of ap psych part 1. - first to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

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MAIN INDIVIDUALS OF AP PSYCH Part 1

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Page 1: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

MAIN INDIVIDUALS

OF AP PSYCHPart 1

Page 2: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

History and Approaches

Page 5: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

3) John Locke

-Began the school of thought known as empiricism (acquisition of truth through observations)- Used the Term Tabula Rasa (blank slate) which means all knowledge is gained through experience

Page 6: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

4) Thomas Hobbes

-Only things that exist are matter and energy-Theories influenced the school of thought known as behaviorism

Page 9: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

7. Mary Whiton Calkins

- 1st women to become President of the American Psychological Association

Page 10: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

8. Dorothea Dix

-American activist that lobbied for the rightsof the mentally ill and led to the establishmentof state-run mental institutions

Page 11: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

9. Stanley G. Hall

-First President of the American Psychological Association

Page 12: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

10. Francis Sumner

-First African American to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology

Page 13: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

11. Beverly Inez Prossner

-First African American female to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology

Page 14: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

Biological Basis of Behavior

Page 16: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

13) Paul Broca

-Researched areas in the brain associated with the ability to speak (frontal area of the left hemisphere of the brain) - Section of the brain renamed Broca’s area

Page 17: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

14) Carl Wernicke

-Researched the area of the brain associated with the ability to comprehend speech (rear area of the left temporal lobe)- Section of the brain named Wernicke’s Brain

Page 18: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

15) Roger Sperry

-Researched that the two hemispheres of the brain can operate independently of each other-Split-Brain Research

Page 19: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

16) Michael Gazzaniga

- Leading researcher in cognitive neuroscience

Page 20: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

Sensation and Perception

Page 21: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

17) Young-Helmholtz Theory

- Researched humans ability to see color-Theory that cones in the retina are activated by light waves associated with blue, red and green (all other colors are a blend of the three)

Page 22: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

18) Ernst Weber

- Weber’s Law, which states the greater the magnitude of the stimulus the larger the difference must be to be noticed- Ex: For a 20 pound bowling ball, it needs tobe a huge weight change rather than a smallweight change to be noticed

Page 23: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

19) Gustav Fechner

-Founder of Psychophysics (relationship between stimulus and sensation)

Page 24: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

20) David Hubel/Torsten Weisel

-Discoveries in the field of information processing in the visual system

Page 25: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

States of Consciousness

Page 26: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

22) Sigmund Freud

-Psychoanalytic Approach-Conscious Mind vs. Unconscious Mind-Resolution of unconscious conflicts through uncovering repressed memories

Page 27: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

23) William Dement

- Theory known as REM rebound, REM sleep increases the more humans are deprived of sleep

Page 28: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

24) William James

-School of Thought known as Functionalism, Understand how the mind fulfills its purpose

Page 29: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

25) Aserinsky/Kleitman

-Researchers that studied REM sleep, discoveredeyes move more vigorously during REM sleep

Page 30: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

26) Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

-Identified the stages that people tend to come to terms with dying (Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance)

Page 31: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

27) Stephen La Berge

- Leading researcher in the scientific study of

lucid dreaming

Page 32: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

28) Ernest Hilgard

-Researcher in the field of hypnosis

Page 33: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

Learning

Page 35: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

30) John Watson

- Behavoralist Approach-Applied Classical Conditioning theories to humans (Little Albert Experiment)

Page 36: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

31) John Garcia-Studied form of classical conditioning known as conditioned taste aversion-Animals are biologically conditioned to associate illness with foul smelling/looking food

Page 37: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

32) B.F. Skinner

- Behavoralist Approach- Developed the theories of Operant Conditioning (Skinner Box)

Page 38: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

33) Albert Bandura

-Theory of Social Learning, or observational learning (Bobo Doll Experiment)

Page 39: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

34) Donald Hebb

-Human Learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by strengthening ones that already exist

Page 40: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

35) Eric Kandel

-Neuroscientist that researched long-term potentiation(LTP), which is that learning takes place at the neural level

Page 41: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

36) Edward Tolman-Experiments that researched the concept of Latent Learning, or learning that is not outwardly expressed until the situation arises-Cognitive component of learning

Page 42: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

37) Robert Rescorla

- Elementary learning processing

Page 43: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

38) Edward Thorndike

-Theory of connectionism (neural networks) and helped lay the scientific foundation for Modern Educational Psychology

Page 44: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

Cognition

Page 45: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

39) George Sperling

-Experiments with short-term visual memory, orIconic memory

Page 46: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

40) Noam Chomsky

- Concept of an innate language acquisition device , which helps in the development of language in children

Page 47: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

41) Benjamin Lee Whorf & Edward Lee Sapir

-Theory of Linguistic Relativity, in which speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of their differences in language and culture

Page 48: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

42) Wolfgang Kohler

-Experiments addressing the concept of insight, sudden understanding of a problem or problem solving ability -Thinking “outside the box”

Page 49: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

105) Max Wertheimer

- One of the Founding Fathers of Gestalt Psychology

Page 50: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

43) Hermann Ebbinghaus

-Experimental study of memory and developed the learning curve (learned knowledge graph)

Page 51: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

44) Elizabeth Loftus

-Researcher in the field of human memory (misinformation effect and eyewitness memory

Page 52: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

45) George A. Miller

-Pioneer in the field of Cognitive Psychology (average number of 7 in short-term memory)

Page 53: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

46) Amos Tversky

-Focused on the psychology of prediction and probability judgment (ambiguity aversion)

Page 54: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

Motivation and Emotion

Page 55: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

47) Olds and Milner

-Researched the reward centers of the brain (located in the hypothalamus) -Biological reasoning for motivation

Page 56: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

48) Yerkes-Dodson Law

-Tasks of moderate difficulty bring about the highest level of performance-Tasks too easy or too hard elicit the lowest levels of performance

Page 57: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

49) Henry Murray

-Motivation is based on individual differences and varying environments

Page 58: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

50) James-Lange Theory

-Environmental stimuli cause physiological changes and responses

Stimulus Physiological Response

Experience Of

Emotion

Page 59: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

51) Cannon-Bard Theory

-Physiological response and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously to the stimulus

Stimulus

PhysiologicalArousal

Experience of Emotion

Page 60: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

52) Schachter and Singer Theory

- Two Factor Theory, the emotion that we experience is a result of the cognitive label that

- individual’s apply to it

Stimulus

Physiological

Arousal

Cognitive Appraisal

Experience of

Emotion

Page 62: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

54) Richard Lazarus

-Cognitive Theory of how we respond to stress (evaluates whether the event appears to be stressful and if one can handle it)

Page 63: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

55) Paul Ekman

-Pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions (atlas of emotions)

Page 64: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

56) Richard Soloman

- Work in the field of Comparative Psychology (Opponent-process theory of emotion)

Page 65: OF AP PSYCH Part 1. - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism

57) Robert Zajonc

- Developer of the Mere Exposure effect