of 262, no. 22, 5, pp. 10445-10453,1987 q 1987 by in u. … · 1999-02-04 · the journal of...

THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Q 1987 by The American Society of Biological Chemists, Inc.

Vol. 262, No. 22, Issue of August 5, pp. 10445-10453,1987 Printed in U. S.A.

Determination of the P/2e- Stoichiometries at the Individual Coupling Sites in Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation EVIDENCE FOR MAXIMUM VALUES OF 1.0, 0.5, AND 1.0 AT SITES 1, 2, AND 3*

(Received for publication, September 26,1986)

Clinton D. Stoner From the Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus. Ohio 43210

P/2e- stoichiometries in six assay systems spanning different portions of the respiratory chain were estimated by direct determinations of Pi uptake in suspen- sions of bovine heart mitochondria containing a hexokinase trap. The electron donors were malate + pyruvate, succinate, and ascorbate + N,N,N’,N‘-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, and the electron accep- tors were ferricyanide (Site 1, Site 2, and Sites 1 + 2) and O2 (Sites 1 + 2 + 3, Sites 2 + 3, and Site 3). A major objective was to find conditions in which the six systems yield results in sufficiently good agreement to allow confidence as to their reliability. This objective was achieved, and maximum values of 1.1, 0.6, and 1.0 were observed in the Sites 1, 2, and 3 systems, respectively. This required that the energy-conserving reactions be relatively nonlimiting and that the P/2e- ratios be estimated from the slopes of plots of respiration rate versus phosphorylation rate obtained by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation with respiratory chain inhibitors. The latter requirement allows avoid- ance of the effect of an apparent endogenous uncoupler and is based on the observation (Tsou, C. S. , and Van Dam, K. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 172, 174- 176) that uncoupling agents at low concentrations decrease the rate of phosphorylation nearly as much in absolute amount at low rates of respiration as at high rates. The maximum P/2e- stoichiometry at Site 1 is considered to be 1.0, and the value observed in the Site 1 system is suggested to be higher as a result of H+ ejection at the transhydrogenase level. Respiratory control due to carboxyatractyloside inhibition was examined and found to differ greatly among the systems. It is pointed out that this observation is not consistent with the lack of complete control being due primarily to ion cycling and that, in view of this, the relatively meager control at Site 3 is not consistent with O2 being reduced on the matrix side of the coupling membrane.

A matter of considerable interest and importance in the study of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation has been the mechanistic stoichiometries in the coupling of respiration to the phosphorylation of extramitochondrial ADP. In consequence, many studies have been conducted to determine these stoichiometries employing a remarkable variety of techniques. Despite these efforts, uncertainties persist owing to

* This work was supported in part by the Stoner Research Fund of The Ohio State University Development Fund. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertise- ment” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1784 solely to indicate this fact.

variable and conflicting results. In fact, there now appears to be widespread skepticism concerning the possibility of determining mechanistic stoichiometries by direct methods (e.g. see Refs. 1 and 2), and theoretical models of oxidative phosphorylation now often include mechanisms whereby the stoichiometries might normally vary.

Early studies on the stoichiometry of oxidative phosphorylation involved primarily determinations of P/O ratios in mitochondria oxidizing succinate or NAD-linked substrates. The values obtained usually approached 2 with succinate and 3 with NAD-linked substrates, indicating a P/2e- quotient of 1 at Site 1 and of 2 over the Sites 2 + 3 span. Although values lower than these were usually observed, it became somewhat of a tradition to consider the observed values to be low because of unavoidable losses of respiratory energy in other processes and of a belief that the true values should be whole numbers. This tradition was broken as a result of the rise of the chemiosmotic theory and of the relatively recent study of Hinkle and Yu (3). These workers reviewed much of the early work, and in determinations of their own, obtained P/O ratios close to 1.3 with succinate as the oxidizable substrate and close to 2 with 3-hydroxybutyrate. On the basis of these observations, Hinkle (4) later predicted maximum values of 1.5 and 2.5 for the Sites 2 + 3 and Sites 1 + 2 + 3 spans, respectively. Using the ADP/O method of Ogata et al. ( 5 ) , Lemasters (6) recently observed values averaging 1.71 with succinate and 2.61 with 3-hydroxybutyrate. On the basis of thermodynamic data and considerations and of ADP/O estimates obtained by assuming that the nonphosphorylating respiration of State 4 persists during State 3, he considered these values to be low and predicted maximum values of 2 for succinate oxidation and 3.25 for 3-hydroxybutyrate. Beavis and Lehninger (7) subsequently reported values of 1.63 with succinate and 2.66 with 3-hydroxybutyrate, obtained by estimating Pi fixation from the H+ consumed. Although they considered these values not to be significantly different from those of Hinkle and Yu (3), from extrapolations based on thermodynamic considerations and observations on the effects of inhibitors and uncouplers, they considered them to represent lower limits and suggested mechanistic P/O ratios of 1.75 for succinate oxidation and 2.75 for 3-hydroxybutyrate.

