oecd, 2nd task force meeting on charting illicit trade - michaelle de cock

ILO estimates of forced labour

OECD Task Force on Charting Illicit Trade (TF-CIT)

Paris, 6 March 2014 Michaëlle De Cock

ILO Consultant [email protected]

© ILO Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL)

2

What is forced labour?

ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)

”All work or service that is exacted from any person

under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person

has not offered himself voluntarily ”

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The ILO most ratified convention Need to be translated into operational indicators

20,9 million people in forced labour

With different prevalences (per 1,000 inhabitants)

4

More women than men

5

With or without migration

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Capture-recapture methodology

• What is available: reports on forced labour are published worldwide

• No sampling frame Indirect sampling methods Choice of the capture-recapture methodology applied to reported cases of forced labour

• A two step methodology – Estimate of reported cases of forced labour by capture-

recapture, followed by estimate of number of victims – Extrapolation from reported to non-reported victims

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Building the foundation for national surveys

• 2004-2010: Surveys on forced and bonded labour of adults (non-representative)

• 2005: Qualitative research on forced labour of children in Ghana, Haiti, Niger and Pakistan to identify the mechanisms of recruitment and coercion imposed to children 2008: ILO-EC Delphi survey to reach a consensus on indicators of trafficking

• 2008-2010: 10 pilot quantitative surveys on forced labour and trafficking

• 2012: Publication of survey guidelines: «Hard to see, harder to count: ILO survey guidelines to estimate forced labour of adults and children»

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Challenges in developing survey tools

– Ethical rules

– Operational definitions

– Adaptation of indicators to national/local context and laws

– Type of survey & Sampling

– Questionnaire design

– Training

– Data collection

– Analysis

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Expectations from a random quantitative survey

• Estimates of trafficking for forced labour (disaggregation by sex, age group,etc)

• Descriptive analysis – Socio-economic profiles (comparative)

– Forced labour characteristics (mechanisms of recruitment, means of coercion, work imposed, …)

– Working conditions (comparison between workers in FL and other workers)

• Determinants of trafficking

• Economics of trafficking (remittances)

identification of people at risk

design policies and action programmes

Presenter

Presentation Notes

A first output of such quantitative surveys is the estimate of the prevalence. Figures are usually presented as a % of the population studied. For example, a survey of working children in Dry fish industry in Bangladeshed revealed that almost one quarter (23.9%) are in forced labour. In the context of labour migration, the survey in Moldova showd that 9% of the labour migrants who returned to Moldova in 2008 have suffered some forms of forced labour. The descriptive analysis comèpare the situations of girls and boys,

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Pilot surveys (2008-2010)

10 surveys implemented

• 3 embedded in already planned national surveys (Bolivia, Côte d’Ivoire, Moldova)

• 6 ad-hoc design (Armenia, Bangladesh, Georgia, Guatemala, Mali, Nepal)

• 1 design jointly with Child Labour Survey (Niger)

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Economics of forced labour (Summer 2014)

• Determinants analysis

• Estimating the profits

• Using data from

– The national surveys

– The global estimate database

Thank you !

For further information, please consult:

www. ilo.org/forcedlabour

oecd, 2nd task force meeting on charting illicit trade - michaelle de cock

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