of ap psych part 1. - first to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism
TRANSCRIPT
MAIN INDIVIDUALS
OF AP PSYCHPart 1
History and Approaches
1) Greek Philosophers
- First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism
2) Rene Descartes
- The mind is not observable and not subject to natural laws-The mind of controls the body, while the body provides the mind with sensory input
3) John Locke
-Began the school of thought known as empiricism (acquisition of truth through observations)- Used the Term Tabula Rasa (blank slate) which means all knowledge is gained through experience
4) Thomas Hobbes
-Only things that exist are matter and energy-Theories influenced the school of thought known as behaviorism
5) Wilhelm Wundt
-Founder of the Science of Psychology-Opened first laboratory to study consciousness
6) Edward Titchener
- First U.S. Psychologist- Theory known as Structuralism, understanding the smallest parts of the mind will give greater understanding of the greater structure of the mind
7. Mary Whiton Calkins
- 1st women to become President of the American Psychological Association
8. Dorothea Dix
-American activist that lobbied for the rightsof the mentally ill and led to the establishmentof state-run mental institutions
9. Stanley G. Hall
-First President of the American Psychological Association
10. Francis Sumner
-First African American to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology
11. Beverly Inez Prossner
-First African American female to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology
Biological Basis of Behavior
12) Charles Darwin
-Theory of Natural Selection-Evolutionary theory sets the stage by establishing behavior as observable and therefore subject to scientific scrutiny
13) Paul Broca
-Researched areas in the brain associated with the ability to speak (frontal area of the left hemisphere of the brain) - Section of the brain renamed Broca’s area
14) Carl Wernicke
-Researched the area of the brain associated with the ability to comprehend speech (rear area of the left temporal lobe)- Section of the brain named Wernicke’s Brain
15) Roger Sperry
-Researched that the two hemispheres of the brain can operate independently of each other-Split-Brain Research
16) Michael Gazzaniga
- Leading researcher in cognitive neuroscience
Sensation and Perception
17) Young-Helmholtz Theory
- Researched humans ability to see color-Theory that cones in the retina are activated by light waves associated with blue, red and green (all other colors are a blend of the three)
18) Ernst Weber
- Weber’s Law, which states the greater the magnitude of the stimulus the larger the difference must be to be noticed- Ex: For a 20 pound bowling ball, it needs tobe a huge weight change rather than a smallweight change to be noticed
19) Gustav Fechner
-Founder of Psychophysics (relationship between stimulus and sensation)
20) David Hubel/Torsten Weisel
-Discoveries in the field of information processing in the visual system
States of Consciousness
22) Sigmund Freud
-Psychoanalytic Approach-Conscious Mind vs. Unconscious Mind-Resolution of unconscious conflicts through uncovering repressed memories
23) William Dement
- Theory known as REM rebound, REM sleep increases the more humans are deprived of sleep
24) William James
-School of Thought known as Functionalism, Understand how the mind fulfills its purpose
25) Aserinsky/Kleitman
-Researchers that studied REM sleep, discoveredeyes move more vigorously during REM sleep
26) Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
-Identified the stages that people tend to come to terms with dying (Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance)
27) Stephen La Berge
- Leading researcher in the scientific study of
lucid dreaming
28) Ernest Hilgard
-Researcher in the field of hypnosis
Learning
29) Ivan Pavlov
-Behavoralist Approach-Landmark experiment (Pavlov’s Dog Experiment), identified the aspects of Classical Conditioning
30) John Watson
- Behavoralist Approach-Applied Classical Conditioning theories to humans (Little Albert Experiment)
31) John Garcia-Studied form of classical conditioning known as conditioned taste aversion-Animals are biologically conditioned to associate illness with foul smelling/looking food
32) B.F. Skinner
- Behavoralist Approach- Developed the theories of Operant Conditioning (Skinner Box)
33) Albert Bandura
-Theory of Social Learning, or observational learning (Bobo Doll Experiment)
34) Donald Hebb
-Human Learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by strengthening ones that already exist
35) Eric Kandel
-Neuroscientist that researched long-term potentiation(LTP), which is that learning takes place at the neural level
36) Edward Tolman-Experiments that researched the concept of Latent Learning, or learning that is not outwardly expressed until the situation arises-Cognitive component of learning
37) Robert Rescorla
- Elementary learning processing
38) Edward Thorndike
-Theory of connectionism (neural networks) and helped lay the scientific foundation for Modern Educational Psychology
Cognition
39) George Sperling
-Experiments with short-term visual memory, orIconic memory
40) Noam Chomsky
- Concept of an innate language acquisition device , which helps in the development of language in children
41) Benjamin Lee Whorf & Edward Lee Sapir
-Theory of Linguistic Relativity, in which speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of their differences in language and culture
42) Wolfgang Kohler
-Experiments addressing the concept of insight, sudden understanding of a problem or problem solving ability -Thinking “outside the box”
105) Max Wertheimer
- One of the Founding Fathers of Gestalt Psychology
43) Hermann Ebbinghaus
-Experimental study of memory and developed the learning curve (learned knowledge graph)
44) Elizabeth Loftus
-Researcher in the field of human memory (misinformation effect and eyewitness memory
45) George A. Miller
-Pioneer in the field of Cognitive Psychology (average number of 7 in short-term memory)
46) Amos Tversky
-Focused on the psychology of prediction and probability judgment (ambiguity aversion)
Motivation and Emotion
47) Olds and Milner
-Researched the reward centers of the brain (located in the hypothalamus) -Biological reasoning for motivation
48) Yerkes-Dodson Law
-Tasks of moderate difficulty bring about the highest level of performance-Tasks too easy or too hard elicit the lowest levels of performance
49) Henry Murray
-Motivation is based on individual differences and varying environments
50) James-Lange Theory
-Environmental stimuli cause physiological changes and responses
Stimulus Physiological Response
Experience Of
Emotion
51) Cannon-Bard Theory
-Physiological response and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously to the stimulus
Stimulus
PhysiologicalArousal
Experience of Emotion
52) Schachter and Singer Theory
- Two Factor Theory, the emotion that we experience is a result of the cognitive label that
- individual’s apply to it
Stimulus
Physiological
Arousal
Cognitive Appraisal
Experience of
Emotion
53) Hans Selye
- Fight or Flight Response, in relation to coping
with stress
54) Richard Lazarus
-Cognitive Theory of how we respond to stress (evaluates whether the event appears to be stressful and if one can handle it)
55) Paul Ekman
-Pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions (atlas of emotions)
56) Richard Soloman
- Work in the field of Comparative Psychology (Opponent-process theory of emotion)
57) Robert Zajonc
- Developer of the Mere Exposure effect