Several studies have been done to determine the P/2e- stoichiometries also in the Site 1, Sites 1 + 2, Site 2, and Site 3 spans of the respiratory chain. The Site 1 span of intact mitochondria apparently has been examined previously only by a thermodynamic approach involving the ATP-dependent reduction of acetoacetate by succinate and yielding a value of 1.18 (8). In the case of the Sites 1 + 2 span, average values of 1.2 (9), 1.8 (lo), 1.6 ( l l ) , 1.0 (12), and 1.38 (13) have been obtained in assays with NAD-linked substrates as the electron docor and with either ferricyanide or cytochrome c as the

10445

10446 P/2e- Stoichiometries in Oxidative Phosphorylation

acceptor. Using a thermodynamic approach, Forman and Wil- son (14) obtained a value of 1.97 for this span. Site 2 has been examined in a number of studies using succinate as the electron donor and ferricyanide as the acceptor. Copenhaver and Lardy (9) reported a value of 0.6, Jacobs and Sanadi (15) values ranging from 0.3 to 0.45, Lee et al. (16) a value of 0.99, and Pozzan et al. (13) values averaging 0.42. Pozzan et al. (13) interpreted their results to mean that the maximum P/2e- quotients at Sites 1 and 2 are 1.0 and 0.5, respectively. In the case of Site 3, early studies (11, 17) in which reduced cytochrome c was the electron donor yielded P/2e- ratios up to 0.86. Higher values approaching 1 or slightly more than 1 were subsequently observed using, in most cases, either fer- rocyanide or ascorbate plus a mediator to facilitate electron transfer to cytochrome c (see Refs. 15 and 18-22). The results have generally been assumed to indicate a maximum P/2e- stoichiometry of 1 at Site 3.

Owing to differences in technique, the numerous discrep- ancies evident in the above previous studies would be difficult to assess. In some cases, however, incomplete coupling of respiration to phosphorylation was likely a problem. In the present study, techniques were employed whereby this problem can be largely avoided. Other important features of the present study are the determination of Pi fixation by a very reliable direct method and the determination of the P/2e- stoichiometries of the three coupling sites individually and in three combinations. Such a comprehensive investigation has not been done heretofore and has the important consequence that the reliability of the assays may be assessed by noting the degree to which they are consistent with one another in regard to results. A high degree of consistency has been achieved, and it is concluded from the results of this and other studies that the maximum P/2e- stoichiometries at Sites 1, 2, and 3 are 1.0, 0.5, and 1.0, respectively.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES’

RESULTS

Preliminary Studies-A number of studies of this sort were conducted to assure the reliability of the assays. Most are described in Ref. 37, where it is indicated that the inhibitors used in the individual coupling site assays adequately isolate the individual coupling segments and that electron transport in the Site 1 assay is entirely coenzyme Q,-dependent and rotenone-sensitive and thus entirely through the Site 1 phos- phorylating pathway. As shown originally by Ernster and Nordenbrand (38), it is very important in attempting to determine maximum P/2e- ratios to maintain conditions during the assays such that the energy-conserving reactions of the overall oxidative phosphorylation process (i.e. the Pi transport, adenine nucleotide transport, ATP synthetase, and hexokinase reactions) are relatively nonlimiting. Therefore, in setting up the assays, the tendency was to select saturating concentrations of hexokinase and extramitochondrial sub-

’ “Experimental Procedures” is presented in miniprint at the end of this paper. The abbreviations used are: BSA, bovine serum albumin; TMPD, N,N,N’,N“tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine; UHDBT, 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole; S-13, 5-chloro-3-t- butyl-2’-chloro-4’-nitrosalicylanilide; EGTA, [ethylenebis(oxyethyl- enenitri1o)ltetraacetic acid; Pipes, 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid. Miniprint is easily read with the aid of a standard magnifying glass. Full size photocopies are available from the Journal of Biolog- ical Chemistry, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. Request Document No. 86M-3343, cite the author, and include a check or money order for $2.00 per set of photocopies. Full size photocopies are also included in the microfilm edition of the Journal that is available from Waverly Press.

strates of these reactions. An exception was Pi. In this case, the concentration was made as low as was feasible because small changes in concentration could be detected with greater accuracy when the concentration was low than when it was high. In decidmg how low a Pi concentration to use in the standard medium, the appropriate system to consider was the Sites 1 + 2 + 3 assay because it is the one in which Pi uptake was most rapid and extensive, the Pi concentration being decreased to about 0.85 mM during the assay. Under the conditions of this assay, the apparent K,,, for Pi is about 0.3 mM (39). Therefore, even at the conclusion of the assay, the concentration of Pi was still nearly 3 times that required for a half-maximal rate of the overall process and thus only slightly inhibitory relative to the initial concentration (2 mM). It will be shown presently that such a slight inhibition of the overall reaction due to limitation at the energy conservation level has little or no effect on the P/2e- ratio, particularly in the cases of the assays involving electron transport through Site 1.

Determination of the Maximum P/2e- Stoichiometries- This objective was pursued initially simply by determining the P/2e- ratios in the various assay systems and observing the extents to which the results were consistent. I t invariably turned out that the sum of the P/2e- ratios observed in the single-site systems was lower than the sums of the values obtained in the two double-site + single-site combinations and that all of these sums were lower than the value obtained in the Sites 1 + 2 + 3 system. The results could be brought into near concordance by adding a certain value to the observed P/Ze- ratios of all of the systems, suggesting the operation of a process serving to decrease the P/2e- ratio by a mechanism which was not greatly dependent on the differences among the systems. This suggested the presence of an endogenous uncoupler in the mitochondria, so a procedure was adopted whereby the effects of uncouplers can be largely avoided. This procedure derives from the observations of Tsou and Van Dam (40) concerning the effects of low concentrations of uncoupling agents on the relationship between the rate of phosphorylation and the rate of respiration when the rates are varied with respiratory chain inhibitors. These workers noted that uncoupling agents at low concentrations decrease the rate of phosphorylation nearly the same absolute amount at low rates of respiration as at high rates, with the result that the uncoupling has little effect on the slope of the linear relationship between the rate of respiration and the rate of phosphorylation and thus that the effect of uncoupling agents can be largely avoided by determining the P/2e- stoichiometry from the slope of this relationship. This observation was confirmed and used in the present study as well as in the recent study of Beavis and Lehninger (7).

