egypt. Egypt would fall under for-eign domination, most notably the Per-sians under Darius I and the Ptolomeicperiod under the Greeks. As Egyptian civi-lization slowly erroded under foreign in-fluence, the worship of Imhotep not onlyflourished, but was encouraged. It wasduring the Persian period that he was dei-fied. The Greeks called him Imouthes, andclaimed that their god of medicine,Asklepios, was none other than Imhotepreincarnate. It wasn’t until well into theChristian Era (550 A.D.) that Imhotep fellfrom grace.

Even though little is known about theman himself, there can be little doubt howpeople felt about him. From the graffition his temples and his historical press clip-pings, we learn that Imhotep was:4

.....the good physician of godsand men, a kind and merciful god,assuaging the suffering of those inpain, healing the diseases of men,and giving peaceful sleep to the rest-less and suffering.

.....the god who protects humanbeings, who gives to him who callsupon him, who gives life to men andwomen.

.....the god who gives a son to himwho has none.

Speaking of this man who Sir WilliamOsler called ‘the first figure of a physicianto stand out clearly from the mists of an-tiquity’, Ralston7, offers a compelling ar-gument regarding our Hippocratic Oath:“It is inadvisable to swear, particularly topagen gods; but if one must swear, why notto Imhotep?”

Imhotep’s challenge to all physicians


is unambiguous. The making of diagnosesand dispensing of drugs, does not a physi-cian make. Imhotep, ‘he who comes inpeace’, Pharaoh’s Adviser, Architect, As-tronomer, Sage, Scribe, Priest, Poet, andPhysician. He was not only the first andgreatest of all physicians, but is still theonly healer to stay in practice for over3,000 years!

References1. Breasted, James. The Dawn of Conscience.

Chas. Schribner, New York, 1934, p. 140, 301.2. Cooke J, Kramer A. History’s Timeline. Cres-

cent Books, New York, 1981.3. Johnson P. The Civilizatin of Ancient Egypt.

Atheneum Press, New York, 1978, pp. 33-37.4. Hurry JB. Imhotep: The Visier and Physician of

King Zoser. Oxford University Press, 2nd edition,1928.

5. Budge EAW. The Egyptian Book of the Dead.Dover Publ., New York, 1967.

6. Kolta KS. Imhotep und die Medizin. SudhoffArch. 1973;57(3):245-254.

7. Ralston BL. I Swear by Imhotep the Physi-cian. New York State Journal of Medicine, Nov.1977;2148-2152.

8. Erman A. Aegypten und Aegyptishes Leben inAltertum. Tubingen, 1923, p. 477.

9. Budge EAW. The Gods of the Egyptians. DoverPubl., New York, 1969, vol. II.

Anesthesia History AssociationSixth Annual Resident Essay Contest

The Anesthesia History Association (AHA) sponsors an annual Resident Essay Contest with the prize presentedat the ASA Annual Meeting.

A 1,500-3,000-word essay related to the history of anesthesia, pain management or critical care should be submit-ted to:

William D. Hammonds, M.D., M.P.H.Chair, AHA Resident Essay Contest

University of IowaSchool of MedicineDept. of Anesthesia

200 Hawkins Drive, 6 JCPIowa City, IA 52242-1079

U.S.A.

The entrant must have written the essay either during his/her residency/fellowship or within one year of comple-tion of residency/fellowship. Residents/Fellows in any nation are eligible, but the essay MUST be submitted inEnglish. All submissions must be typewritten.

An honorarium of $500.00 and a certificate will be awarded at the AHA’s annual dinner meeting at the ASA.

The award-winning residents will be invited to present their essays in person at the annual spring meeting of theAHA and their work will be published in the Bulletin of Anesthesia History.

All entries must be received on or before AAll entries must be received on or before AAll entries must be received on or before AAll entries must be received on or before AAll entries must be received on or before August 15, 2003.ugust 15, 2003.ugust 15, 2003.ugust 15, 2003.ugust 15, 2003.

Monday, October 14, 200212:30 - 2:30 PMOrange County Convention Center, Room 315-AWood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology Friends Tea and Booksigning

2 - 4 PMOrange County Convention Center, Room 414-AForum on the Writing of the History of Anesthesiology

6 - 9 PMPeabody Orlando, Florida I RoomAnesthesia History Association Annual Dinner Meeting

Tuesday, October 15, 200212:50 - 1:50 PMOrange County Convention Center, Room 224-HThe 2002 Lewis H. Wright Memorial Lecture

2 - 4 PMOrange County Convention Center, Room 224-HPanel on History

Anesthesia History at the 2002 ASAAnnual Meeting in Orlando, FL


Daniel G. Revell, Jr., M.D. (1904-2002)Canadian Pioneer Anaesthetistby Patrick Sim, LibrarianWood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology

Dr. Daniel Graisberry Revell of theRevell Circulator fame died on Septem-ber 12, 2002, at his home in Victoria, B.C.,approximately sixty miles east ofVancouver. Dr. Revell was two months shyof age 98 when he passed away.

Dr. Revell was born in Chicago in 1904where his father was a professor ofanatomy at the University of Chicago.Soon after young Daniel’s birth, the fam-ily moved to Edmonton, Alberta, where thesenior Revell accepted a similar teachingposition at the University of Alberta. Dr.Dan Revell received his college and pre-medical education in Edmonton, and hismedical degree at the University ofAlberta. He moved to Toronto for his in-ternship at the Toronto Western Hospital.While an intern, Dr. Revell learned to giveanesthesia from Dr. Charles Robson, andwas acquiring a reputation for his gadge-try talents. Professor V. E. Hendersonfrom the Pharmacology Department knewof young Dan Revell, and of his interestin anesthesia. Known for his research andeventual clinical trial on cyclopropane, Dr.Henderson recommended young Dr.Revell to Ralph Waters for residency train-ing in the Madison program in 1934. Dr.Waters did not have an opening at thattime, and could only offer an internshipfor this young Canadian doctor, meaningthat he would have to spend an additionalyear of training without pay.1 He wouldhave been an aqua-alumnus should oppor-tunity exist! Instead, Dr. Revell wentnorth to begin his medical career as a gen-eral practitioner in a mining communityin Red Lake, Ontario. He practiced ruralmedicine in the next four years until theeve of World War II. During the Waryears, Dr. Revell served the CanadianArmy for five years at which time he con-tinued to give anesthesia.

