odin.ces.edu.coodin.ces.edu.co/contenidos_web/41022674.pdf · dysbarism and evolved gas...

6
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Critical Care Transport ........................ 2 Introduction .................................... 4 Jhe History of Critical Care Transport ................ 4 CriticalCareTeamCompositionandOualifications ...... 8 ModesofTransportationandTheirDifferences......... 9 Dispatch ...................................... 10 Transporting by Ground vs Air ......................11 Medical Control ................................ 12 Interfacility Transport 13 StateandNational Standards. ..................... 13 Reimbursement Criteria.......................... 13 Well-Being. .................................... 13 Stress ........................................ 13 SafetyGear ................................... 14 Interpersonal Communication ..................... 14 Ouality Assurance and ImprQvement ................ 15 Summary 15 PrepKit....................................... 18 CHAPTER 2 Medical-Legallssues 20 Introduction ................................... 22 TheEmergency Medical Treatment andActiveLaborAct 22 Legal PracticeConstraints for CCTPs. ............... 25 The Patient's Rights ............................. 26 Transport Preparation ............30 Transport Responsibilities ........................ 31 Documentation. ................................ 33 Summary 33 PrepKit....................................... 35 CHAPTER 3 Aircraft Fundamentals ....... 38 Introduction ................................... 40 TheAirMedical Role ............................40 Communications. ............................... 40 Rotor-Wing Transport vsFixed-Wing Transport ........ 42 Rotor-Wing Aircraft 43 Fixed-WingAircraft.............................. 45 Air Medical Efficacy ............................. 45 Triage of Air Medical Transport Patients ............. 47 Air Medical Crashes ............................. 49 Crew Resource Management ...................... 50 Air MedicalSafety 51 The Air Medical Crew ............................ 53 Rotor-Wing Operations ........................... 54 AircraftSafetyandSurvival ...................... 56 Summary 61 PrepKit....................................... 64 CHAPTER 4 Flight Physiology ........... 68 Introduction ................................... 70 The Atmosphere ................................ 70 GasLaws...................................... 72 Typesof Hypoxia 75 FourStagesof HypoxiaasTheyRelateto Altitude ..... 78 Pressurized and Nonpressurized Aircraft ............ 80 Primary ForcesThat Act on an Aircraft .............. 81 Primary Stressors of Flight ....................... 81 FactorsAffectingToleranceof the Physiologic Stressors of Flight ............................ 89 Dysbarism and Evolved Gas Disorders ............... 90 Summary 91 PrepKit....................................... 94 CHAPTER S Patient Assessment. .........100 Introduction .................................. 102 Scene Transports .............................. 103 InterfacilityTransports 104 SKlllDRlll5-1Packaging Procedures for anInterfacilityTransport .110 TheCriticalCareSystems Assessment .110 Communication andDocumentation 120 Summary 120 Prep Kit...................................... 123

Upload: tranphuc

Post on 30-Jul-2018

214 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

CHAPTER1 Introduction to Critical CareTransport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Jhe History of Critical Care Transport . .. .. ... .. .. ... .4

CriticalCareTeamCompositionandOualifications......8

Modesof TransportationandTheirDifferences.. . . . . . . . 9

Dispatch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10

Transporting by Ground vs Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11MedicalControl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12

Interfacility Transport 13

StateandNationalStandards.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13

ReimbursementCriteria.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13

Well-Being.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13

Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13

SafetyGear.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14

Interpersonal Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14

Ouality Assurance and ImprQvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15

Summary 15

PrepKit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18

CHAPTER2 Medical-Legallssues 20

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

TheEmergencyMedicalTreatmentandActiveLaborAct 22

LegalPracticeConstraintsfor CCTPs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

The Patient's Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

TransportPreparation ............30

Transport Responsibilities .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .... 31

Documentation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Summary 33

PrepKit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

CHAPTER3 Aircraft Fundamentals ....... 38

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

TheAirMedicalRole.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Communications.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Rotor-WingTransportvsFixed-WingTransport. . . . . . . . 42

Rotor-WingAircraft 43

Fixed-WingAircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Air Medical Efficacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Triage of Air Medical Transport Patients .. .. .. ... .. .. 47

Air Medical Crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Crew Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Air MedicalSafety 51

The Air Medical Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Rotor-WingOperations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