Figs. 1 and 2 present the results of the P/2e- determinations by the procedure indicated above. As may be seen (Fig. 2), excellent agreement among the six systems is indicated. Con- sistent with the presence of an endogenous uncoupler in the mitochondria, inhibiting the rate of oxidative phosphorylation to a particular extent with a respiratory chain inhibitor decreases the P/2e- ratio approximately the same absolute amount in all of the systems (Fig. 1, A-F), and linear plots of respiration rate uersus phosphorylation rate intersect the respiration axis at values greater than zero (Fig. 1, G-I). As can be expected from the relatively low P/2e- stoichiometry in the Site 2 system, the linear relationship for this system intersects the respiration axis at a relatively high level. In the case of the Site 1 system, the respiration axis is intersected at a higher level than might be expected from the results obtained with the other systems. This can be attributed to

P/2e- Stoichiometries in Oxidative Phosphorylation 10447

c

E n E

1.0 2.5

\ E E 0.8 2.0 .-

2 I

.? 0.6 3

Q 0

W

1.5 a

2 0 . 4 I .o E 0 .- L

0.2 0.5 .- n

K O

ln W

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0

UHDBT ( n mollrng prot)

- c e D Site I F Site 3 E Site 2 a . 2.5

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. z \“X. -6 - 5 0.5

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Rotenone ( n mollrng prot ) UHDBT (nrnol/rngprot) Log [Cyanide]

- c : P

3

z 0.4

.- 5

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0 w

c 0.2 v Sites 1+2+3 .- v Sites 2 + 3

a a ‘ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Phosphorylation (pmol/min/mg prot)

FIG. 1. Determination of the maximum P/2e- stoichiometries in the six systems examined in this study. Each point represents the mean of several determinations made in several experiments. The number of determinations followed by the number of experiments in parentheses are as follows: Sites 1 + 2 + 3, 8 (3); Sites 1 + 2, 7 (4); Sites 2 + 3, 9 (3); Site 1,6 (3); Site 2, 12 (6); and Site 3, 10 (4). Please note that both Respiration and Phosphorylation of G-I are rates. UHDBT, 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole.

uncoupling by the coenzyme Q1 present in the Site 1 system. The uncoupling action of coenzyme Q1 at the concentration used in the Site 1 system was verified in a Sites 1 + 2 + 3 system, and it was determined also with this system that bovine serum albumin at the concentration used in the Site 1 system (0.5 mg/ml) decreases the uncoupling activity of the coenzyme but does not eliminate it. Bovine serum albumin alone was tested in all of the other systems and appeared to have no effect on either respiration or its coupling to phosphorylation. However, the bovine serum albumin was not of

the defatted variety, and the tests were carried out only under conditions of maximum respiratory activity, where uncoupling is least noticeable.

Extrapolation of plots o f P/2e- uersus the reciprocal of the respiration rate to the P/2e- axis gives the same maximum values as those in Fig. 2. This occurs because the nearly constant uncoupler-induced absolute decrease in the phosphorylation rate becomes less significant as the respiration rate increases. Extrapolation of plots of P/2e- versus incubation time to the P/2e- axis ( i e . to zero incubation time)


Maximum P/2e-

Site I Site 2 Site 3 Sums

1.09 20.02 0.50+0.04 1.02+0.02 2.61

I .57 f 0.03 I .02+_0.02 2.59

1.09f0.02 1.54k0.05 2.63

2.62 2 0.05 2.62

FIG. 2. Maximum P/2e- stoichiometries obtained from the slopes of the plots of respiration rate uers'8uB phosphorylation rate in Fig. 1 (G-I) and the extent to which the stoichiometries obtained in the six systems are in agreement. The maximum values are followed by the standard deviations among the experiments, the numbers of which are indicated in the legend of Fig. 1. Deviations among experiments were generally larger than those among determinations within individual experiments.

also yields the values of Fig. 2. This occurs because the respiration rates are average rates and the assays were carried out such that the average rate of respiration was inversely proportional to the incubation time (i.e. the amount of 0, or ferricyanide reduced was constant among determinations within individual experiments). From these observations, it is evident that the procedure employed here also avoids errors due to time-dependent changes in O2 concentration such as those due to backflow of 0, into the incubation mixture and to 0, consumption by the O2 electrode.

Using site-specific respiratory chain inhibitors other than those indicated appeared to have no effect on the maximum P/2e- ratios of Fig. 2. However, this was checked thoroughly only in the case of the Sites 1 + 2 system by using rotenone rather than 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole (UHDBT). In any case, the inhibitors themselves appeared not to be involved in the apparent uncoupling. This is evident in the case of cyanide from the fact that it was present at relatively high concentration in the Site 1, Site 2, and Sites 1 + 2 incubation mixtures and in the case of rotenone from the fact that it was present at relatively high concentration in the Site 2, Site 3, and Sites 2 + 3 incubation mixtures.

Effect on the P/2e- Stoichiometry of Inhibiting the Energy- Conserving Reactions-Ernster and Nordenbrand (38) showed that if the energy-conserving reactions are made more limiting by decreasing the concentration of ADP or hexokinase or by inhibiting the ATP synthetase reaction with oligomycin, the degree of coupling can be markedly decreased. These findings indicate that uncoupling occurs whether the overall reaction is inhibited thermodynamically by a high extramitochondrial AGp or kinetically by decreasing the effective concentration of an enzyme of the energy-conserving reactions. The present investigation included a number of studies which strongly support this indication. Thus, it was observed that, for a particular degree of respiratory inhibition, virtually the same degree of uncoupling occurs whether respiration is inhibited by decreasing the concentration of hexokinase, decreasing the concentration of ADP, inhibiting the ATP synthetase reaction with aurovertin, or inhibiting the adenine nucleotide transport reaction with carboxyatractyloside. All the systems were examined only in the cases of aurovertin and carboxyatractyloside inhibition. The carboxyatractyloside results are presented in Fig. 3. Previous studies in this laboratory (24, 39) have indicated that carboxyatractyloside binds to the adenine nucleotide carrier nearly stoichiometrically up to a concentration of about 0.8 nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein

under conditions similar to those employed here and that the concentration of binding sites in heart mitochondria is approximately 1.2 nmol/mg of protein. According to this, the experiments of Fig. 3 indicate that in all the systems more than half of the adenine nucleotide carriers can be inactivated with only a slight decrease in the degree of coupling under the conditions employed.