Returning from the War, Dr. Revellsettled in Winnipeg and resumed his ca-reer at the Winnipeg General Hospital,and was in charge of anesthesia at theChildren’s Memorial Hospital of the Uni-versity of Manitoba. It was there in 1946that he devised his first circulator.2 As hetried to give Cycloprane anesthesia to pe-diatric patients, he found the adult appa-ratus unsuitable for the pediatric patient,as there was too much residual carbon di-oxide in the dead space of the closed cir-

cuit, which posted hazards for the infantpatient. The idea of creating an appara-tus to remove carbon dioxide from thedead space in the circuit began to takeshape. He described his apparatus, andpresented his idea at a Canadiananaesthetists meeting in Regina,Saskatchewan. His paper was read in ab-sentia at the meeting, as he was in the pro-cess of relocating to British Columbia. Dr.Ralph Waters attended that meeting, andwas greatly impressed by the author’s in-novative idea. He returned to Madison,and expressed his excitement on Revell’spaper to Dr. Lucien Morris, unaware ofthe fact that the author was the youngCanadian who almost had joined his pro-gram. It intrigued Dr. Morris, as he be-gan an effort to know Daniel Revell. TheRevell-Morris connection began six yearslater in 1953, when professional collabo-ration and personal friendship started, asthis special relationship continued untiltoday3 .

Dr. Revell’s Circulator is a forced cir-culation device to eliminate residual gasesin the circle absorption system. It was aconcept derived from the windshield wipermechanism in the auto industry. Theoriginal design of a duo-function motorallows the windshield wiper of an auto-mobile to clean the windshield and helpclear the fog of a moisture laden interiorthrough the vacuum powered action on themotor. This circulator eliminates themechanical dead space by keeping thegases in the under-mask space moving in

Daniel G. Revell, M.D.

order to carry along the undesirable gasin the circuit to the absorber. Dr. Revelldescribed this mechanism a decade afterits introduction.4 ,5 Subsequently, commer-cial models of the Revell Circulator weredelivered. George S. Bause illustrated theevolution of the Revell Circulator in anissue of the ASA Newsletter, September1998.6

Daniel Graisberry Revell contributedto anesthesiology in his own unique way,and has left a rich legacy to his chosenspecialty. His productive life and careerrepresented a significant episode of mod-ern anesthesiology upon which advancesof the specialty are based.

References1. V.E. Henderson Correspondence, Feb. 24,

1934. Ralph Waters Archive, WLM. Series 12.4.3,Park Ridge, IL.

2. Morris, LE. A salute to Daniel G. Revell, MD,The contributions of a west coast colleague. CSABull, Jan-Feb, 1990:8-13.

3. Personal Communication with Lucien E.Morris, M.D., Sept. 16, 2002.

4. Revell DG. A Circulator to Eliminate Me-chanical Dead Space in Circle Absorption Systems.Can Anaesth Soc J 1959;6(2):98-103.

5. Revell DG. An improved circulator for closedcircle anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 1959;6(2):104-107.

6. Bause GS. A pictorial review of pediatricanesthesia artifacts. ASA Newsletter 1998;62(9):11-13.


MedNuggetsby Fred J. Spielman, M.D.ProfessorDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina

The potential dangers of sub-special-ization by anesthesiologists are similar tothose of overspecialization in other areas-fragmentation of a specialty, tunnel vision,and further dilution of the effects of aninadequate number of anesthesiologists.Obviously what is gained in depth in onearea, is lost in breath in the rest of thefield.

—Frank MoyaAnesthesiology 41:427, 1974

The time is coming when the privatepatient will be regularly asked whether heis willing to pay for an ether giver. Thebill will be rendered separately or in aseparate item.

—Robert L. DickinsonJournal of the American Medical

Association 53:2004, 1909

I believe that with increasing experi-ence and better training we shall some dayhave to establish indications for generalanesthesia rather than for local. It willthen seen no more reasonable to anesthe-tize the entire organism for a strictly localoperation on it, than it would at thepresent time to bind or splint the entirebody for an injury to an extremity.

—Willard BartlettSurgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics

33:27, 1921

Each year not only brings its proces-sion of new narcotic and anesthetic drugsand apparatus clamoring for recognition,but also marks the dropping of recent fa-vorites, some after a rocket-like period ofpopularity.

—P.D. WoodbridgeSurgical Clinics of North America

15:1513, 1935

Again let it be emphasized that recentlyintroduced cardiac monitors are not to becondemned. They are a useful and impor-tant adjunct in the estimation of apatient’s welfare. But to trust entirelythese electronic gadgets may endanger thelife of the patient. The age of electronicshas not rendered the skilled and attentiveanesthetist obsolete.

—David A. DavisAmerican Surgeon 24:647, 1958

In many hospitals, no attempt is madeto explain the nature of the induction ofanaesthesia nor to ascertain the patient’spreferences or past experiences. He is sim-ply asked to sign a sinister-looking formgiving his consent to an anaesthetic andto any operation which the surgeon deemsappropriate.

—EditorialAnaesthesia 10:327, 1955

The first operation without anaesthe-sia that I witnessed was so disquieting onaccount of the sufferings of the patientthat I was nearly driven from the profes-sion.

—Stephen SmithJohns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin 30:273,

1919

It may be stated as a principle that ananesthetized patient should never beplaced in a posture which he could notsafely assume if he were conscious.

