october b.c. siocan south -...
TRANSCRIPT
TISDALE ENVIRONMENTAL CbNSULTING Inc.
2228 PAUL LAKE RD KAMLOOPS B.C V2H I N9 PHONE 250-573-4572 FAX 250-573-4552 Email [email protected]
CAYOOSH CREEK
GRAVEL RECRUITMENT
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
2003
Prepared by:
A.E. (Gene) Tisdale, AScT Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc.
Prepared for:
Aquila Networks Canada Site 2, Compo 1, RRI
3100 South Slocan Station Road South Siocan B.c.
October 2003
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. was contacted by Ms. Sue Dyer of Aquila
Networks Canada to provide environmental support at the Walden Power plant during
implementation of gravel management techniques and biophysical monitoring on
Cayoosh Creek.
The Walden Power forebay was operated throughout the freshet period with the radial
gate in an undershot position. This allowed gravel moving downstream with the current
to continue through the forebay and into the lower reaches of Cayoosh Creek. The
forebay was drawn down on two occasions near the end of the descending hydro graph,
July 04 and July 10, 2003, to encourage mobilization of settled gravel within the forebay.
Re-mobilized gravel settled within the lower reaches of Cayoosh Creek where it could
later be utilized as spawning gravel by both non-anadromous (resident) and anadromous
species of fish. Following forebay gravel mobilization, three size classes of gravel (2.5,
5.0 and 7.5 cm diameter respectively) were each painted with a unique color per size
class and placed within Cayoosh Creek. Locations chosen (sites 1-3) were downstream
of the forebay and known to be previously utilized as spawning habitat by anadromous
fish. These sites were monitored to determine hydrological movement patterns of the
various sizes of gravel. All painted gravel remained where placed through ramping
events, but was displaced during pink salmon spawning activity in September 2003.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. ii.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................................... i EXECUTWE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND PLATES ................................................................. iv
1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 1.1 Study Area ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background ............................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Walden Power Plant Operations ............................................................................2 1.4 Ramping Guidelines .............................................................................................. 4 1.5 Water Quality ......................................................................................................... 5
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...............................................................................9 2.1 Water Quality Monitoring ..................................................... ................................9 2.2 Stage Change Monitoring ......................................................................................9 2.3 Fish Salvage ........................................................................................................... 9
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................... 11 3.1 July 04, 2003 ........................................................................................................ 11 3.2 July 10, 2003 ........................................................................................................ 12 3.3 Gravel Monitoring ............................................................................................... 13 3.4 Fish Salvage .... ................................................. .......................... ......................... 15
4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................16
5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................17
6.0 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................18
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. iii.
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. Bridge/Seton River Watershed ........................ ..................................................7
Figure 2. Cayoosh Creek and relative locations of water quality and gravel study sites.................................................................................. ..................................8
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. B.c. HydrolDFO Ramping Rate Guidelines ...................................................... .4
Table 2. Water Quality and Event Summary for July 04,2003 ....................................... 12
Table 3. Water Quality and Event Summary for July 10,2003 ....................................... 13
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1. Three sizes of gravel, painted red, yellow and white to identify each size, was placed in three locations along Cayoosh Creek. This site (#GR-l) was located approx. 100m downstream of the Walden Power plant.. 14
Plate 2. This site (site #GR-2) was located immediately downstream of the CCSRC confluence ............................................................................................ 14
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. iv.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Study Area
Aquila Networks Canada (Aquila) -Walden Power is located on Cayoosh Creek near the
village of Lillooet, B.c. approximately 180 kilometers northeast of Vancouver, B.C
(Figure 1). This 16 MW generating facility is located on the left (west) bank ofCayoosh
Creek approximately 2 km upstream of the Cayoosh Creek and Seton River confluence.
This is a run of the river type generating facility in which water held in a forebay area by
a radial gate is diverted into a penstock intake. The penstock splits near the powerhouse
and discharges into one of five Francis-type generating turbines rated at 3.2 MW each.