In regard to respiratory control, Fig. 3 shows that large differences occur among the coupling sites. As might be expected, respiratory control is closely related to the degree of coupling. This can be seen from Table I, which presents the respiratory control ratios observed in the experiments of Fig. 3 and indicates the extents to which the P/2e- ratios are decreased at various degrees of respiratory inhibition by carboxyatractyloside. It can be seen also from Table I that respiratory control at the individual sites is largely additive. Correction of the State 4 rates for uncoupling by coenzyme Q1 and the apparent endogenous uncoupler using the respiratory axis intercepts of Fig. 1 (G-I) as indicators of the contributions of the uncoupling yields respiratory control ratios that suggest complete additivity.

DISCUSSION

On the Maximum P/2e- Stoichiometries-As indicated above, values very close to 1.1, 0.5, and 1.0 in the Sites 1, 2, and 3 systems, respectively, were observed. A question that needs consideration is how these stoichiometries come about. In this regard, it is now generally accepted that respiration results in H+ ejection and that phosphorylation is driven by the gradient thus formed. In recent years, interest in stoichiometry has been focused primarily on this process. Owing to the many technical difficulties in conducting such studies, uncertainties persist here also. However, it is now generally agreed that the net charge separated across the inner membrane as a result of H+ ejection is the activity that is relevant to the coupling of respiration to phosphorylation and that the q+/2e- stoichiometry at Site 2 is 2 for the oxidation of succinate by cytochrome c or ferricyanide. As noted recently by Wikstrom (41, 42), if one knows the charge stoichiometry at one site, one can deduce the charge stoichiometries at the others if the sitelsite ratios are known. Since the present study gives these ratios, something can be said here concerning the charge stoichiometries at the three coupling sites assuming, of course, that the q+/2e- stoichiometry at Site 2 is in fact 2. Proceeding on this assumption and the assumption that the observed maximum P/2e- ratios came about as a result of H+ transport only at the level of the respiratory chain, one arrives at q+/2e- stoichiometries of 4.4, 2.0, and 4.0 for Sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Since only integral stoichiometries are acceptable in this case and since a q+/2e- stoichiometry of 4 is in the integral value that is most consistent with that deduced for Site 1, a P/2e- stoichiometry of 1.0 will be assumed for this site.

The question now is how to explain the nonintegral q+/2e- stoichiometry of the Site 1 system indicated in the above considerations. That the Site 1 P/2e- stoichiometry is in fact 1.0 rather than 1.1 is suggested by preliminary determinations of P/2e- quotients with 3-hydroxybutyrate as the oxidizable substrate and parapyruvate, a potent and highly specific inhibitor of the 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction (43), to block acetoacetate oxidation, which occurs in heart mitochondria and is absolutely dependent on the operation of the Krebs cycle. The values observed in systems of this sort were invariably lower by approximately 0.1 as compared to those observed with malate + pyruvate under similar conditions. 3- Hydroxybutyrate was not used in the main investigation


I .o

0.8

- 0.6 c E n E" 0.4 \ c .- E 0.2

2 >

u 0

.- a 0

x - 1.0 c 0 .- c e 0.8 m n .- 0

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 I 6 20 0 0 4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0

Carboxyotractyloside ( n mol /mg proi) FIG. 3. Effects of carboxyatractyloside inhibition on the respiratory activities and P/2e- stoichi-

ometries in the six systems examined in this study. The data of A-C were obtained in one experiment, and the data of D-F in another. The Doints in E rearesent means of three determinations, and those in the others represent means of two determinations.

TABLE I Relationship between respiratory control and the degree of coupling of

respiration to phosphorylation The data were taken from the experiments of Fig. 3.

Decrease in P/Ze- ratio at x% inhibition of respiration

x = l O x = 2 0 r = 3 0 x = 4 0 x = 5 0

%

Experi- ment System RCR"

1 Site 1 8.4 4 6 8 10 14 Site 2 2.0 19 33 45 62 Site 3 1.5 13 39 63

2 Sites 1 + 2 + 3 15.8 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.9 2.3 Sites 1 + 2 12.7 1.3 2.6 4.0 6.0 7.9 Sites 2 + 3 4.6 5.8 8.6 10.8 13.7 20.1

a Rate of respiration in the absence of carboxyatractyloside divided by the rate under conditions of maximum inhibition by carboxyatractyloside.

because of the unfavorable equilibrium of the 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase reaction (44) and of a consequent marked decrease in the rate of the reaction in the course of achieving enough O2 or ferricyanide reduction to obtain an accurate estimate of Pi consumption.

One possibility for explaining the higher value obtained with malate + pyruvate is that these substrates were oxidized beyond 2-ketoglutarate, resulting in phosphorylation at the succinate thiokinase level. This investigation included several studies which indicate this possibility to be very unlikely, the most convincing of which show that parapyruvate has no effect whatever on the P/2e- ratios observed in the malate + pyruvate systems. The only other viable possibility seems to be that some phosphorylation occurred as a result of trans-

hydrogenase activity. In fact, there has been much speculation as to the involvement of the transhydrogenase reaction in oxidative phosphorylation, and it has been demonstrated that reduction of NAD by NADPH via the mitochondrial transhydrogenase can drive ATP synthesis (45). Furthermore, heart mitochondria contain a relatively large amount of this enzyme (46-48) as well as a relatively large amount of NADP- specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (49, 501, which could very well be involved in driving phosphorylation via the transhydrogenase. In addition, Moyle and Mitchell (51) have presented evidence indicating that isocitrate oxidation occurs exclusively by way of the NADP-specific enzyme. However, this has been disputed (see Ref. 52).