—Albert H. MillerNew England Journal of Medicine

218:385, 1938

It has been established that in true ‘spi-nal headache’ the cerebrospinal pressureas measured through a lumbar punctureneedle is lower than normal. If possible, a‘head down’ position should be adoptedand strongly hypertonic solutions can beadministered per rectum or intravenously.In really severe cases, the intrathecal in-jection of warm normal saline is nearlyalways successful.

—C. Langton HewerBritish Journal of Surgery 28:715, 1940-

41

Teamwork in surgery does not dependupon high powered technique, ultra sci-entific anesthesia nor a corps of trainedassistants. Teamwork depends largelyupon mutual confidence generated by fre-quent contacts and unswerving honesty.

—Robert F. CorwinCurrent Researches in Anesthesia and

Analgesia 18:90, 1939

The other advantage ( spinal v. generalanesthesia) which has not been suffi-ciently stressed or appreciated is the dif-ference in postoperative nursing service.

Spinal anesthesia patients are put in bedwith the foot of the bed elevated, and givena couple of folds of gauze and a kidneybasin. They can take care of themselvesand the nurse can go about her other du-ties.

—V.E. JohnsonAmerican Journal of Surgery 11:478,

1931

In operating upon the aged and thefeeble, or upon individuals suffering fromheart-, lung-, or kidney-disease, it is noexaggeration to say that the surgeon’s chiefcause for anxiety is not so much the op-erative work itself as the anaesthetic andits administration.

—Howard LilienthalAnnals of Surgery 27:581, 1898

The possibility of the safe relief of thepain of labor has been a world history anda worldwide question. None the less per-tinent today than at any time since thebeginning of the human race. The terrorof the lying-in chamber have cast theirblight over the lives of womenkind, andgiven an ever present excuse for birth con-trol and abortion.

—John Van Doren YoungNew York State Journal of Medicine

22:501, 1922

The modern tendency in anaesthesia istowards specialization, complexity, andpolypharmacy. The more drugs are used,the more difficult does it become to at-tribute changes in the patient to their truecause.

—Noel A. GillespieBritish Journal of Anaesthesia 22:192,

1950

It is highly desirable that those who areformulating plans for medical militarypreparedness may include the assignmentof at least one well-trained physician asanesthetist to each hospital unit.

—Ralph M. WatersSurgery 9:229,1941


WLM Dedicates Bause Collectionby Doris K. Cope, M.D.Professor, AnesthesiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh

L to R: Evan Blake and Colin Davy Bause and their parents,Dr. and Mrs. George Bause

On August 16, 2002, the Board of Trust-ees of the Wood Library–Museum (WLM)of the American Society of Anesthesiolo-gists dedicated the artifacts and equip-ment in the museum gallery as The Georgeand Ramona Bause Collection. This well-deserved tribute was in thanks to the tire-less dedication of George and RamonaBause to the history of anesthesiology overthe past two decades.

George began his medical antiquing asa senior medical student at Johns Hopkins.As an anesthesia resident, Bause curatedHopkins’ Donald Benson Memorial Mu-seum of Anesthesiology; as a Yale profes-sor, the Yale Museum of Anesthesiology.After the late Rod Calverley, toured Yale’sdepartmental museum as a Visiting Pro-fessor, he joined fellow WLM TrusteeNicholas Greene in inviting Bause as aWLM consultant in March of 1987. Sincethat auspicious beginning, Dr. Bause hastirelessly contributed his energy to theWood Library–Museum, first as a mem-ber of the Board of Trustees, then as cre-ator and coordinator of the historical ex-hibits at the Annual Meetings of the ASA(including traveling exhibits on loan toother groups), and now as Honorary Cu-rator of the WLM and collectorextraordinaire.

George’s favorite item in the BauseCollection resulted from Ramona’s insis-tence that the two of them tour an an-tiques/arts area in rural Pennsylvania. In

one shop, George spied an oil portrait re-sembling his brother. Spotting the Davyminer’s safety lamp in the painting,George realized that the portrait was in-deed that of Sir Humphry Davy, a distantrelative of George’s who not only discov-ered the elements sodium and potassium,but also pioneered the use of nitrous ox-ide for relieving pain. After much consid-eration and even cashing in a life insur-ance policy, the Bauses bought the picture.

They later mused that donating the Davyoil to the WLM spared the Bauses fromdividing it between their boys. In the pho-tograph, George, Ramona and their sonsColin Davy and Evan Blake Bause flankthe Davy portrait at the dedication of theBause Collection by Dr. Charles Tandyand the Trustees and Committee Chair-men of the WLM.

Among other unique items acquiredand then gifted by the Bauses to the WLMare an 1847 Charrière glass ether inhaler;antique Sudeck, Silk, Murphy masks andinhalers; and early sphygmomanometers.Early on, Ramona discovered a bottle ofbeta-eucaine, the first synthetic local an-esthetic used in America. Later, Georgedonated advertising, equipment manuals,and catalogs useful in identifying obscureearly artifacts donated to the museum.Under Ramona's tutelage, George’santiquing and internet commerce skillshave greatly enhanced the WLM collec-tion and their shared honor is most fit-ting. Particularly invaluable for anesthe-siologists and medical historians, TheGeorge and Ramona Bause Collectionhelps ensure that anesthesia’s past will bethere for our future.

Dr. Charles Tandy, Dr. and Mrs. George Bause, and their sons,Evan Blake and Colin Davy Bause


Dr. George Bause, Dr. Alan Sessler, Dr. Lydia Conlay,and Dr. Charles Tandy

Dr. and Mrs. George Bause

Dr. DonaldCaton andPatrick Sim

Dr. JonathanMardrossian andDr. KathrynMcGoldrick

Dr. GeorgeBause and Dr.Lydia Conlay

Dr. and Mrs.Buddy Giesecke

Dr. and Mrs. ElliottMiller

WLM Board of TrusteesMeeting and Dinner,Aug. 15-16, 2002


Anesthesia FoundationBook/Multimedia Education Award

The Anesthesia Foundation announces the Book/Multimedia Education Award to be presented2003 at the American Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting.