Water is expelled from the generators into a tailrace pond and then either diverted back
into Cayoosh Creek via four diversion culverts or into the tailrace channel and into Seton
Lake reservoir via a tunnel. An intake structure in the tailrace channel supplies water to
the Cayoosh Creek Compensatory Spawning and Rearing Channel (CCSRC) (Figure 2).
The Walden Power plant is operated under contract by B.C. Enertech Ltd. (BCE) for
Aquila.
1.2 Background
Aquila Networks Canada has had an ongoing problem with gravel settling in the forebay
of Walden Power. Gravel (2.5 cm diameter) begins to mobilize in Cayoosh Creek at
approximately 1500 cfs. Due to the typical run-of-the-river configuration of the Walden
Power plant, the forebay area required to store water and create head pressure for power
generation also acts as a settling area for migrating gravel. Accumulations of gravel in
the forebay are drawn into the penstock intake and subsequently through the turbines.
This creates excessive mechanical wear at the Walden Power plant, deposits large
amounts of gravel into the tailrace area and removes valuable fisheries-related gravel
potential from the lower reaches of Cayoosh Creek.
To help alleviate gravel build-up during freshet periods, the radial gate is typically
operated in an undershot position in an attempt to entrain gravel migrating along the
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 1.
thalweg into the lower reaches of Cayoosh Creek. Various berm configurations have
been designed and installed in the forebay by hydrological experts. Unfortunately, all
attempts to date have been unsuccessful in passing all gravel (and debris) migrating
through the forebay while drawing only water through the turbines.
1.3 Walden Power Plant Operations
The forebay operating elevation can be controlled manually, by the gate operator, or
electronically, by a programmable logic computer (PLC). The PLC will control the
elevation of the forebay by either manipulating the opening of the radial gate or
increasing/decreasing generation at the power plant. PLC ramping (flow manipUlation) is
controlled by feedback from pressure sensitive transducer readings (electronic staff
gauge). This transducer is located in Cayoosh Creek mainstem adjacent to the Walden
Power plant. When water is being diverted through the diversion culverts into Cayoosh
Creek, a backwatering effect at Walden Power's upper transducer site occurs resulting in
conservative ramping rates. When the diversion culverts are closed a more accurate
ramping rate occurs. When ramping rates calculated at this transducer exceed
predetermined settings, the PLC will suspend gate movements until ramping criteria is
within acceptable limits.
A fluctuation in stream elevation is typically noted in Cayoosh Creek throughout the day
during spring and early summer. This increase and decrease in discharge is directly
correlated to weather conditions, air temperature and snowpack. The four diversion
culverts discharging from the tailrace area into Cayoosh Creek mainstem are typically
open during freshet conditions, but were closed during the 2003 freshet period. Much of
the discharge (approximately 500-600 cfs) being utilized by the generating plant IS
redirected back into Cayoosh Creek through these four diversion culverts.
The radial gate is typically closed throughout periods of low discharge and typically
results in free-crest spilling over the top of the gate when one or more generators trip off
line. During ramping procedures, at periods of low discharge, balancing the forebay and
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 2.
maximum generation through the plant (completion of ramping) is easily determined
when free-crest spilling is no longer occurring. During periods of high discharge
(freshet), the gate is typically set to release water undershot (under the gate) leaving the
top edge of the gate higher than what would be observed during periods of low discharge.
Free-crest spilling will not typically occur unless excessively high forebay levels are
noted i.e. a unit tripping off-line will not typically cause a free-crest spill condition.
Ramping during freshet conditions is complete when either the final generating unit being
brought on-line achieves 100% generation or the radial gate closes.