The observed deviation of the maximum P/2e- stoichiometry from 1.0 in the Site 1 system can be accounted for very well by assuming involvement of the NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase and the transhydrogenase. This can be seen from Fig. 4, which presents a reaction scheme for each of the single-site systems examined in this study. In the case of the Site 1 scheme, it is assumed that malate and pyruvate are oxidized to 2-ketoglutarate, that pyruvate enters the mito- chondrion via the monocarboxylate carrier in exchange for intramitochondrial OH-, that malate enters via the 2-ketoglutarate carrier in exchange for 2-ketoglutarate, and that only the NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase is active. The oxidation of 1 molecule each of malate and pyruvate would thus be accompanied by the formation of 2 molecules of NADH and 1 of NADPH. The NADPH is assumed to reduce NAD via the transhydrogenase reaction with an H+/2e- stoichiometry of 1 in accordance with Earle and Fisher (53), the overall process resulting in the conversion of 3 molecules of NAD to 3 of NADH in the matrix and the separation of 1 net


we

Aec H' DHAA

Frc. 4. Scheme giving the stoichiometries for proton transport that are most consistent with the information in the literature and the maximum P/2e- stoichiometries observed in this study. Complete reaction schemes for each of the three single-site systems examined here are presented assuming the ejection of four protons per molecule of extramitochondrial ATP formed from extramitochondrial ADP and Pi. In the case of the Site 1 system, it is assumed that malate and pyruvate are oxidized to 2-ketoglutarate, that only the NADP- specific isocitrate dehydrogenase is active, and that NADPH reduces NAD via the transhydrogenase reaction with an H+/2e- stoichiometry of 1. With these assumptions, maximum P/2e- stoichiometries of 1.08, 0.50, and 1.00 in the Sites I, 2, and 3 systems, respectively, are predicted. Catalytic components are indicated only in the cases of those that are membrane-bound. MCC, monocarboxylate carrier; KGC, 2-ketoglutarate carrier; TH, transhydrogenase; NDH, NADH dehydrogenase; bcl, cytochrome bcl complex; au8, cytochrome aa3 complex; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase; PC, phosphate carrier; AS, ATP synthetase; ANC, adenine nucleotide carrier; DCC, dicarboxylate carrier; DHAA, dehydroascorbic acid; TMPD, N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine.

electrical charge equivalent across the coupling membrane due to H+ ejection. Assuming, as above, that the q+/2e- stoichiometry at Site 1 is 4 and that 4 of the charges are consumed per molecule of extramitochondrial ATP formed from extramitochondrial ADP and Pi (Fig. 4), the expected P/2e- quotient would be 1.08, a value in good agreement with the maximum value observed with the Site 1 system.

Using a less direct method than that employed by Earle and Fisher (53), Moyle and Mitchell (51) estimated the H+/ 2e- stoichiometry of the transhydrogenase reaction to be 2. If this value were assumed, a P/2e- stoichiometry of 1.17 would be predicted for the Site 1 system. For a number of reasons, this higher value for the H+/Ze- stoichiometry at the transhydrogenase level cannot be considered to be inconsistent with the observations of this study. For one, it seems likely that some of the tricarboxylates escaped to the medium via the tricarboxylate carrier in exchange for malate and thus were not oxidized to 2-ketoglutarate. Heart mitochondria have been observed to carry out malate/tricarboxylate exchange,

although only at very low rates relative to the rates of the exchanges catalyzed by the dicarboxylate and 2-ketoglutarate carriers (54-56). For another, it is likely that some of the isocitrate oxidation is catalyzed by the NAD-specific dehydrogenase. This enzyme is present in heart mitochondria but apparently at very low levels relative to the NADP-specific enzyme (49, 50). Also, the NAD-specific exzyme has a much lower affinity for substrates than the NADP-specific enzyme (57, 58) and is subject to fairly strong inhibition by ATP (59) and to moderate inhibition by cyanide (52, 58), which was present at a concentration of 2 mM in the Site 1 and Sites 1 + 2 incubation mixtures. Still another consideration in the above matter is that the maximum P/2e- estimate obtained with the Site 1 system may be slightly low because of the presence of uncouplers (coenzyme Q1 and the apparent endogenous uncoupler) and of the fact that the procedure used here to avoid the effects of uncouplers in estimating the maximum P/2e- ratios is not entirely successful. This lack of complete success can be seen from the data reported recently


by Beavis and Lehninger (7), who extended the procedure in an effort to eliminate this deficiency. Thus, they determined the slope and intercept changes that occur in plots of respiration rate versus phosphorylation rate as the concentration of an uncoupler is increased and then extrapolated the slope values to zero intercept assuming a linear relationship between the change in slope and the change in intercept. This extension is likely valid and probably should be used in P/ 2e- determinations with mitochondria having a high level of the apparent endogenous uncoupler. In the present study, the slope changes due to the uncoupler S-13 (5-chloro-3-t-butyl- 2‘-chloro-4‘-nitrosalicylanilide) at concentrations that result in intercept values comparable to those shown in Fig. 1 (G- I) were too small to detect by the methods employed, and consequently the slope changes due to uncoupling by coenzyme Q, and the apparent endogenous uncoupler were judged to be negligible.

In regard to H+ ejection a t Site 1, there appears to be little disagreement at present. Consistent with Fig. 4, an H+/2e- stoichiometry of 4 has been indicated in recent measurements on Sites 1 + 2 systems (e.g. see Refs. 13, 42, and 60). In contrast, the H+/2e- stoichiometry at Site 3 is currently a matter of controversy (e.g. see Refs. 2, 61, and 62). Values of 0 (63, 64), 2 (41, 65-69), and 4 (22, 70) have been suggested from various kinds of measurements in recent years. Fig. 4 indicates an H+/2e- quotient of 2 at Site 3 and is consistent throughout with the recent observations of Wikstrom (41,42) on intramitochondrial pH changes associated with respiratory activity at the three coupling sites indicating that the Site 1/ Site 2/Site 3 q+/2e- stoichiometry is a multiple of 21112.