This prestigious award will be awarded tri-yearly for excellence and innovation in books ormultimedia with significant impact on the science and practice of anesthesiology, critical care, orpain medicine. Multiple authors are eligible with the stipend being divided between the firstand senior authors.

The award is $10,000, plus expenses for winners and guests to attend the Academy of Anesthe-siology 2004 Spring meeting in Victoria Island, Canada.

Deadline for receipt of contributions is November 15, 2002.

For further information and specific criterion please contact:

Doris K. Cope, M.D.UPMC St. Margaret Pain Medicine Center

200 Delafield Avenue, Suite 2070Pittsburgh, PA 15215412-784-5343 (phone)

412-784-5350 (fax)

Dr. and Mrs. Jim Erikson

Dr. and Mrs.Charles Tandy

Photographs by Dr. Jonathan Berman.

Mr. Brian Kopp, Dr. Mary EllenWarner and Dr. Sandra Kopp

SurgerySurgerySurgerySurgerySurgery, Sand, and Saigon T, Sand, and Saigon T, Sand, and Saigon T, Sand, and Saigon T, Sand, and Saigon Teaeaeaeaea: AnAnAnAnAnAAAAAustralian Army Doctor in Vustralian Army Doctor in Vustralian Army Doctor in Vustralian Army Doctor in Vustralian Army Doctor in Viet Namiet Namiet Namiet Namiet NamMarshall Barr, 252pp., index. Singapore:Allen & Unwin, 2001. ISBN: 1 86508 4638.

A generation of American doctors ex-perienced the Vietnam war and were for-ever changed by the experience. I apolo-gize for having been a near, but not quite,participant in the Viet Nam war. I was inthe US Army until July 1964 and then wenton my way, having successfully defendedwestern Georgia from foreign invasion.

Dr. Barr, an Australian, reminds us thatwe had allies and that our own nationalinterests were not the only issue at stakein the war. We Americans entered the dip-lomatic and military confrontations ofSoutheast Asia when the United Statesheld to a domino theory – if one countryfell to communism, there would be a cas-cade of others. The politics and the diplo-macy associated with American foreignpolicy in the 60s and 70s are not the con-cern of this review nor are they the meatof this book. Barr found himself at anAustralian medical facility in Viet Namafter a failed marriage and was, as a youngman, involved in caring for war casualties.This book is derived from his journal inwhich, it seems, was recorded the name ofeveryone he met and every bit of food anddrink he consumed. If he left any particu-lars out, I am grateful, but the excessivelevel of detail he includes makes this aharder read than it should be. AlthoughBarr provides a glossary, Australian beinga variety of English, I guess, he would havebeen well served to have had an Americancomment on some of the terms he leavesundefined and which are unfamiliar to theNorth American mind.

In reconstructing his own history, Barroften comes across as an erection fueledby gin and inoculated by tonic. We all havefond memories of prowess and excess. Hetook advantage of his year in Viet Nam totravel widely and gives a visitor’s perspec-tive to many of the familiar places in thatcountry and in nearby ones. He also givesa useful perspective on the political con-text in which this military solution to anational and ideological conflict was at-tempted. His tour of duty included the Tetoffensive of February 1968, and his assess-ment of it as a military failure and a pro-paganda success deserves attention.

Australians are a cheerful and good-

The Book Cornerby Peter McDermott, M.D., Ph.D.

natured sort, and Barr, although he trans-planted himself to England after his tourof duty, seems to be further evidence ofthis. While chronicling battle casualtiesand other surgical cases (circumcisions, abig number), he also reports on the psy-chological toll taken on the care-givers,particularly the young men working withthe gravely injured.

This book is clearly the product ofmemories that will not go away and theguilty obligation of the survivor to pre-serve, in some way, recollections of thosewho must not be forgotten. So there is bothpersonal tribute and catharsis here. I amtoo ignorant of the literary efforts ofAmerican anesthesiologists to report ontheir experiences in Viet Nam. Manyserved, how many expunged the experi-ence as a survival technique and how manyare waiting for the right moment to telltheir stories? A nation awaiting yet anothermilitary exercise, another non-war thatlooks like a war, would do well to pay closeattention yet again to the long-term re-wards and casualties of bellicose rhetoricthat descends into carnage.


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Holding Court with theHolding Court with theHolding Court with theHolding Court with theHolding Court with the

Ghost of Gilman TGhost of Gilman TGhost of Gilman TGhost of Gilman TGhost of Gilman Terrace:errace:errace:errace:errace:

Selected WSelected WSelected WSelected WSelected Writings ofritings ofritings ofritings ofritings of

Ralph Milton WRalph Milton WRalph Milton WRalph Milton WRalph Milton Waters, MDaters, MDaters, MDaters, MDaters, MD

and

The Aqualumni FThe Aqualumni FThe Aqualumni FThe Aqualumni FThe Aqualumni FamilyamilyamilyamilyamilyTTTTTree Pree Pree Pree Pree Posterosterosterosteroster

To help celebrate the 75th anniversary ofRalph M. Waters and Professionalism in An-esthesiology, which was held recently inMadison, WI, the Wood Library-Museum ofAnesthesiology has published a new editionof Dr. Waters’ papers, titled, Holding Courtwith the Ghost of Gilman Terrace, edited byDavid Lai, M.D. with a Foreword by DonaldCaton, M.D. The Waters papers are orga-nized in six subjects with an easy referenceto the actual papers in the book. A limitedquantity of this special edition is still avail-able at the Wood Library-Museum at $30 percopy, until the entire inventory is depleted.

Also printed for the Ralph Waters andProfessionalism in Anesthesiology celebra-tion is a 10” x 15” poster of the AqualumniFamily Tree, designed by Lucien E. Morris,M.D. and Jeanne P. Morris M.A. This famousgenealogy elaborately traces the professionalroots of pioneer anesthesiologists of theRalph Waters tradition from which a major-ity of anesthesiology leaders today couldclaim their professional lineage. Ideal forframing for the anesthesia office, this posteris available at the Wood Library-Museum at$5.00 per copy.