Due to the relative location of the five generating units (numbered #2 through #6) to the
bifurcation of the penstock, prior to entering the generating plant, a majority ofthe gravel
and large woody material coming from the forebay is shunted to unit #6 with less to unit
5 etc. and the least entering unit #2. Ramping is typically undertaken with unit #4 as this
unit has the smoothest operation of the five generating units. A generating unit is
typically brought to speed-no-Ioad (SNL) prior to being brought on-line. SNL indicates
the turbine is spinning but is not generating electricity. Initiation of a generating unit to
SNL typically requires an instantaneous extraction of approximately 60 cfs directly from
Cayoosh Creek mainstem to initiate the turbine spinning. A reduction of 60 cfs, or 20%
generation (each unit requires approximately 300 cfs to operate at 100% generation),
from an operational unit while simultaneously initiating SNL with a second unit dampens
the negative elevational effect (stage differential) on Cayoosh Creek. The creek elevation
is read at the Water Survey Canada Station 08ME002 located on Cayoosh Creek (WSC
CAY) (Figure 2). During periods of high discharge (> 1500 cfs) there is limited potential
for stranding/isolating fish, as determined by reconnaissance, and generating units are
individually brought to SNL instantaneously without simultaneously reducing the load on
an adjacent operational unit by 20%. Approximately 45 minutes is required to fully
realize stage differential at WSC-CA Y as a result of plant discharge manipulations at the
forebay. A natural variation, or 'bounce', of approximately 1.5 cm is noted in the stage
readings at the WSC-CA Y at high stream discharge. To achieve an accurate creek
elevation reading, four consecutive readings are collected remotely from the WSC-CA Y
station via a dial-up modem and an average is calculated.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 3.
1.4 Ramping Guidelines
B.c. Hydro and Power Authority (BC Hydro) and the DFO have undertaken research in
order to determine ramping rates that reduce the incidence of stranding in salmonids
(Bradford et aI, 1995). Ramping rates are temporal, temperature and species specific.
The rates of flow fluctuations in river levels are used as a measure oframping rates. The
present ramping rate guidelines can be found in Table 1.
Table 1. BC HydrolDFO Ramping Rate Guidelines.
TIME OF YEAR LIFE DAY RAMP NIGHT RAMP COMMENT HISTORY RATE RATE
STAGE
April 01-July 31 Fry
Emergence 0-2.5 cmlhr 2.5 -5.0 cmlhr a) see below
Rearing Aug. 01 -Oct. 31 until temp. 0-2.5 cmlhr 5.0 -10.0 cmlhr b) see below
< 5.0 C.
Nov. 01 -April 01 Winter Rearing
Ocmlhr ~ 5.0 cmlhr -
c) see below
a) The fry emergence period includes rainbow trout. Field studies suggest that rainbow trout fry can be stranded both during the day and night.
b) Ramping rates could be slower during the rearing period to accommodate small rainbow trout fry.
c) During winter, ramping during the day must be avoided. Night ramping rates should be slow (i.e. <5.0 cm/hr). The beginning of this interval is determined by water temperatures <5.0 Celsius. (B.Hebden, BC Hydro, 1998).
The area surveyed during this fish salvage and flow manipulation included Cayoosh
Creek from Pick's Falls downstream to the confluence of the Seton River (Figure 2) and
the Seton River from the confluence with Cayoosh Creek to the confluence of the Fraser
River.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 4.
1.5 Water Quality
Turbidity is a measurement of the ability of light to penetrate into a liquid (in this case,
water); it is measured in Nepholemetric Turbidity Units (NTU's). Affecting properties
range from tannic water, to glacial till, to silt, etc. Ministry of Environment, Lands and
Parks (MoELP) outlines a guideline for water quality criteria concerning aquatic life for
particulate matter. For periods during clear flow: "Induced suspended sediment
concentrations should not exceed background levels by more than 25 mg/I (8 NTU's)
during any 24-hour period. For sediment inputs that last between 24 hours and 30 days,
the average suspended sediment concentration should not exceed background by more
that 5 mg/l (2 NTU's)." During periods of turbid flow: "Induced suspended sediment
concentrations should not exceed background levels by more than 25 mg/I (8 NTU's) at
any time when background levels are between 25 and 250 mg/l (8-80 NTU's). When
background exceeds 250 mg/I (80 NTU's), suspended sediments should not be increased
by more than 10% ofthe measured background level at anyone time." (Singleton, 1997).