AircraftSafetyandSurvival.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Summary 61

PrepKit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

CHAPTER4 Flight Physiology ........... 68

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

The Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

GasLaws.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Typesof Hypoxia 75

FourStagesof HypoxiaasTheyRelateto Altitude .....78

Pressurized and Nonpressurized Aircraft . .. .. ... .. ..80

Primary ForcesThat Act on an Aircraft ... .. ... .. .. .. 81

Primary Stressors of Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81

FactorsAffectingToleranceof the PhysiologicStressors of Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Dysbarism and Evolved Gas Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Summary 91

PrepKit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

CHAPTER S Patient Assessment. . . . . . . . . .100

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 102

Scene Transports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103

InterfacilityTransports 104

SKlllDRlll5-1PackagingProceduresforanInterfacilityTransport .110

TheCriticalCareSystemsAssessment .110CommunicationandDocumentation 120

Summary 120

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 123

Contents v .

CHAPTER6 Respiratory Emergenciesand Airway Management. . . . . . . . . . .126

Introductiono o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 128

AnatomyandPhysiologyoftheRespiratorySystemo o 128

Physiologyof theRespiratorySystemo o o o o o o o o o o o . .131

Pathophysiology:Obstructiveand Restrictive Disease States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o135

Patient Assessment o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135

ABGMonitoring.oo. . . . . . . . . o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 140

Respiratory and Ventilation Abnormalities . . . . . . . .o. .141Basic Airway Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141SKILLDRILL6-1Suctioninga PatientWithan

Endotracheal Tube in Place. . . . . . oo. o. . . . . . . . .. 143

Advanced Airway Management o. . . . . . . . . . .. 145

SKILLDRILL6-2PerformingOrotracheallntubation.. .. 149

SKILLDRILL6-3PerformingNasotracheallntubation. . . .151

SKILLDRILL6-4PerformingDigitallntubation ooo. . . .. 152

SKILLDRILL6-5PerformingRetrogradeIntubation 155SKILLDRILL6-6 LMA Insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 158

SKILLDRILL6-7Insertionof theCombitube o 160

SKILLDRILL6-8PerformingNeedleCricothyrotomy.. o o 163

SKILLDRILL6-9PerformingSurgicalCricothyrotomyo.. 165

SKILLDRILL6-10PerformingRapidSequenceIntubation o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. o. . . . . . . .. 168

PharmacologicAgentsUsedin RSI.. oo. . . . . . . . . . .. 168

Tracheostomy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

Mechanical Ventilation o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. . . . . .171

SKILLDRILL6-11Using a Portable Ventilator . . . . . . . . . . .177

SKILLDRILL6-12Troubleshootinga VentilatorLow-PressureAlarm o. . . . . .. 179

Summary o. o 179

PrepKit. . o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. oo. . . . . . . . . . . .. 182

CHAPTER7 Pharmacology .186

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. o188

PharmacologyandMedicationInformation.. . . . . . o.. 188

APracticalApproachto MedicationAdministration... 188

Pharmacokinetics 189

Pharmacodynamics oo. . . . .. 190

Avoiding Medication Errors ... o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. o. 194

Medication Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. o. 194

SpecificMedicationsUsedin CriticalCareTransport.. 194

Medication Infusion Techniqueo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

SKILLDRILL7-1AdministeringMedicationWithan Infusion Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. 224

Prep Kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oooo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. o. 227

CHAPTER8 Laboratory Analysisand Diagnostic Studies . . . . . . . . . . . .234

Introduction o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. . . . 236

Principies of Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Specimen Cultures . . . . o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

ChemistryReview.. . . oooo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. . . . 237

Biochemistry Review . . . . . . . . . . . . o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

LabProfileso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ooo. . . . . 239

Blood Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. 246

SKILLDRILL8-1Obtaining an Arterial Blood Sample . . . . 247

BloodGroup Testing . . . . o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Obtaining a Venous Blood Sample . . . . . . . . . . o. . . . . . 249

Urine Lab Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ooooo. . . . . . . o0250

Cerebrospinal Fluido. oooo. oo. o. . . . . . . . . . . oooooo. 251

CommonErrorsinSpecimenCollectiono o. . . . oo oo ooo 252

DiagnosticImagingoo. o. . oooooooooo. o. ooo. . oooo252Summary. . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o . 253