To order a copy of your choice,please contact:

Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology520 N. Northwest HighwayPark Ridge, IL 60068-2573

(847) [email protected]

www.ASAhq.org/wlm

Canada, 1943; charter member of the Ca-nadian Anaesthetists’ Society, 1943 andpresident, 1948-9. He semi-retired in 1956to Nanaimo on Vancouver Island, wherehe died of a cerebrovascular accident in1960.

J. Roger MaltbyFoothills Medical Centre

Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9

Judy RobinsCollections Supervisor

Wood Library-Museumof Anesthesiology

Park Ridge, IL 60068-2573

References1. Leech BC. The pharyngeal bulb gasway: a new

aid in cyclopropane anesthesia. Anesth Analg1937;19:22-5.

2. Leech BC. Letter dated 13 March 1957 to Dr.Robert Intress, Amarillo, Texas. Archives, WoodLibrary-Museum of Anesthesiology, Park Ridge, Il-linois.

3. Rendell-Baker L. From something old some-thing new. Anesthesiology 2000;92:913-8.

4. Brain AIJ. Déjà vu. Br J Anaesth 1990;64:404.5. H.B.G[raves]. (Obituary). Beverley Charles

Leech. Can Anaesth Soc J 1960;7:351-2.

Leech. . .Continued from page 2Continued from page 2Continued from page 2Continued from page 2Continued from page 2


From the Literatureby A.J. Wright, M.L.S.Department of Anesthesiology Library, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Note: In general, I have not examined articlesthat do not include a notation for the num-ber of references, illustrations, etc. I do ex-amine most books and book chapters. Bookscan be listed in this column more than onceas new reviews appear. Older articles are in-cluded as I work through a large backlog ofmaterials. Some listings are not directly re-lated to anesthesia, pain or critical care butconcern individuals important in the historyof the specialty [i.e., Harvey Cushing or Wil-liam Halsted]. I also include career profilesof living individuals. Non-English articles areso indicated. Columns for the past severalyears are available in the “Anesthesia HistoryFiles” at http://www.anes.uab.edu/aneshist/aneshist.htm as “Recent Articles on Anesthe-sia History.” I urge readers to send me anycitations, especially those not in English, thatI may otherwise miss!—A.J. [email protected]

BooksBeljaevskij AD, Monchenko GD.

Sketches on a History of Anesthesiology.Rostov/Don. Publishing house of RostovState Medical University, 2000. 168pp.Russian. [14 illus., 97 refs.]

Gregory A. Harvey’s Heart: The Dis-covery of Blood Circulation. Totem Books,2001. ISBN 1840462485

McGoldrick KE, ed. Careers in Anes-thesiology: Autobiographical Memoirs. B.Raymond Fink, Luke Masahiko Kitahata,J. Roger Maltby, Thomas T. McGranahan.Volume VI. Park Ridge, Illinois: WoodLibrary-Museum of Anesthesiology, 2001.189pp. ISBN 0750642l57 [rev. Padfield A.Anaesthesia 57:944-945. 2002; ShephardDAE. Can J Anesth 49(7):764-765, 2002;Barash P. Anesth Analg 95:259-260, 2002]

Rawstron RE. Anaesthesia: Notes onAnaesthetics in New Zealand. PalmerstonNorth: privately printed, 2002. 129pp.ISBN 047308760X

Waterfield R. Hidden Depths: TheStory of Hypnosis. London: Macmillan,2002. 464pp. ISBN 0333779495

West JB. High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1998.493pp. [rev. Davenport HW. Bull Hist MedBull Hist MedBull Hist MedBull Hist MedBull Hist Med73: 734-736, 1999

Wolfe RJ. Tarnished Idol: William Tho-mas Green Morton and the Introductionof Surgical Anesthesia: A Chronicle of theEther Controversy. San Francisco:Norman Publishing, 2000. 672pp. ISBN 0-930405-81-1 [rev. Wright AJ. Library J

125(10):184-185, June 1, 2000]Winter A. Mesmerized: Powers of Mind

in Victorian Britain. Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press, 1998. 451pp. [rev. PolsH. Bull Hist Med 73:711-712, 1999]

Articles and Book ChaptersAcker CJ. The technological fix: the

search for a nonaddicting analgesic. In:Acker CJ. Creating the American Junkie:Addiction Research in the Classic Era ofNarcotic Control. Baltimore: JohnsHopkins University Press, 2002. 276pp.ISBN 0801867983

Adgey JJ. Resuscitation in the past,present and the future. Ulster Med J 71(1):1-9, May 2002 [3 illus., 34 refs.]

Announcing the Arthur E. Guedel Me-morial Anesthesia Center web site! Bulle-tin of the California Society of Anesthesiolo-gists 48(6): 51-52, November-December1999

Bacon DR. Gaston Labat, John Lundy,Emery Rovenstine, and the Mayo Clinic:the spread of regional anesthesia inAmerica between the World Wars. J ClinAnesth 14:315-320, 2002 [6 portraits, 18refs.]

Ball C, Westhorpe R. Intravenous in-duction agents: etomidate. Anaesth IntensCare 30(4):405, August 2002 [1 illus., 7refs.]

Berggren L. Sigmund Freud discoveredthe therapeutic effects of cocaine, but allthe credit went to Carl Koller.Lakartidningen 97(15): 1846-1847, April2000 [Swedish]

Blakemore PR, White JD. Morphine,the Proteus of organic molecules. ChemCommun (11):1159-1168, June 7, 2002

Christen AG, Christen JA. OliverWendell Holmes, Sr., MD: champion ofdentistry. J Hist Dent 50(2):61-69, July 2002[1 illus., 41 refs.; includes material onHolmes and anesthesia]

Cousin MT. Vulpian and not ClaudeBernard first proposed the hypothesis ofthe motor end-plate as the site of action ofcurare. Anesthesiology 97(2):527-528, Au-gust 2002 [1 illus., 8 refs.]