Total suspended solids (TSS) is a physical measurement of actual material suspended
within a solution and described in mg/I. (personal communications L. Campbell, ASL
Laboratories, 1998). According to Newcombe and MacDonald (1991), impacts to aquatic
life can be more accurately assessed with the measurement of TSS, rather than turbidity.
They suggest modeling of concentration of sediment pollution, combined with duration
of exposure, has predictable physical and behavioral effects on aquatic biota that can be
measured and applied to a scale rating of 1-14 (1 is increased coughing in fish, 14 is 80 to
100% mortality). They also conclude that more data is required before this model can be
used as a management tool.
TSS cannot be measured in the field. Accurate turbidity measurements can, however, be
made in the field using a portable turbidity meter to gain real-time measurements for on
site monitoring of sediment management techniques. Turbidity measurements can be
used as a relative index of TSS (personal communication D. Holmes, 1999 Env. Section
Head, Pollution Prevention Branch, MoELP). Each stream consists of a unique set of
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 5.
biophysical characteristics including size and composition of sediment. A correlation can
be shown between turbidity and TSS for each particular stream and used for practical
application in the field.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 6.
125km
~~~
/
Kilom
eters
o 5
10 15
20
Figure 1. B
ridge/Seton R
iver watershed.
7
~»
WQ-l
D Forebay Area Walden Power
Penstock
China Gate Radial Gate Diversion Twmellnlet
.-Pick's Falls
Upper Transducer Location and WQ-2
Gravel Study -Sites GR-I-GR-3 q Water Quality -Sites WQ-l-WQ-2 ~ Seton Canal Aqueduct o~
Q ~~
KilometaB Water Survey Canada Station
Highway Bridge 08MEOOI
o 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0
Seton River Confluence ~(
Figure 1. Cayoosh Creek showing relative location of water quality and gravel study sites.
8
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Water Quality Monitoring
An HF Scientific Model DRT -15CE turbidity meter was utilized to collect turbidity
measurements (Nepholemetric Turbidity Units -NTU's). The meter was calibrated using
a 0.02 NTU calibration cuvette prior to collection of field data. Three readings were
recorded from each cuvette sample over a period of thirty seconds. A mean, standard
deviation and variance were calculated from the three readings. Air and water
temperatures were recorded at each site using a red spirit-filled, glass-stemmed pocket
thermometer.
2.2 Stage Monitoring
Creek elevational change (stage change) was monitored via dial-up modem at WSC
CAY. A pressure sensitive transducer, installed into Cayoosh Creek adjacent to the
Walden Power plant, is also used for monitoring stage differential as well as for PLC
ramping. (Figure 2).
2.3 Fish Sa]vage
Cayoosh Creek was monitored by a four person fish-salvage crew equipped with Smith
Root Model 12B battery powered backpack electro fishing equipment and outfitted
accordingly as per Workers' Compensation Board standards.
Crews are typically deployed along each shoreline during all discharge manipulations.
All portions of Cayoosh Creek were examined from the confluence of Cayoosh Creek
and Seton River upstream to Pick's Falls located immediately upstream of the Walden
Power generating facility. Some areas of the Seton River downstream of the Cayoosh
Creek confluence require salvaging and are monitored as well. Any fish captured were
identified to species, as described by Scott and Crossman, 1973, measured for fork
length, as described by MoELP, 1995, and live fish were released unharmed into the main
channel. Mortalities, if recovered, were to be retained and preserved in Davidson's
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Envirorunental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 9.
Solution as per DFO request. Physical condition of fish was noted (live or mortality), as
was location (stranded, isolated or incidental capture). Stranded fish are those recovered
that are no longer in water. Isolated fish are those recovered from pools which cannot
return back to the mainstem stream. Incidental fish are those captured while removing
fish from areas that may dewater in the future.