Prep Kit. o o o o . o o o o . o . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o . . . . . . o o o . 257

CHAPTER9 Shock, Sepsis, and MultipleOrgan Dysfunction Syndrome. . . .-. . .262

Introduction o o . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o . o . . . . . . o o o o o o 264

Cellular Respiration . . . oo oo . . oo ooo oo o . . . . oo o . . . o 264

The Microcirculation and the Cello o oo oo oo oo ooo o . . .. o 265

Shock ooo oo oo . . . . o oo oo oo ooo oo oo . . . . . oo oo oo ooo 268

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. . . o oo oo o . . oo o 271

Classification of Shock. o oo oo oo o . . . . . o oo oo ooo oo o . 272

Sepsis o oo . o . . o o . . . o oo oo oo oo oo . . . oo oo oo oo ooo oo280

Blood Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

SKILLDRILL9-1AdministeringBloodProducts 293

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

S~mmary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

CHAPTER10Trauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306

Advances in TraumaCare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308

Overview ot Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308

TraumaSeoringSystems 314

Trauma Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 316

GeneralTraumaManagement.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 317

DiagnostieImagingtor Trauma 318ThoracieTrauma.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 321

SKILLDRILL10-1ManaginganOpenPneumothorax.. . . . 323

SKILLDRILL10-2NeedleDeeompression(Thoraeentesis)ot a TensionPneumothorax.. . . . . . 325

SKILL DRILL 10-3 Chest Tube Insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

SKILLDRILL10-4Pericardioeentesis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

FacialTrauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

NeekInjuries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Abdominal Trauma .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

HollowvsSolidOrganInjury 343PelvicTrauma 346

ExtremityTrauma.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Pharmaeologic Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Traumato SpecialPopulations 353

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Summary 354

PrepKit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

CHAPTER11 Neurologic Emergencies . .. . .364Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Anatomy and Physiology . .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... ..366

Neurologie Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 381

NeurologieDiagnosties.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Intraeranial Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405SKILL DRILL 11-1Pertorming ICPMonitoring ........... 412

SpinalCordInjuries 416

Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 421

SubaraehnoidHemorrhage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

SeizuresandEpilepsy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Transport Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Summary 426

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 431

CHAPTER 12 Burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Anatomy and Funetion ot the Skin ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .444

Physiology ot Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

ClassitieationotBurnInjury.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Assessment 449

Management.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

SpecialSituations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

SKILLDRILL12-1PertorminganEmergeneyEseharotomy . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .460

Summary 464

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

CHAPTER13 Electrophysiology,Cardiac Devices, and TransportManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

CardiaeAnatomyandPhysiology.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

CardiaeMonitoring:12-LeadECG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

AxisDetermination.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

BundleBranehBloeksandHemibloeks 489

Selected ECGFindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496

Cardiae Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508

Cardiae Deviees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

Transport Considerations tor Cardiae

EleetrophysiologyDevices.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

Summary 547

Prep Kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

CHAPTER 14 Bemodynamic Monitoring . . . .560Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Noninvasive HernodynarnicMonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . .562

InvasiveHernodynarnicMonitoring 563

SKILLDRILL14-1lnsertinga CentralVenousUne. . . . . . . 566

SKILLDRILL14-2InsertinganArterial Une. . . . . . . . . .. 571

InvasivePressureMeasurernents.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

ObtainingInvasiveHernodynarnicMeasurernents.. .. .583

RecognitionofShock.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Surnrnary 588

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 591

CHAPTER15 Intra-aorticBalloon PumpTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Cardiovascular Anatorny and Physiology . .. .. ... .. .. 599

TheIntra-aorticBalloonPurnp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

Mechanics of IABP Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .603

IABInsertion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

IABP Operation During Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 612

SKILLDRILL15-1Operating the IABPDuring

Transport 613

ErnergencyInterventions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617

SKILLDRILL15-2Manuallnflation/Deflationof an IAB... 618

Cardiac-Assist Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 619

Surnrnary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 621

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

CHAPTER16 Gastrointestinal and

Genitourinary Emergencies . . . . . . . .628Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

Anatorny and Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

Conditions Affecting the Alirnentary Canal .. .. .. .. ..638

IntestinalObstructions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648

SKILLDRILL16-1lnsertinga NasogastricTubein a Conscious Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652