On the Mechanisms of Respiratory Control-It was pointed out in Ref. 37 that in regard to respiratory control a distinction should be made between kinetic and thermodynamic control. Kinetic control occurs as a result of limitation of the physical needs of a reaction to proceed (e.g. substrates, active cata- lysts), whereas thermodynamic control occurs as a result of a reaction approaching thermodynamic equilibrium. It was pointed out also that this distinction should be made at the level of the energy-yielding respiratory chain reactions as well as at the level of the energy-conserving reactions. Here we are concerned primarily with respiratory control of the kinetic kind at the level of the energy-conserving reactions, in particular that brought about by inhibition of the adenine nucleotide transport reaction by carboxyatractyloside.

The results of this study (Fig. 3 and Table I) show that the maximum degree of respiratory control differs greatly among the three coupling sites and that the control exerted at the individual sites appears to be additive in the multisite systems. In addition, a good correlation between the degree of respiratory inhibition and the degree of coupling is shown (Table I). Assuming that Ap is delocalized within individual mitochondria, as previous studies in this laboratory have indicated (37), these observations suggest that the incompleteness of respiratory control is not due primarily to cycling of protons or other ions as a result of their leaking or being electropho- resed across the coupling membrane. If such were the case, one could expect the uncontrolled portion of the respiratory activity to be highest in the system capable of developing the highest Ap.

Before looking into this expectation, it is important first to normalize the uncontrolled respiratory activities to take into account the fact that the q+/2e- stoichiometry differs among the systems. This will be done by multiplying the observed uncontrolled (State 4) respiratory activities by the observed maximum P/2e- stoichiometries of Fig. 2 to give “apparent leakage” rates (weq of charge/min/mg of mitochondrial pro-

tein) that might be expected if the uncontrolled respiratory activity were in fact due to ion cycling and each of the systems were to have a P/2e- stoichiometry of unity rather than what was observed. Doing this in the case of the single-site experiment of Fig. 3 yields values of 0.11, 0.19, and 0.59 for the Sites 1,2, and 3 systems, respectively. Correcting these values for leakage due to the apparent endogenous uncoupler and coenzyme Q1 by subtracting the products of the maximum P/ 2e- ratios and the respiratory axis intercepts of Fig. 1 (G-I) yields values of 0.05, 0.15, and 0.56 for the Sites 1, 2, and 3 systems, respectively. These values indicate that the apparent leakage rate due to inhibition at the energy conservation level differs among the single-site systems approximately in the ratio 1/3/11. This ratio differs greatly from the ratio of the proton-motive forces that might be expected to develop in the single-site systems. The ratio of the proton-motive forces is likely to be similar to the ratio of the redox potential spans, which is similar to the ratio of the P/2e- stoichiometries (ix. 2/1/21.

Normalizing and correcting the uncontrolled portions of the respiratory activities in the multisite experiment of Fig. 3 yield values of 0.12, 0.07, and 0.25 for the Sites 1 + 2 + 3, Sites 1 + 2, and Sites 2 + 3 systems, respectively. From these and the single-site values, it appears that the apparent leakage rate in a multisite system is determined largely by the coupling site within the system having the lowest apparent leakage rate rather than by Ap.

These observations indicate that under the conditions employed the degree of respiratory control is determined mostly by how tightly the transport of electrons through the coupling sites is linked to the ejection of protons rather than by cycling of protons or other ions through the coupling membrane. In other words, they indicate that, at least in the cases of the Sites 2 and 3 systems, the uncontrolled portions of the respiratory activities were due largely to molecular slipping (71, 72). Since the coupling sites differ in regard to mechanisms of electron transport, it is not surprising that they differ also in this regard. However, the above indication would be surprising if one were to assume that O2 is reduced to water on the matrix side of the coupling membrane as originally visu- alized in the chemiosmotic theory. If O2 were reduced on the matrix side, proton transport at Site 3 would be required for only half of the charges separated across the membrane per electron transported. Since separation of half of the charges would thus be completely coupled to electron transport and since the driving force for ion leakage in the Site 3 system is likely to be about the same as that in the Site 1 system, one could expect the magnitude of the uncontrolled respiratory activity in the Site 3 system to be at most only about twice that observed in the Site 1 system rather than the observed value of 11 times the Site 1 value. This observation might be taken to suggest that all of the redox components at Site 3 are located near the outer side of the coupling membrane and are linked to the matrix by a proton channel. A model of this sort has been favored in recent years by Wikstrom and co- workers on thermodynamic and topological grounds (e.g. see Ref. 73).

In view of the low degree of respiratory control at Site 3 and of the consequent sensitivity of this site to uncoupling of the type that occurs as a result of a high extramitochondrial AG, and limitation at the energy conservation level, it might be supposed that the maximum P/2e- ratio observed with the Site 3 system does not closely approximate the mechanistic stoichiometry at this site. In view of the close agreement among the systems (Fig. 2), this seems unlikely. In any case, one could expect uncoupling of this nature to have been most

10452 P/Ze- Stoichiometries in Oxidative Phosphorylation

serious in the Sites 1 + 2 + 3 system, in which the rate and extent of phosphorylation were highest. Also, since inhibition at the respiratory chain level in the cases of the Sites 1 and 3 systems results in the energy-conserving reactions becoming less limiting (37), one could expect uncoupling of this nature to have resulted in a tendency for the P/2e- ratios in these systems to increase as the respiratory reactions were progres- sively inhibited (Fig. 1) and thereby to have resulted in a lowering of the maximum P/2e- estimates. In the Site 2 system, the opposite could be expected because the inhibition effected at the respiratory chain level in this case results in the energy-conserving reactions becoming more limiting (37). In the Sites 1 + 2 + 3 system, the two opposing tendencies could be expected to have balanced more or less exactly (37, 39), whereas in the Sites 1 + 2 and 2 + 3 systems, the tendency of the Site 2 system could be expected to have predominated (37).