2.4 Gravel Monitoring
Gravel was collected from various bar areas within the channel of Cayoosh Creek to
ensure similar profile to that of naturally occurring gravel within Cayoosh Creek. Three
size classes were collected, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 em diameter, and painted red, yellow and
white respectively. Once the paint had thoroughly dried, the three gravel sizes were
mixed in equal proportions within a 25 liter bucket and placed into Cayoosh Creek at
locations pre-determined to have been used as spawning sites by anadromous fish. These
locations were located approximately 100m downstream of the diversion culverts
confluence (Site #GR-l), immediately downstream of the CCSRC confluence (Site #GR
2), and immediately downstream of the Seton Aqueduct crossing (Site #GR-3). All
locations were monitored on an opportunistic basis.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 10.
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 July 04, 2003
Water quality samples were collected from two locations within Cayoosh Creek prior to
initiation of forebay reduction; approximately 100m upstream of the forebay (Site #WQ
1) and adjacent to the Walden Power plant (Site #WQ-2) (Figure 2). Resulting
background turbidity readings were 4.92 NTU's at 0545h and 5.21 NTU's at 1600h
respectively with a creek elevation of 1.499m (424 cfs) at WSC-CA Y (Table 2). Prior to
initiation of flow manipulation, generating units # 2 and #4 were operational at 100%,
unit #3 was at 82%, unit #6 was at 55%, and the forebay was stable at 289.08m. At
1615h, generating unit #3 was decreased from 82% generation to 52%. At 1715h, unit #3
was decreased from 52% to 19% (off-line) to SNL. This resulted in an increase in
Cayoosh Creek elevation at WSC-CA Y to 1.690m (657 cfs); an increase of 19.1 cm (233
cfs). At 1745h, unit #6 was decreased from 55% to off-line and then shut down. At
1800h, unit #2 was decreased from 100% to 57% generation and then shut down at
1850h. The forebay elevation was reduced to the lowest point of transducer range
(288.683m) at 2153h while continuing to maintain electrical control (PLC) of the
forebay. Gravel began to move in the forebay as a result of decreased elevation prior to
achieving the lowest elevation. Although discharge increased in Cayoosh Creek
downstream of the forebay as a result of decreasing generation at the power plant,
turbidity readings remained fairly constant at site #WQ-2 (Table 2). Turbidity readings
increased to a maximum of 15.3 NTU's (10.1 NTU's over background readings) at site
#WQ-2 by 2135h with a WSC-CAY creek elevation of 1.888m (1002 cfs). The turbidity
had decreased to 8.21 NTU's by 2200h. Unit #4 remained operational generating at
100%. Forebay operating parameters required electronic adjustment to lower the
elevation even further and complete the gravel mobilization.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 11.
Table 2. Water Quality and Event Summary for July 04,2003
3.2 July 10,2003
Water quality samples were collected at exact locations to July 04, 2003 at sites #WQ-l
and #WQ-2. Resulting background turbidity readings were 4.62 NTU's at 0720h and
4.61 NTU's at 0700h respectively with a WSC-CA Y creek elevation of 1.883m (991 cfs)
at 0615h. Prior to flow manipulation, generating unit #4 was operational at 100% and the
forebay was stable at 289.10m (Table 3). Unit #4 was decreased from 100% to 59% at
0715h to initiate forebay reduction. Cayoosh Creek elevation at WSC-CAY read 1.950m
(1138 cfs) at 0814h; an increase of 147 cfs (6.7 cm). Unit #4 was shut down at 0855h
when gravel began to be drawn in to the penstock intake due to low forebay elevation.
Turbidity readings at site #WQ-2 increased to 22.7 NTU's by 0915h, as the forebay
gravel began to mobilize, and continued to increase to 38.6 NTU's by 0930h. One of the
four diversion gates between the Walden Power tailrace and Cayoosh Creek mainstem
was opened at 1000h to ensure an adequate supply of water to CCSRC. Cayoosh Creek
elevation, at WSC-CAY, increased to 1.934m (1101 cfs) by 1024h where it remained
relatively stable throughout the day. Turbidity readings slowly increased over the day to
a maximum of 45 .2 NTU's at 1730h. The forebay gravel was visibly decreased by
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 12.