Davies J, Westhorpe R. Appendix 3: abrief history of anaesthesia. In: Davies J.Westhorpe R, All About Anaesthesia. Ox-ford: Oxford University Press, 2000,pp179-183 [2 illus.]

Forrester J. Roy Porter (1946-2002).

Hist Psychiat 13(pt. 2, no. 50):123-129, June2002 [obituary]

Frank R. An aspirin for Beowulf:against aches and pains—ece and woerc.American Notes and Queries 15(2):58-63,spring 2002

Froggatt P. John Snow, Thomas Wakley,and The Lancet. Anaesthesia 57:667-675,2002 [3 illus., 41 refs.]

Gilbert PK. “Scarecely to be described”:urban extremes as real space and mythicplaces in the London cholera epidemic of1854. Nineteenth-Century Studies 14: 149-172, 2000 [I have not examined this articleand thus don’t know if it includes mate-rial on John Snow.]

Haddad FS. Hail to the founder of theMiddle East Journal of Anesthesiology: Dr.Bernard Brandstater MB, BS, FDCA,FANZCA, FACA, DA. Middle East JAnesthesiol 16(2):113-116, 2001 [1 portrait,6 illus.]

Haddad FS. Anesthesia over the past55 years: reminiscences of a neurosurgeon.Middle East J Anesthesiol 16(5):469-476,2002 [5 refs.]

Hunter M. Roy Porter. History Today52(6):6-7, June 2002 [obituary]

Kaplan BJ. A medical historian looksat the early days of anesthesiology. ASAAnnual Meeting News October 15, 2001, pp1, 5 [2 portraits: Dale Smith, PhD, andLewis H. Wright, MD]

Kean C. Patricia Kapur’s career com-bines management, research, caring. An-esthesiology News 27(9):16, September 2001

Matsuki A. A study on SeishuHanaoka’s “Nyugan Seimei Roku”: a namelist of breast cancer patients. NipponIshigaku Sasshi 48(1):53-65, March 2002.Japanese.

McGoldrick KE. Lewis H. Wright Me-morial Lecture: David J. Wilkinson,M.B.B.S., F.R.C.A., to discuss ‘Barts,Books, the Blues and Beyond: The Storyof Christopher Langton Hewer.’ ASANewsletter 66(7):6,11, July 2002

Podoll K, Ayles D. Inspired by mi-graine: Sarah Raphael’s ‘Strip!’ paintings.J Roy Soc Med 95:417-419, August 2002 [3illus., 16 refs. Raphael was a British artistborn in 1960 who died in 2001]

Podoll K, Robinson D. Visual migraineaura as source of artistic inspiration inprofessional painters. Neurol PsychiatBrain Res 9:81-94, 2001

Roy Porter. Medical Sciences Historical


Society Newsletter no. 27:6, spring 2002[obituary]

Rabinovich SA, Babikov AS, MoskovetsON, Anisimova EN. From bird’s to afeather up to a computer syringe. ClinStomatol #2: 50-53, #3:42-45, 2001 [Rus-sian]

Scalea T. What’s new in trauma in thepast 10 years. Int Anesthesiol Clin 40(3):1-17, summer 2002 [4 illus., 2 tables, 30 refs.]

Schaffer S. Roy Sidney Porter (31 De-cember 1946-3 March 2002). Social Stud-ies of Science 32(3):477-486, June 2002

Schraag S. Theoretical basis of targetcontrolled anaesthesia: history, conceptand clinical perspectives. Best Pract ResClin Anaesthesiol 15(1):1-17, March 2001

Schulz S. Die ‘Ara’ derBluttransfusionsapparate ausgerinnungsverzogernden Materialien imdeutschsprachigen Raum. AnasthIntensivmed Notfallmed Schmerztherap36:87-90, 2001

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Careers in AnesthesiologyCareers in AnesthesiologyCareers in AnesthesiologyCareers in AnesthesiologyCareers in Anesthesiology,,,,,VVVVVolume VIIolume VIIolume VIIolume VIIolume VII

Donald Caton, M.D.Kathyrn E. McGoldrick, M.D.

Editors

Ninety PNinety PNinety PNinety PNinety Percent of Life Is Aboutercent of Life Is Aboutercent of Life Is Aboutercent of Life Is Aboutercent of Life Is AboutShowing UpShowing UpShowing UpShowing UpShowing Up

Bernard V. Wetchler, M.D.

The Metamorphosis ofThe Metamorphosis ofThe Metamorphosis ofThe Metamorphosis ofThe Metamorphosis ofAnesthesiaAnesthesiaAnesthesiaAnesthesiaAnesthesia

Jay Jacoby, M.D., Ph.D.

The Accidental AnesthesiologistThe Accidental AnesthesiologistThe Accidental AnesthesiologistThe Accidental AnesthesiologistThe Accidental AnesthesiologistDaniel C. Moore, M.D.

They are shining examples of theirpredecessors’ professionalism, andthey are now prestigious role modelsfor their successors. Three esteemededucators, two of whom were past ASApresidents, impart their insight andwisdom in the most recent volume ofCareers. Their professional effortshelped to develop important subspe-cialty areas such as ambulatory and re-gional anesthesia and inspired a newgeneration of anesthesiologists. Thethree recount memorable events fromtheir service to the United States in-cluding how World War II and the Ko-rean War impacted their careers andtheir lives. Careers VII is both infor-mational and inspirational.

Careers in Anesthesiology, Volume VIIPark Ridge, IL. 2002/Hardcover/ISBN 1-889595-09-8. $45.(VISA or MasterCard)

Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology520 N. Northwest HighwayPark Ridge, IL 60068-2573

(847) [email protected]

www.ASAhq.org/wlm

Bulletin of Anesthesia History (ISSN 1522-8649) is published four times a year as a joint effort of theAnesthesia History Association and the Wood-Library Museum of Anesthesiology. The Bulletin waspublished as Anesthesia History Association Newsletter through Vol. 13, No. 3, July 1995.