Acknowledgments-I would like to express my appreciation to Nancy Sally for expeditiously and expertly drawing the figures, to Dr. John S. Rieske for criticizing the manuscript, and to the persons and organizations indicated under “Experimental Procedures” for providing me with gifts of valuable research materials.

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P/2e- Stoichiometries in Oxidative Phosphorylation 10453 SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL TO

DETERMINATION OP THE PIZe- STOICHIDMETRIES AT THE INDIVIDUAL COUPLING SITES IN MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. EVIDENCE FOR

MAXIMUM VALUES OF 1.0 , 0.5. AND 1.0 at SITES I . 2 . AND 3.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

ifieation of B Nagsrse pmeedure ( 2 3 ) . Homgenetes were prepared in a medium eontainlng 250 mM L I U C ~ O ~ ~ . 0.5 mM K-EGTA. 0.05 mM K-EDTA, 10 mM imidazole-HC1 (pH 7 . 4 111 O'C), end 0 .2 mg of Nagarse proteina8elgram of tiaeue. The mitochondrie were washed twice and Suepended finally at B mneentrstion of 70-90 mg proteinlml in II medium mntaining 250 mM eucmee and 5 mM K-Pipes (pH 7 .0) .

Mitochondria were isolated fmm elaUghterhoUse bovine hearia according to B alight mod-

In the B B S B Y ~ of the individual mupiing segments and different combinations of these segments. two different syilteme vele employed depending on whether 02 or ferricyanide wall the terminal elenmn acceptor. In the cane of the 02 system. oxygen upi8ke was monitored under rapid sflrring in B closed. thermoslaled reaction chamber of on BpparatUB aimiiar to the YSI Model 53 Biological Oxygen Monitor having B particularly tight-fitting eleetmde plunger ( 2 4 ) . the volume of the incubation mixture was 8 ml. and the mncentration of the mitochon- drla was 0.25 mg pmtemlml. In the ferricyanide system. the reduction of 1 .5 mM &fer"- cyanide wae monitored in an Aminm DW-2 spectmphotometer from the wavelength difference 440-490 nm using an absorbance coeffinent of 0.59 mM-i x cm-l. the volume of the lncubafion mixture we8 3 mi. and the mncentration of the mitochondria was 0 . 5 mg pmteinlmi.

suem~e, 10 mM glucose. 10 mM K-Pipes (pH 6 . 5 ) . 1 mM MgCIz, 0 . 1 m M K-ECTA. and 2 mM The standard incubation medium waa the Llame for the two systems and contained 175 mM

X-phosphate (pH 6.5). In both By8temB the temperalum of incubation was 30-C and the eon- centrations of ADP and hexokinase were 0 .5 mM Pnd 2 .5 unitelml. respectlvely. Other eondi- tions and the order of addition of constlluents lo the incubation mixture differed monz the assays and ere given in the descnptiona of the individual assays.

had been added beforehand. After inserting the electlode plunger. allowing equilibration. and adjuating the remrder pen to the fop of the scale. eubmitochondrid partielea (32 ull were added to B final mneentration of 0.2 mg pmtemlml. The NADH was oxidized at maximum mte8 rangina between 1.3 and 1.4 umoilmin and 01 uDtske ceased within 2 min of addinc the

values obtained were 0.586. 0.594. and 0.590 mM-1 x cm-l for sbmIbance in the Aminm DW-2 The llbaorbsnee mefficient for K-feerricyanide vas determined on three Weasions. The

at 440-490 nm. The determinations were made using the standard Incubation medium *II 801Yenl and ferricyanide at the 8ame eoncentrefion a8 the1 w e d in the asanyo (1.5 mM). The relationship between absorbance and ferricyanide concentratlon wb(l slightly nonllnesr over the 0-1.5 mM range. TO avoid ermre fmm this murce the ferrlcyanide BBBBYS of oxidative phoapho- rylatbn were mitieled by adding the ferricyanide and were stopped only after nearly all the

also at 420 nm in B Beckman DU. In g o d agreement with the earlier determinstlon of lbers ferricyanide had been reduced. The absorbance meffident for ferricyanide wde determined

and DaYLdson ( 3 3 ) . the values obtained averaged 1.03 mM-I x e K i . A mmpBrison of the standard incubation medium and water 88 mIven18 indicated no difference.

The assay* having Oz as the terminal elertron ~ c c e p l o i were mnducted such that the mneenfralion of o2 in the assay medium muld be easily established and then foilowed with the oxygen electrode. This wns llcmmplished by adding the equilibrated standard medium to the incubation chamber and alerting and adjusting the remrdlng apparstus ae described for the 0 2 deterrnlnaflons before making additions to the medium. In gsneral the order In which additions

initiating maxtmum aetiYlty upon making the final addlfion. In the Sites 1 f 2 + 3 a~(98y m y were made was chosen with the objective of minimizing reeplmtion and pho(lphoFy1ation prior 10

inhibitors to be sdded were added first and then the mitochondria. Aner preincubafing the

edditional 0.5 mi". ADP + hexokinase to initiate oxldetive phosphorylation. In the case of the mitochondria for 1.5 min. 4 mM K-maiate + 4 mM K-pyruvate was added and then. after an

added initially and then the mitochondria. The mlfoehondria were preincubated for 0 . 7 5 min Sites 2 + 3 assay. mtenone st 4 nmollmg pmtein and any Other inhibitors to be added were

befole initiating Oxidative phosphorylation by adding in rapid ~ ~ C C e s s l o n ADP + hexokinase and 10 rnM K-mucdnate. The preincubation period was made relatively short in this case because an inhlbitor of euceinele dehydrogenaae (presumably oxalaeetate) Bppesrs to form while the mitochondria are preineubsted in the sbaenee of aueeinate and IS lowly removed after BuCCinate oridellon is mifiafed.