1600h and the radial gate was lowered slightly at 1610h, 1840h, 1905h and 1915h. The
forebay elevation began to increase at 1905h and gravel mobilization was stopped.
Turbidity readings decreased to 29.7 NTU's by 1930h at site #WQ-2. With the forebay
stabilized and gravel mobilization completed, Units #2 and #4 were brought back on-line
from July 11 -21, 2003 with appropriate fish salvage techniques and monitoring.
Results from this ramping event will be provided in a separate document.
Table 3. Water Quality and Event Summary for July 10, 2003
3.3 Gravel Monitoring
Three size classes of gravel (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 cm diameter respectively), with each size
class painted with a unique color, was placed within Cayoosh Creek at locations known
to be used as spawning habitat. Painted gravel was placed on July 24, 2003 at
approximately 141 cfs.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 13.
Plate I. Three sizes of gravel, painted red, yellow and white to identify each size, was placed in three locations along Cayoosh Creek. This site (#GR-l) was located approx. 100m downstream of the Walden Power plant.
Plate #2. This site (site #GR-2) was located immediately downstream of the CCSRC confluence.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 20m Tisdale Ellvironmental COllsulting fllc. 14.
Walden Power tripped off-line on July 25, 2003 resulting in an increase in discharge at
WSC-CA Y to 367 cfs. All three sites were monitored following flow reductions to
determine hydrological movement of the various sizes of gravel. All painted gravel
remained where placed through this ramping event with no visible displacement of any
gravel size. Painted gravel was monitored opportunistically throughout August and early
September; all painted gravel remained where placed. When monitored on September
14, 2003, much of the painted gravel had been displaced by pink salmon spawning
activity. Very few of the painted gravel, of any size, could be located.
3.4 Fish Salvage
No fish were located that had been isolated or stranded as a result of this gravel
recruitment procedure.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 15.
4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The technique used for forebay management during the 2003 season was successful in re
mobilizing much of the gravel that had settled within the forebay area. Management
techniques were also successful in permitting the re-mobilized gravel to settle and
maintain placement in the lower reaches of Cayoosh Creek where it was later utilized by
spawning fish. It is, therefore, recommended that future forebay gravel mobilization
begin at approximately 1500 cfs total discharge. Monitoring of water quality data during
the gravel mobilization should be continued in an attempt to further assess potential
impacts to the aquatic environment. Data had been collected prior to oncoming freshet
conditions, in May of 2003, in a joint effort by DFO and Aquila Networks Canada for use
in a habitat simulation model. Data collected included detailed topographical
measurements of the braided area located between CCSRC and the diversion culverts.
Additional data could be collected in the spring of 2004 using the same transects may
provide insight into quantifying depths of newly deposited gravel within this area.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 16.
5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Dean Grant and John Barten (plant operators -BCE), Kevin
Goforth, Kirk Goforth, Tyson Goforth, Terry Adolph and Bob Vinnie (Tisdale
Environmental Consulting Inc.) for their efforts in data collection.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Environmental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 17.
6.0 LITERATURE CITED
Higgins P.S. and Bradford M.l 1996. Evaluation of a large-scale fish salvage to reduce the impacts of controlled flow reduction in a regulated river. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16:666-673, 1996.
Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1995. Lake and Stream Inventory Standards and Procedures. Fisheries Branch, Inventory Unit. Victoria, B.C. 227 pp
Newcombe, c.P. and MacDonald, D.D. 1991. Effects of Suspended Sediments on Aquatic Ecosystems. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11 :72-82.
Scott, W.B. and Crossman, EJ. 1973. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa 1973.
Singleton, H.J. 1997. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Turbidity, Suspended and Benthic Sediments. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Environment and Resource Division, Water Management Branch.
Cayoosh Creek Gravel Recruitment and Envirorunental Monitoring 2003 Tisdale Environmental Consulting Inc. 18.