SKILLDRILL16-2Orogastric Tube Insertion . ... .. .. .. .652

Uver Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

BiliaryTractObstructions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

PancreaticDisease.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

UrinarySysternConditions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 661

MaintenanceTubes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

SKILLDRILL16-3Placinga FernaleUrinaryCatheter....669

SKILLDRILL16-4Placinga MaleUrinaryCatheter.. . . . . 669

SKILLDRILL16-5ErnptyinganOstornyPouch.. . . . . . . . . .671SKILLDRILL16-6Replacing an Ostorny Pouch .........672

MetabolicRegulationof Acid-BaseStatus. . . . . . . . . . . 674

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

Surnrnary 680

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

CHAPTER 17 Endocrine Emergencies . . . . . .692Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694

AnatornyandPhysiology .................694

Diabetes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696.PituitaryDisorders.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 701

Adrenal Abnorrnalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

Thyroid Abnorrnalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706

Upid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

Surnrnary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 712

CHAPTER 18 Environmental Emergencies . .716Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 718

HeatErnergencies 719

ColdErnergencies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725

Drowning.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 727

DivingInjuriesandDecornpressionSickness.. . . . . . . . 728

AltitudeIlIness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

Flight Considerations . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .731Surnrnary .731Prep Kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

CHAPTER19 Infectious and CornmunicableDiseases.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .738

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

Fundamental Principies of Infectious Disease........ 740

Human Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

Pathogenicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 746

Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 749

SelectedDiseases.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .751

EmergingInfectiousDiseases 766Strategiesfor the Treatmentof InfectiousDisease.. . . .771

ThePost-AntibioticEra.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

Bioterrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775

Exposure and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Summary 783

PrepKit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

CHAPTER20 Toxicologic Emergencies . . . . .798. .Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800

Assessment 800ToxicSyndromes(Toxidromes)andMedication

Reaction Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

General Toxicologic Emergency Management . . . . . . . .806

Decontamination 808

SpecificToxicologicEmergencies 812

HazardousMaterials (Hazmat) Response . .. .. ... .. .828

RadiationEmergencies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 831

Summary 831

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834

CHAPTER21 Obstetric and GynecologicEmergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842

AnatomyandPhysiologyof the FemaleReproductiveSystem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842

PhysiologicChangesDuringPregnancy.. . . . . . . . . . . .844

CriticalCareTransportof the PregnantPatient ... ...846

FetalAssessmentandMonitoring 847

SKILLDRILL21-1FetalMonitoring.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

Complicationsof Pregnancy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

Medical Conditions During Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853

ComplicationsDuringlabor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

Delivery 858

Postdelivery Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862

GynecologicEmergencies 864

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

Summary 867

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870

CHAPTER22 Neonatal Emergencies . . . . . . .874Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876

AnatomyandPhysiologyof a Neonate 876

NeonatalAssessmentandStabilization.. . . . . . . . . . . . 879

Determiningthe NeedForandProvidingNeonatalResuscitation 881

SKILLDRILL22-1lntubation of a Neonate .. ... .. .. .. .885

SKILLDRILL22-2InsertinganOrogastricTubeintheNeonate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886

SKILLDRILL22-3Resuscitatinga Neonate 887

RespiratoryConditions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

Cardiovascular Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .896

Gastrointestinal Conditions .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. ..902

InfectiousDiseases/Sepsis 907

Hyperthermia/Hypothermia 907

Toxic Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .908

Trauma/BirthInjuries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .908

Neurologic Conditions ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 910

Metabolic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 912

TheTransferProcessfor aNeonate 913

UsinganIncubator.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 913

SKILLDRILL22-4UsinganIncubator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 913

FamilyCommunicationandSupport.. ... ... .. ... ... 913

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 914

Summary 915

Prep Kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 917

Contents ix

CHAPTER 23Pediatric Emergencies. . . . . . .922Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .924

Anatomy and Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924

Growth and Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927

Approach to Parents and Caregivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927

Approachto PediatricAssessment 927

Transport Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939

Airway Management Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 941

Respiratory Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943

Cardiac Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949

RenalDisorders 957

Meningococcallnfections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 961

Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 961

EnvironmentalEmergencies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

Drowning.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 971

PatientsWithSpecialNeeds.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 971

Flight Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972

Summary 972

PrepKit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

Glossary .982Index .1011Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033