added before the mitochondria. In experiments Involving csrboxy(ltrsc1yIoside Inhibition. this In the c88e of the Site 3 sassy. 2 nmollmg protein each of rotenone and myxolhlazol were

inhibitor was also added initially and the mitochondria were prelneubeted for i mi" before adding 5 mM K-aseorbnte. ADP + hexokinase. end 0 . 2 mM TMPD suceesslvely at 0 .5 min LnlelVds. When cyanide inhlbition was involved. ADP + hexoklnase was added before lhe mitochondria. KCN st i mi" after the mitochondris. and BBCOrbPfe and TMPD at 3 . 5 and 4.0 mi". respectively. after the mitachondria. The ADP + hexokinase was added early in this case to deenergile the mitochondria and thereby speed equilibration of the cyanide with Its site of Inhibition ( 3 4 ) .

standard medium other than ADP + hexokinase and ferricyanide yere made before the mitochon- In the assays havins ferricysnlde 86 the terminal eleetmn acceptor, 811 additions to the

dria and then, after adding the mitochondris and mixing them with the other consfituente In the cuvette. the mixtu~e VBB allowed to equilibrate in the lhermosteted Cuvette chamber of the spectrophotometer for 5 mi". Oxidative phosphorylation Y B B initiated by lading the ferricyanide and ADP I h e x o b e s e on s mixing tool and rlpldly and thomughiy mirlng them with the eontents of the cuvette. TO determine vith accuracy the Initial concentration of ferricyanide. the recorder tracing was extrapolated back over the short time span between the time st which the mixing was begun and the time st which the cuvette chamber YBB closed sfler mixing. In addition to the conslilYenl8 &ready mentioned, the bssie Sites 1 + 2 assay mlXtYIe eontallned 2 mM cyanide (KCN-HCI) and 4 mM each of K-malate and K-pyruvate. The bade Site I aasay mixture was the same 88 the Sites 1 I 2 mixture except for the presence ala0 of 48 nmol coenzyme Q l l m g mitochondrial protein. 0.5 mg BSAlml. and 2 "mol myxothlsrollmg mltochon-

4 "mol mtenonelmg protein. drial pmtein. The basic Site 2 s8say mlxture included 2 mM cyanide. 10 mM K-sueeinete. and

BnalyBis by II procedure modified from that of Baginskikt 81. (35.361. The procedum la The acid extr8c18 were cleared by CcntriIugPtmon and 0.2 ml allquota were taken for Pi

highly poiaed but works very well when followed carefully. Samples are placed in I6 x 150 mm tubes *Cored at the 10 ml level. One ml of 4% asmrblc acid is added first. then 4 mi of 0.125% Bmmoni~m heptsmolybdate tetrahydrate f 0 .1 M H2504 prepared on the same day of use The tube contents are lmmedietely end thoroughly mixed after the latter addition, allowed to atand for 2 . 5 min. and then mixed with 4 .5 ml of a solution containing 0.4% each of Na-citrate. Na-arsenite. and acetic aeld. After ad jwt iw t he voiumes to the IO mi mark with water. the tubes are immersed in a 60DC waterbath for mi" end then in Other bstha for rapid -ling lo spproximstely r m m tempersture. The tube eontents were read at 700 nm In B Coiemen Model 14 spectrophotometer egalnst R reagent blank and compared wth standard8 handled in the same manner throughout. beginning with plpeting of 2 mi Illlquote of 1.00 and 2.00 mM Pi LioLUtions into 5 ml of 7% triehloroacefie acid. The aensiflvity of the assay was 2 . 7 5 absorbance unitlumol Pi bssed on mesaurement8 in the 0-0.32 abmrbance range. over which the reietion- Ship between absorbance and B m ~ u n t of PI 188 slrictly linear. The acid ert reeta were stable in regard lo Pi for at least several day*. The standard phosphate solutlone were prepared by carefully weighing deelccsted I 4 h at i050C) KHzPO~ (Baker. 99.9%) and quantitatively tmne- ferring It to B liter volumetric flask with 0.05 M H z S O ~ .

vas I n h t e d and the point at which it 188 te;minated. Phoaphorylstion rate8 Lere'defermined from the average raten of resplration and the PlZe- Stoichmmetries. The slopes of plots of reepirstion rete V S . phosphorylation rate were determined by linem regreasion ~ns lys i s .

strates other than K-pyruvate. buffers. ADP. BSA (#A-43781. snd rotenone were obtained 8-NADH (Grade 1111, K-ferriryanide. yeeet hexakinaee (Type F-300). oxidizable aub-

from Sigma. Parapyruvie acid and K-pyruvate were obtamed from Calbiochem sever4 yesra ago end ale currently Unavailable. Myxothiazol was ecquired fmm Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals and UHDBT f r o m Bernard T r u m p r e r of Dartmouth Medlcal School. Coenzyme Q1 Yes genemusly donated by E i d Company, Ltd. (6-10. Kaiahikawe 4 ehome Bunkyo-ku. Tokyo 112) through Takehito Oki . Csrboxyatractyloaide was B gift fmm A . Boneti (Inverni dells Beffa, Milan) and Sisto Luciani (University of Psdue). 6-13 YSS donated by PhiliD Hamm (Monsanta Company. SI . Louis)

. .

of 262, no. 22, 5, pp. 10445-10453,1987 q 1987 by in u. … · 1999-02-04 · the journal of...

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