The Bulletin, formerly indexed in Histline, is now indexed in several databases maintained by theU.S. National Library of Medicine as follows:

1. Monographs: Old citations to historical monographs (including books, audiovisuals, serials,book chapters, and meeting papers) are now in LOCATORplus (http://locatorplus.gov), NLM's web-based online public access catalog, where they may be searched separately from now on, along withnewly created citations.

2. Journal Articles: Old citations to journals have been moved to PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed), NLM's web-based retrieval system, where they may be searched sepa-rately along with newly created citations.

3. Integrated History Searches: NLM has online citations to both types of historical literature --journal articles as well as monographs -- again accessible through a single search location, The Gate-way (http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov).

C.R. Stephen, MD, Senior EditorDoris K. Cope, MD, EditorDonald Caton, MD, Associate EditorA.J. Wright, MLS, Associate EditorFred Spielman, MD, Associate EditorDouglas Bacon, MD, Associate EditorPeter McDermott, MD, PhD, Book Review EditorDeborah Bloomberg, Editorial Staff

Editorial, Reprint, and Circulation matters should be addressed to:

EditorBulletin of Anesthesia History200 Delafield Avenue, Suite 2070Pittsburgh, PA 15215 U.S.A.Telephone (412) 784-5343Fax (412) [email protected]

Manuscripts may be submitted on disk using Word for Windows or other PC text program. Pleasesave files in RICH TEXT FORMAT (.rtf) if possible and submit a hard copy printout in addition tothe disk. Illustrations/photos may be submitted as original hard copy or electronically. Photographsshould be original glossy prints, NOT photocopies, laser prints or slidesNOT photocopies, laser prints or slidesNOT photocopies, laser prints or slidesNOT photocopies, laser prints or slidesNOT photocopies, laser prints or slides. If submitted electroni-cally, images must be at least 300 dpi and saved as tif files. Photocopies of line drawings or otherartwork are NOTNOTNOTNOTNOT acceptable for publication.

Segala M. Animal electricity, animalmagnetism, universal galvanism: in searchof universal harmony between man andnature. Rev d’Histoir Sci 54(1):71-84, 2001

Severinghaus JW. Classic papers revis-ited: The invention and development ofblood gas analysis apparatus. Anesthesiol-ogy 97(1):253-256, July 2002 [2 illus., 11refs.]

Shafer A. The anesthesiologist and thearts. Hear the beat, start that line: poetryand anesthesia. Bulletin of the CaliforniaSociety of Anesthesiologists 48(6): 37-43, No-vember-December 1999 [3 refs.]

Spirling LI, Daniels IR. Historical per-spectives on health. William StewartHalsted—surgeon extraordinaire: a storyof ‘drugs, gloves and romance.’ J Roy SocPromotion Health 122(2):122-124, June2002 [9 refs.]

Stolyarenko P Yu. VasilyKonstantinovich Anrep, pioneer of local

Continued on page 15


This Month in Anesthesia History*

1637 September 8:1637 September 8:1637 September 8:1637 September 8:1637 September 8: Robert Fludd, anEnglish physician, philosopher and inven-tor, dies. Fludd was one of the earliestphysicians to time the pulse.

1677 September 7:1677 September 7:1677 September 7:1677 September 7:1677 September 7: EnglishmanStephen Hales is born. Hales, who becameVicar of Teddington, was the first to mea-sure blood flow, blood volume and bloodpressure. He reported the results in Stati-cal Essays.

1791 September 22: 1791 September 22: 1791 September 22: 1791 September 22: 1791 September 22: English chemistand physicist Michael Faraday is born atNewington, Surrey, near London. In 1818Faraday, then a student of Humphry Davyat the Royal Institution in London, pub-lished a brief anonymous article in theQuarterly Journal of Science and the Arts inwhich he noted the lethargic state thatcould be produced by the inhalation ofether vapor. Faraday is best known for hispioneering experiments in electricity andmagnetism. He died on August 25, 1867.

1792 September 27:1792 September 27:1792 September 27:1792 September 27:1792 September 27: English caricatur-ist George Cruikshank is born. In his longcareer Cruikshank provided illustrationsfor hundreds of popular books, includingJohn Scoffern's Chemistry No Mystery[1839]. The frontispiece for this title (andthe only illustration in the book) depictsthe effects of nitrous oxide inhalation at aclassroom demonstration. Scoffern's oth-erwise serious chemistry text contains anentire chapter devoted to such a demon-stration. Cruikshank also did several fa-mous caricatures related to pain.

1832 September 1:1832 September 1:1832 September 1:1832 September 1:1832 September 1: Ephraim Cutter,American physician and inventor of thelaryngoscope, is born.

1846 September 7:1846 September 7:1846 September 7:1846 September 7:1846 September 7: Gilbert Abbott con-sults Boston surgeon John Collins Warrenabout a tumor on his neck. Surgery isscheduled for October 13 at MassachusettsGeneral Hospital.

1846 September 30:1846 September 30:1846 September 30:1846 September 30:1846 September 30: Boston dentistWilliam Thomas Green Mortonanesthetised his patient Eben H. Frost andsuccessfully removed an ulcerated tooth.Frost had requested that Morton mesmer-ize (hypnotize) him, but the dentist--whohad been searching for a pain-relieving

agent--tried sulfuric ether instead. Morton'smentor, Harvard professor Charles ThomasJackson, had suggested sulfuric ether.[Source: Keys TE. The History of SurgicalAnesthesia. Krieger, 1978, pp 26-27]

1849 September 1:1849 September 1:1849 September 1:1849 September 1:1849 September 1: Outbreak of theBroad Street pump cholera epidemic inLondon begins. Epidemic would be inves-tigated by the great anesthetist John Snow.

1852 September 23:1852 September 23:1852 September 23:1852 September 23:1852 September 23: American surgeonWilliam Stewart Halsted is born in NewYork City. See note for September 7, 1922,below.

1869 September 17:1869 September 17:1869 September 17:1869 September 17:1869 September 17: Physician andfamed thesaurus-maker Peter Mark Rogetdies. In 1799 Roget, just out of medicalschool, worked in Humphry Davy's labora-tory at the Pneumatic Institute in Clifton,England, where Davy, Dr. Thomas Beddoes,and many others were researching nitrousoxide. Among Roget's many publicationswas the biographical entry on Beddoes inan early edition of the EncyclopediaBritannica.

1884 September 15: 1884 September 15: 1884 September 15: 1884 September 15: 1884 September 15: A collegue of Dr.Carl Koller's reports to the Heidelberg Con-gress of Ophthalmology Koller's successfuluse of cocaine as a local anesthetic.

1921 September 15:1921 September 15:1921 September 15:1921 September 15:1921 September 15: Gordon Ostlere,English surgeon and anesthesiologist, isborn. Under the penname Richard Gordon,Dr. Ostlere has written the humorous "Doc-tor in the House" series of books that havespawned films and television and radio se-ries in Britain. Under his own name he haspublished Anaesthetics for Medical Stu-dents in 1949; the tenth edition appearedas Ostlere and Bryce-Smith's Anaestheticsfor Medical Students in 1989. Dr. Ostlerealso authored Anaesthetics and the Patient(1949) and Trichlorethylene Anaesthesia(1953).

1922 September 7:1922 September 7:1922 September 7:1922 September 7:1922 September 7: American surgeonWilliam Stewart Halsted dies. Halsted wasone of the founders of Johns Hopkins Medi-cal School and the first pair of rubber sur-gical gloves were made under hisdirection.He also pioneered many surgicaltechniques. Halsted was one of the firstAmerican surgeons to research cocaine asa local anesthetic and his self-experimen-tation led to addiction. Halsted was bornon September 23, 1852, in New York City.

1939 September 23:1939 September 23:1939 September 23:1939 September 23:1939 September 23: Sigmund Freuddies in London at age 83. In the mid-1880sFreud and Carl Koller [see 1884 Septem-ber 15] studied the physiological effects ofcocaine.

1941 September:1941 September:1941 September:1941 September:1941 September: Thomas Keys, librar-ian at the Mayo Clinic, begins publicationof a series of five articles entitled "The De-velopment of Anesthesiology" in the jour-nal Anesthesiology (2:552-574, Sept 1941).This series eventually resulted in Keys'book, The History of Surgical Anesthesia(1945).

*For the full calendar, go towww.anes.uab.edu

anesthesia (on the 150th anniversary of hisbirth). Stomatology Today no. 6:37, 2002.Russian. [portrait; 2 illus.]

Stolyarenko P Yu. The history of the cre-ation and application of lidocainum. En-dodontia Today 2(1-2):86-88, 2002. Russian.[6 illus.; 4 refs.]

Zimmer M. Galvanic and faradic powerin anaesthesia. Hist Sci Med 36(1):31-53,January-March 2002. French. [14 illus., 105refs.]

Literature. . .Continued from page 13Continued from page 13Continued from page 13Continued from page 13Continued from page 13


Bulletin of Anesthesia HistoryDoris K. Cope, M.D., Editor200 Delafield Avenue, Suite 2070Pittsburgh, PA 15215

Nicholas M. Greene, M.D., Honorary ChairmanDoris K. Cope, Chairman

Nominations are invited for the person to be named the second Wood Library-Museum Laureate of the History of Anesthesia in theyear 2004.

This Wood Library-Museum Program, established in 1994, has as its purpose creation of increased recognition of the richness andimportance of the history of our specialty by recognition of the work of scholars who have made singular contributions to the field.The honor is awarded every four years by the WLM Laureate Committee to an individual who has a demonstrable record of contribut-ing over the years outstanding, original materials related to the history of our specialty as reflected by articles published in peer-reviewed journals, and/or in monographs. The first Laureate, Dr. Gwenifer Wilson of Sydney, Australia was honored in 1996. Thesecond Co-Laureates were Norman A. Bergman, M.D, F.R.C.A., and Thomas B. Boulton, M.D., Ch.B., F.R.C.A.

The Laureate Program is international. Nominations for the award are sought by physicians, not just anesthesiologists, as well asmedical historians regardless of where they live.

Additional information regarding the Laureate Program may be obtained by contacting the WLM Laureate Committee at the WoodLibrary-Museum, 520 N. Northwest Highway, Park Ridge, Illinois 60068-2573.

The name of the individual selected by the Laureate Committee to be the year 2004 Laureate will be announced in October, 2003 inorder to assure that the honoree will be free of other commitments in October, 2004, during the annual meeting of the AmericanSociety of Anesthesiologists in Las Vegas, Nevada. At this time the honoree will be given a suitably inscribed medal, an appropriatecertificate for framing, and an honorarium of $3,000. The proceedings do not include a lecture by the newly inducted Laureate,though a 3-4 minute acceptance speech would be in order. The honoree and spouse will be provided a round-trip tourist class airfarefrom their home. A $175 per diem for 3 days in San Francisco will be provided.

Though the post of Laureate is not associated with prescribed duties, it carries with it the WLM Trustees’ expectation that theLaureate will remain active in publication of historical materials and will continue to contribute to the education of anesthesiologistsand others through lectures and participation in appropriate panels and seminars.

Announcement of theAnnouncement of theAnnouncement of theAnnouncement of theAnnouncement of theYYYYYear 2004 Laureate of the History of Anesthesiaear 2004 Laureate of the History of Anesthesiaear 2004 Laureate of the History of Anesthesiaear 2004 Laureate of the History of Anesthesiaear 2004 Laureate of the History of Anesthesia

october 2002, vol 20

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